应用云纹干涉法进行层合玻璃热应变的实验研究
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摘要
军用飞机低空高速飞行时,鸟撞是航空界一直关注的问题。特别是风挡玻璃、雷达罩等迎风部件被撞几率极大。为此研制了各种型式的风挡玻璃,风挡玻璃不仅要求具有高的强度,而且工作中经受温度的剧烈变化是一个不可避免的问题。飞机风挡层合玻璃作为飞机上的重要部件,由两层或两层以上的硅酸盐玻璃和PMMA用透明中间层材料胶合而成,由于各层材料之间热膨胀系数的差异,在温度变化时,各层之间热胀冷缩和层间约束将产生温度应力。为了研究层合玻璃的热变形,为选择匹配的各层材质和粘接剂提供参考,本文将应用云纹干涉法对层合玻璃的热变形进行研究。
本文首次将云纹干涉法应用到国产层合玻璃热变形的研究中。首先建立并调试了高温云纹干涉法实验系统,应用此系统研究了飞机风挡层合玻璃的热应变。采用实时观测及
Military aircrafts flying at high speed in low latitude, the problem of bird impacting is concerned by aviation circle, specially the parts against the wind as laminated glass as the windshield of aircraft, the radar covering etc. are impacted by birds at high probability. Various kinds of laminated glass are researched in our country. Not only has laminated glass as the windshield of aircraft high strength, but it can work in the environment of rapidly changed temperatures. Laminated glass as the windshield of aircraft is an important part of aircraft, and
it is composed of two or more layers of silicate glass and PMMA. Because of the different coefficient of temperature expansion of every layer, it will produce temperature stresses caused by expanding with heat and contracting with cold and interlaminar restrainting. To offer references of choosing the fit structure, moire interferometry method is used to study thermal deformations of laminated glass in this paper.First of all, experimental systems of high temperature moire interferometry are built and debugged, and thermal strain of laminated glass is studied using the systems. By the methods of real time observation and fringe pattern collection systems recording fringe patterns at special temperature, thermal strain distribution of unsymmetric laminated structure is analyzed.When the temperature is changed, the deformations of prepreg layer are important for the steadiness of the whole laminated glass structure. The above techniques are also applied to the study of the change of thermal strains and distribution of prepreg layer. If only thinking the influence of
interlaminar shear strains, laminated glass structure of the thickness of 1.25mm prepreg layer is superior to the one of 0.63mm prepreg layer.The study in this paper shows that moire interferometry can be used to investigate thermal strains of laminated glass.
本文首次将云纹干涉法应用到国产层合玻璃热变形的研究中。首先建立并调试了高温云纹干涉法实验系统,应用此系统研究了飞机风挡层合玻璃的热应变。采用实时观测及
Military aircrafts flying at high speed in low latitude, the problem of bird impacting is concerned by aviation circle, specially the parts against the wind as laminated glass as the windshield of aircraft, the radar covering etc. are impacted by birds at high probability. Various kinds of laminated glass are researched in our country. Not only has laminated glass as the windshield of aircraft high strength, but it can work in the environment of rapidly changed temperatures. Laminated glass as the windshield of aircraft is an important part of aircraft, and
it is composed of two or more layers of silicate glass and PMMA. Because of the different coefficient of temperature expansion of every layer, it will produce temperature stresses caused by expanding with heat and contracting with cold and interlaminar restrainting. To offer references of choosing the fit structure, moire interferometry method is used to study thermal deformations of laminated glass in this paper.First of all, experimental systems of high temperature moire interferometry are built and debugged, and thermal strain of laminated glass is studied using the systems. By the methods of real time observation and fringe pattern collection systems recording fringe patterns at special temperature, thermal strain distribution of unsymmetric laminated structure is analyzed.When the temperature is changed, the deformations of prepreg layer are important for the steadiness of the whole laminated glass structure. The above techniques are also applied to the study of the change of thermal strains and distribution of prepreg layer. If only thinking the influence of
interlaminar shear strains, laminated glass structure of the thickness of 1.25mm prepreg layer is superior to the one of 0.63mm prepreg layer.The study in this paper shows that moire interferometry can be used to investigate thermal strains of laminated glass.
引文
1. Tsai, S. W., Mechanics of Composite Material, Part Ⅱ, Theoretical Aspects. Air Force Materials Laboratory Tech. Rept. AFML-TR-66_149, November, 1966.
2. Dickerson, E. O., Dimartino, B., Off-Axis Strength and Testing of Filamentary Materials for Aircraft Application, in Advanced Fibrous Reinforced Composites.
