磁致旋光—塞曼双频激光器的理论及实验研究
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摘要
激光外差干涉仪以其测量精度高、抗环境干扰能力强等优点得到了广泛的应用。其中作为光源的双频激光器在整个干涉系统中起着非常重要的作用。本文提出一种新型中频差双频激光器——磁致旋光-塞曼双频激光器。根据塞曼效应，使Ne原子在纵向磁场的作用下光谱线发生分裂，产生频率不同的两个圆偏振光。将磁光材料放置于磁室内并同时放入激光谐振腔中。根据法拉第效应，在谐振腔内当光通过磁光材料时，由于磁光材料相对于左旋和右旋圆偏振光的折射率不同，从而导致谐振腔内左旋和右旋圆偏振光的谐振腔腔长不同。根据激光谐振腔理论，腔长的微小差异将导致激光输出频率的不同。这时激光器将输出频差为Δv的双频激光。为了提高系统的集成度，本文还讨论了磁性光子晶体应用于磁致旋光-塞曼双频激光器的可行性。论文完成的主要工作如下：
(1)应用激光谐振腔理论和法拉第效应的宏观理论推导出了输出激光的频差与磁室内磁场、谐振腔腔长的关系公式。结果显示输出频差与腔长成反比，而与磁室内磁场成正比。
(2)实验研究了激光器塞曼部分的光学输出特性，观察到当纵向磁场大于3mT时输出激光的频率将发生分裂，证实了磁感应强度与频差成正比，与拍频信号峰-峰值成反比。并且发现频差增加的同时，激光纵模个数也在增加。
(3)应用磁光调制倍频法测量了Tb20、Tb25玻璃和BGO晶体在632.8nm波长的费尔德常数值和磁光优值。结果表明Tb20材料的磁光性能优于BGO晶体。应用MagNet软件设计并制作出了磁屏蔽室，测得其泄漏磁场小于1％，基本达到设计要求。
(4)应用状态方程分析了一维磁性光子晶体的磁光特性，指出选择适当的结构可以使得材料的法拉第旋转角大幅度的增加。同时在中心波长处具有很高的透射率，而且在很大的入射角范围内，其光学性质基本不发生变化。分析了产生这些现象的原因，即当光波在材料中所形成的驻波波峰正好处于磁光材料区域时，会获得很强的磁光效应。
(5)利用频域有限差分方法(FDFD)分析了两种二维磁性光子晶体结构(方形和圆形空气孔结构)的模场分布和有效折射率。该种材料的法拉第旋转角较连续分布的磁光介质有显著增加。但是当光通过这类材料后偏振态发生了变化，随着法拉第旋转角的增加出射光的椭圆率也在增加。分析了产生这一现象的原因，并通过在材料中心处引入缺陷解决了偏振态变化这一问题。
Laser heterodyne interferometer has advantages of high measuring precision and anti-environment disturbance ability. It has been broadly applied in mechanical industry. The dual-frequency laser as a light source takes a key element in the interferometer. A new dual-frequency laser of mid-frequency difference, i.e. magnetic rotation-Zeeman dual-frequency laser, has been proposed in this paper. The principle of the laser is as follows: the spectrum of Ne atom is split in the longitudinal magnetic field. The left-handed circularly polarized and right-hand circularly polarized are brought with different frequency. Magneto-optical material is placed in the magnetism screened room which is in the laser resonant cavity. According to the Faraday Effect, when the light which is in the resonant cavity pass the magneto-optical material, the refraction difference between left-handed circularly polarized light and right-handed circularly polarized light leads to the different length of resonant cavity. According to the laser resonant cavity theory, the different length of resonant cavity leads to different frequency. Then the laser will output beams with △v different frequency. The optical property of magnetophotonic crystals is studied in order to enhance the integration rate of the laser system. The main contents are:
(1) Applied laser resonant cavity theory and the electromagnetic wave theory of Faraday Effect, the relational formula of frequency difference of the laser, magnetic induction intensity and length of resonant cavity is obtained. From the formula, the result that the frequency difference directs with the cavity length and inverse with the magnetic induction intensity is acquired.
(2) Optical property of the Zeeman part is investigated experimentally. When the magnetic induction intensity is bigger than 3mT, the frequency difference of the laser will become stabilization and it is directly proportional to the magnetic induction intensity and inversely proportional to the peak-peak value of the beat frequency. The number of the longitudinal mode is increasing with the enhancement of the magnetic induction intensity.