3. Terter, R. C., Concise Porperty Transformation Relations for an Anisotropic Lamina, J. Composite Mat.,April, 1971,pp270-272.
4. Jones, R. M., Stiffness of Orthotropic Materials and Laminated Fiber Reinforced Composites, AIAA J., Jan., 1974, pp 112-114.
5. Tsai, S. W., and Pagano, N. J., Invariant Properties of Composite Materials in Tsai, S.W.(eds.),Composite Materials Workshop, Technonic Publishing Co.,Westport,Conn.,1968,pp233-253.
6. Pagano, N. J., and Chou, P. C., The Importance Signs of Shear Stress and Shear Strain in Compostes,. Comp. Mat., Jan., 1969, pp166-173.
7. Tsai, S. W., Strength Theories of Filamentary Structrues, in Schwarta, R. T. and Schwarta, H. S., Fundmental Aspects of Fiber Reinforced Plastic Composites, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1968, pp3-11.
8. Hill, R., The Mathematical Theory of Plasticity, Oxford University Press, London, 1950.
9. Tasi, S. W., Wu, E.M., A General Theory of Strength for Anisotropic Materials, J. Composite Materials, Jan., 1971.pp58-80.
10.Pagano, N.J.and Pipes, R. B., the Influence of Stracking Sequence on Laminate Strength, J. Composite Mat.,1971.
11. Pagano, N. J. and Pipes, R. B., Some Observations on the Interlaminar Strength of Composite Laminates, Int. Mech.Sci.,1973.
12. Seide, P., An Improved Approximate Theory for Bending of Laminated Plates, Mechanics Today, 1980,vol.5.
13. Surana, K. S. and Sorem. R. M., Curved Shell Elements Based on Hierarchical P-Approximation in the Thickness Direction for Linear Static Analysis of laminated Composite, Int. J. Num. Mech. Eng., 1990,vol.29, pp 1393-1420.
14. Surana, K. S. and Sorem. R. M., Curved Shell Elements for Elastostatics with P-Version in the Thickness Direction, Computers and Struct., 1990,vol.36.pp701-719.
15. Koganti, M. R., Analysis of Thick Laminated Anisotropic Composite Plates by the Finite Element Method, Composite Struc.,1990,vol.15.pp185-214.
16. Pian, T. H. H. and Tong, P., Rationalization in Derivation Element Stiffness Matrix by Assumed Stress Approach, in Proc.2nd.Conf. on Matrix Methods in Structural Mechanics, 1965,pp557-604.
17. Herrman. L. R., Finite Elements Bending Analysis for Plates, J.Eng.Mech.Div. Vol.98,pp 13-26.
18. Pagano, N. J. and Soni, S.R., Global-Local Laminated Variational Model, Int. J. Solids Structures, 1983, Vol. 19,pp207-228.
19. Jing, H.S. and Liao, M.L., Partial-Hybrid Stress Element for the Analysis of Thick Laminated Composite Plates ,Int. J. Solids
Structures, 1983,Vol. 19,207-228.
20. Y. F. Guo and Charles G Woychik, Thermal strain measurements of solder joints in second level interconnections using Moire interferometry, Transactions of the ASME, 1992, 114.
21. Y. E Guo, Cahracterizations of thermal deformation and effective CTE of PBGA modules, Proc of the 2nd, International Symposium on Electronic Packaging Technology, Shanghai 1996 125-130.
22.王卫宁,梁镜明,表面安装技术可靠性问题研究的实验测试方法及其研究现状与进展,首都师范大学学报,1997,18(增刊),99-103。
23.邹大庆,云纹干涉法高温实验技术研究与应用,清华大学博士学位论文,1996年4月。
24.邬柱,复合材料力学性能实验及云纹干涉法现场测试技术研究,清华大学博士学位论文,1993年6月。
25.戴福隆等,现代光测力学,科学出版社,1990。
26. D.Post, Optical Interference for Deformation Measurements-Classical, Holographic and Moire Interferometry, in Mechanics of Nondestructive Testing, Plenum Press, New York, 1980
27. D. Post, Moire Interferometry, Chap.7, Handbook of Experimental Mechanics, A. S. Kobaysshi, Ed., Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1987.
28. D. Post, B. Han, P. Ifju, High Sensitivity Moire: Experimental Analysis for Mechanics and Materials, Springer-Verlag, 1994.
29.Jones,R.M.,复合材料力学。朱颐龄等译校。上海:上海科学出版社,1981
30.包亦望,左岩等,有机-无机层合玻璃的热应力分析。航空材料学报,1999,19(3),51-56。
31.刘锡礼,王秉权.复合材料力学基础.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1984
32.谢惠民,高温振幅型光栅和位相型光栅的研制与应用,清华大学博士学位论文,1992年6月。
33.张如一,陆耀桢,实验应力分析,北京:机械工业出版社,1984。
34.赵家祥,复合材料在军事上的应用研究现状与展望,第六届全国复合材料会议论文集,1990。
35.《中国航空材料手册》编辑委员会,中国航空材料手册第七卷。北京:中国标准出版社,2002
36.王峰,戴福隆等,用云纹干涉法测量带孔复合材料板应变系数,力学学报,1997,29(5),
37.石玲,细观光测力学研究中的高频全息光栅及精细网格技术,清华大学博士学位论文,1994年4月。
37.谢惠民,袁杰,戴福隆,高温全息光栅的制作工艺研究,光学技术,1993,No.3,14-16。
38.臧曙光,武存浩等,飞机前风挡鸟撞动力响应分析,航空材料学报,2000,20(4),41-45。
39.李钊,厉雷,透明聚氨酯中间层的微观结构对层合玻璃光学性能的影响,高分子材料科学与工程,1995,11(4),133-137。
40.臧曙光,定型歼八—Ⅱ风挡玻璃的鸟撞研究,中国建筑材料科学院硕士学位论文,1999。
41. Dai. F. L. and D.Post, Residual Strain Analysis of Composite Materials by Moire Interferometry Method, 7th Int. Conf. In China, 1989.
42. D. Post and W.A.Baracat, High-Sensitivity Moire Interferometry-A Simplified Approach, Exp.Mech.,21, No.3,1981,100-104.
43.亢一澜,界面力学若干问题的实验研究,力学与实践,1999,21(3),9-15。
44.戴福隆,卿新林,云纹干涉倍增方法研究,力学学报,1993,25(2),193-199。
45.戴福隆,王国韬,董本涵,航空发动机叶片材料高温蠕变规律研究,现代力学测试技术,华南理工大学出版社,1998,286-289。
46. D.Post, Developments in Moire Interferometry, Opt. Eng., 1982,21(3), 458-467.
47. D.Post, Shear Strains in a Graphite/PEEK Beam by Moire Interferometry with carrier fringes, Exp. Mech., Dec. 1992,309-315.
48. Gin Boay Chai, Hon Keong Chin,etc, Residual interlaminar deformation analysis in the carbon/epoxy composites using micro-moire interferometry, Composites Science and Technology, 2003, 63,, 171-175.
49. A. Asundi, M.T.Cheung and C.S. Lee, Moire Interferometry for Simutaneous Measurement of U, V, W, Experimental Mechanics, Sep, 1989,258-261.
50. Han B, Recent advancements of moire and microscopic moireinterferomerry for thermal deformation analyses of microelectronics devices, Experimental Mechanics, 1998,38(4), 278-288.
51. Han B, Post D, Ifju P, Moire interferometry for engineering mechanics: current practices and future developments, 36(1), Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design, 2001, 36(1), 101-117.
52. Ravisankar K, Ifju P.G., Narayanan R, etc., Evaluation of elasto-plastic stresses on a strain hardening material using moire interferometry, Journal of Optics, 2000,29(1), 35-47.
53.任晓辉,三维应变分析和曲面位移测量的云纹干涉法,清华大学博士学位论文,1989年5月。
54.杨晨,梁中生等,夹层玻璃新品种,玻璃,1998,26(4),44-46。
55.马眷荣,臧曙光等,夹层玻璃力学模型的探讨,航空材料学报,1998,18(3),57-61。
56.武存皓,石新勇,臧曙光,有机/无机复合玻璃成型过程热应力计算及分析,中国建材科技,2000,4,41-43。
57.张维佳,岳锡华等,飞机座舱风挡复合玻璃结构优化设计,北京航空航天大学学报,1997,23(2),141-146。
58.亢一澜,徐千军,余寿文,功能梯度材料温度应力的实验研究,科学通报,1998,43(4),442-445。
59.李禾,严超华,李仁增等,云纹干涉法测定高温材料弹性模量及泊松比,机械强度,2004,26(3),302-306。
60.温磊,复合材料层压板残余应力的研究,北京航空材料研究院硕士论文,2000年12月。
2. Dickerson, E. O., Dimartino, B., Off-Axis Strength and Testing of Filamentary Materials for Aircraft Application, in Advanced Fibrous Reinforced Composites.