(3) The Verdet constants and magneto-optical figure of merit of magneto-optical materials (BGO, Tb20 glass and Tb25 glass) at 632.8nm are measured by employing the double frequency method. And the results demonstrate that the magneto-optical property of Tb20 is better than BGO. Design the structure of magnetism screened room by using MagNet. Based on the structure, the room is produced, and the leak of magnetic induction intensity is below 1%. The magnetism screened room basically reaches the design requirements.
(4) Several kinds of structure of one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystals are analyzed using equation of state. By choosing proper structure, the Faraday rotation can be increased by several thousand times, and the transmissibility is also increased in the center wavelength.
(1)应用激光谐振腔理论和法拉第效应的宏观理论推导出了输出激光的频差与磁室内磁场、谐振腔腔长的关系公式。结果显示输出频差与腔长成反比，而与磁室内磁场成正比。
(2)实验研究了激光器塞曼部分的光学输出特性，观察到当纵向磁场大于3mT时输出激光的频率将发生分裂，证实了磁感应强度与频差成正比，与拍频信号峰-峰值成反比。并且发现频差增加的同时，激光纵模个数也在增加。
(3)应用磁光调制倍频法测量了Tb20、Tb25玻璃和BGO晶体在632.8nm波长的费尔德常数值和磁光优值。结果表明Tb20材料的磁光性能优于BGO晶体。应用MagNet软件设计并制作出了磁屏蔽室，测得其泄漏磁场小于1％，基本达到设计要求。
(4)应用状态方程分析了一维磁性光子晶体的磁光特性，指出选择适当的结构可以使得材料的法拉第旋转角大幅度的增加。同时在中心波长处具有很高的透射率，而且在很大的入射角范围内，其光学性质基本不发生变化。分析了产生这些现象的原因，即当光波在材料中所形成的驻波波峰正好处于磁光材料区域时，会获得很强的磁光效应。
(5)利用频域有限差分方法(FDFD)分析了两种二维磁性光子晶体结构(方形和圆形空气孔结构)的模场分布和有效折射率。该种材料的法拉第旋转角较连续分布的磁光介质有显著增加。但是当光通过这类材料后偏振态发生了变化，随着法拉第旋转角的增加出射光的椭圆率也在增加。分析了产生这一现象的原因，并通过在材料中心处引入缺陷解决了偏振态变化这一问题。
Laser heterodyne interferometer has advantages of high measuring precision and anti-environment disturbance ability. It has been broadly applied in mechanical industry. The dual-frequency laser as a light source takes a key element in the interferometer. A new dual-frequency laser of mid-frequency difference, i.e. magnetic rotation-Zeeman dual-frequency laser, has been proposed in this paper. The principle of the laser is as follows: the spectrum of Ne atom is split in the longitudinal magnetic field. The left-handed circularly polarized and right-hand circularly polarized are brought with different frequency. Magneto-optical material is placed in the magnetism screened room which is in the laser resonant cavity. According to the Faraday Effect, when the light which is in the resonant cavity pass the magneto-optical material, the refraction difference between left-handed circularly polarized light and right-handed circularly polarized light leads to the different length of resonant cavity. According to the laser resonant cavity theory, the different length of resonant cavity leads to different frequency. Then the laser will output beams with △v different frequency. The optical property of magnetophotonic crystals is studied in order to enhance the integration rate of the laser system. The main contents are:
(1) Applied laser resonant cavity theory and the electromagnetic wave theory of Faraday Effect, the relational formula of frequency difference of the laser, magnetic induction intensity and length of resonant cavity is obtained. From the formula, the result that the frequency difference directs with the cavity length and inverse with the magnetic induction intensity is acquired.
(2) Optical property of the Zeeman part is investigated experimentally. When the magnetic induction intensity is bigger than 3mT, the frequency difference of the laser will become stabilization and it is directly proportional to the magnetic induction intensity and inversely proportional to the peak-peak value of the beat frequency. The number of the longitudinal mode is increasing with the enhancement of the magnetic induction intensity.
(3) The Verdet constants and magneto-optical figure of merit of magneto-optical materials (BGO, Tb20 glass and Tb25 glass) at 632.8nm are measured by employing the double frequency method. And the results demonstrate that the magneto-optical property of Tb20 is better than BGO. Design the structure of magnetism screened room by using MagNet. Based on the structure, the room is produced, and the leak of magnetic induction intensity is below 1%. The magnetism screened room basically reaches the design requirements.
(4) Several kinds of structure of one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystals are analyzed using equation of state. By choosing proper structure, the Faraday rotation can be increased by several thousand times, and the transmissibility is also increased in the center wavelength.
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