3. Terter, R. C., Concise Porperty Transformation Relations for an Anisotropic Lamina, J. Composite Mat.,April, 1971,pp270-272.
4. Jones, R. M., Stiffness of Orthotropic Materials and Laminated Fiber Reinforced Composites, AIAA J., Jan., 1974, pp 112-114.
5. Tsai, S. W., and Pagano, N. J., Invariant Properties of Composite Materials in Tsai, S.W.(eds.),Composite Materials Workshop, Technonic Publishing Co.,Westport,Conn.,1968,pp233-253.
6. Pagano, N. J., and Chou, P. C., The Importance Signs of Shear Stress and Shear Strain in Compostes,. Comp. Mat., Jan., 1969, pp166-173.
7. Tsai, S. W., Strength Theories of Filamentary Structrues, in Schwarta, R. T. and Schwarta, H. S., Fundmental Aspects of Fiber Reinforced Plastic Composites, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1968, pp3-11.
8. Hill, R., The Mathematical Theory of Plasticity, Oxford University Press, London, 1950.
9. Tasi, S. W., Wu, E.M., A General Theory of Strength for Anisotropic Materials, J. Composite Materials, Jan., 1971.pp58-80.
10.Pagano, N.J.and Pipes, R. B., the Influence of Stracking Sequence on Laminate Strength, J. Composite Mat.,1971.
11. Pagano, N. J. and Pipes, R. B., Some Observations on the Interlaminar Strength of Composite Laminates, Int. Mech.Sci.,1973.
12. Seide, P., An Improved Approximate Theory for Bending of Laminated Plates, Mechanics Today, 1980,vol.5.
13. Surana, K. S. and Sorem. R. M., Curved Shell Elements Based on Hierarchical P-Approximation in the Thickness Direction for Linear Static Analysis of laminated Composite, Int. J. Num. Mech. Eng., 1990,vol.29, pp 1393-1420.
14. Surana, K. S. and Sorem. R. M., Curved Shell Elements for Elastostatics with P-Version in the Thickness Direction, Computers and Struct., 1990,vol.36.pp701-719.
15. Koganti, M. R., Analysis of Thick Laminated Anisotropic Composite Plates by the Finite Element Method, Composite Struc.,1990,vol.15.pp185-214.
16. Pian, T. H. H. and Tong, P., Rationalization in Derivation Element Stiffness Matrix by Assumed Stress Approach, in Proc.2nd.Conf. on Matrix Methods in Structural Mechanics, 1965,pp557-604.
17. Herrman. L. R., Finite Elements Bending Analysis for Plates, J.Eng.Mech.Div. Vol.98,pp 13-26.
18. Pagano, N. J. and Soni, S.R., Global-Local Laminated Variational Model, Int. J. Solids Structures, 1983, Vol. 19,pp207-228.
19. Jing, H.S. and Liao, M.L., Partial-Hybrid Stress Element for the Analysis of Thick Laminated Composite Plates ,Int. J. Solids
Structures, 1983,Vol. 19,207-228.
20. Y. F. Guo and Charles G Woychik, Thermal strain measurements of solder joints in second level interconnections using Moire interferometry, Transactions of the ASME, 1992, 114.
21. Y. E Guo, Cahracterizations of thermal deformation and effective CTE of PBGA modules, Proc of the 2nd, International Symposium on Electronic Packaging Technology, Shanghai 1996 125-130.
22.王卫宁,梁镜明,表面安装技术可靠性问题研究的实验测试方法及其研究现状与进展,首都师范大学学报,1997,18(增刊),99-103。
23.邹大庆,云纹干涉法高温实验技术研究与应用,清华大学博士学位论文,1996年4月。
24.邬柱,复合材料力学性能实验及云纹干涉法现场测试技术研究,清华大学博士学位论文,1993年6月。
25.戴福隆等,现代光测力学,科学出版社,1990。
26. D.Post, Optical Interference for Deformation Measurements-Classical, Holographic and Moire Interferometry, in Mechanics of Nondestructive Testing, Plenum Press, New York, 1980
27. D. Post, Moire Interferometry, Chap.7, Handbook of Experimental Mechanics, A. S. Kobaysshi, Ed., Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1987.
28. D. Post, B. Han, P. Ifju, High Sensitivity Moire: Experimental Analysis for Mechanics and Materials, Springer-Verlag, 1994.
29.Jones,R.M.,复合材料力学。朱颐龄等译校。上海:上海科学出版社,1981
30.包亦望,左岩等,有机-无机层合玻璃的热应力分析。航空材料学报,1999,19(3),51-56。
31.刘锡礼,王秉权.复合材料力学基础.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1984
32.谢惠民,高温振幅型光栅和位相型光栅的研制与应用,清华大学博士学位论文,1992年6月。
33.张如一,陆耀桢,实验应力分析,北京:机械工业出版社,1984。
34.赵家祥,复合材料在军事上的应用研究现状与展望,第六届全国复合材料会议论文集,1990。
35.《中国航空材料手册》编辑委员会,中国航空材料手册第七卷。北京:中国标准出版社,2002
36.王峰,戴福隆等,用云纹干涉法测量带孔复合材料板应变系数,力学学报,1997,29(5),
37.石玲,细观光测力学研究中的高频全息光栅及精细网格技术,清华大学博士学位论文,1994年4月。
37.谢惠民,袁杰,戴福隆,高温全息光栅的制作工艺研究,光学技术,1993,No.3,14-16。
38.臧曙光,武存浩等,飞机前风挡鸟撞动力响应分析,航空材料学报,2000,20(4),41-45。
39.李钊,厉雷,透明聚氨酯中间层的微观结构对层合玻璃光学性能的影响,高分子材料科学与工程,1995,11(4),133-137。
40.臧曙光,定型歼八—Ⅱ风挡玻璃的鸟撞研究,中国建筑材料科学院硕士学位论文,1999。
41. Dai. F. L. and D.Post, Residual Strain Analysis of Composite Materials by Moire Interferometry Method, 7th Int. Conf. In China, 1989.
42. D. Post and W.A.Baracat, High-Sensitivity Moire Interferometry-A Simplified Approach, Exp.Mech.,21, No.3,1981,100-104.
43.亢一澜,界面力学若干问题的实验研究,力学与实践,1999,21(3),9-15。
44.戴福隆,卿新林,云纹干涉倍增方法研究,力学学报,1993,25(2),193-199。
45.戴福隆,王国韬,董本涵,航空发动机叶片材料高温蠕变规律研究,现代力学测试技术,华南理工大学出版社,1998,286-289。
46. D.Post, Developments in Moire Interferometry, Opt. Eng., 1982,21(3), 458-467.
47. D.Post, Shear Strains in a Graphite/PEEK Beam by Moire Interferometry with carrier fringes, Exp. Mech., Dec. 1992,309-315.
48. Gin Boay Chai, Hon Keong Chin,etc, Residual interlaminar deformation analysis in the carbon/epoxy composites using micro-moire interferometry, Composites Science and Technology, 2003, 63,, 171-175.
49. A. Asundi, M.T.Cheung and C.S. Lee, Moire Interferometry for Simutaneous Measurement of U, V, W, Experimental Mechanics, Sep, 1989,258-261.
50. Han B, Recent advancements of moire and microscopic moireinterferomerry for thermal deformation analyses of microelectronics devices, Experimental Mechanics, 1998,38(4), 278-288.
51. Han B, Post D, Ifju P, Moire interferometry for engineering mechanics: current practices and future developments, 36(1), Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design, 2001, 36(1), 101-117.
52. Ravisankar K, Ifju P.G., Narayanan R, etc., Evaluation of elasto-plastic stresses on a strain hardening material using moire interferometry, Journal of Optics, 2000,29(1), 35-47.
53.任晓辉,三维应变分析和曲面位移测量的云纹干涉法,清华大学博士学位论文,1989年5月。
54.杨晨,梁中生等,夹层玻璃新品种,玻璃,1998,26(4),44-46。
55.马眷荣,臧曙光等,夹层玻璃力学模型的探讨,航空材料学报,1998,18(3),57-61。
56.武存皓,石新勇,臧曙光,有机/无机复合玻璃成型过程热应力计算及分析,中国建材科技,2000,4,41-43。
57.张维佳,岳锡华等,飞机座舱风挡复合玻璃结构优化设计,北京航空航天大学学报,1997,23(2),141-146。
58.亢一澜,徐千军,余寿文,功能梯度材料温度应力的实验研究,科学通报,1998,43(4),442-445。
59.李禾,严超华,李仁增等,云纹干涉法测定高温材料弹性模量及泊松比,机械强度,2004,26(3),302-306。
60.温磊,复合材料层压板残余应力的研究,北京航空材料研究院硕士论文,2000年12月。