基于交际语境顺应理论框架下英语委婉语的研究
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摘要
作为一种间接言语行为,委婉语存在于各种语言和交际活动中,为不同文化背景的人广为使用。它不仅是协调人际关系并最终达到交际目的重要手段,也是现代社会的发展中人们日常交际中不可或缺的一部分。迄今为止,国内外语言研究者们从修辞学、语义学、社会心理学、社会语言学、模糊语言学、文学翻译及语用学等不同角度探讨、研究了委婉语。这些方面的研究成果对于人们正确认识委婉语及深入研究委婉语有很大的价值。
维索尔伦(Verschueren)在“语用综观”概念下提出的顺应理论为委婉语的研究提供了一个更加科学、全面的视角。顺应理论是一种研究人类语言交际行为和认知的理论。维索尔伦(Verschueren)认为语言使用就是一个不断进行语言选择的过程并适应相关的语境因素。而委婉语是语言使用者在交际过程中为实现某些交际目的所采取的一种语言策略。本文以维索尔伦的顺应理论为理论框架,试图从语境顺应角度研究英语委婉语并证明在交际过程中英语委婉语的选择是顺应了语言使用者,顺应社交世界,语言使用者的心理世界、物理世界等交际语境因素的结果,从而达到预期的交际目的。从交际语境探讨委婉语有助于了解人们的思想、语言及文化,有助于消除文化障碍,并对跨文化交际及英语教学都有启示。本文共分五章。第一章为概述,第二章介绍了委婉语的基本知识,第三章阐述了维索尔伦的语言顺应论;第四章通过实例阐明了委婉语对交际语境的顺应,是本文的重点;第五章是结论部分。
本文从一个综观的语用学角度对英语委婉语做了研究,这对委婉语这种言语行为的获得以及成功交际具有一定的指导意义。当然,在应用顺应论对委婉语进行研究的同时,也会遗留下一些问题,有待于将来进一步的研究。
As an indirect linguistic behavior, euphemism exists in different languages and communicative activities, which is widely used by people with different cultural backgrounds. It is not only a very important device to coordinate interpersonal relationship, but also an indispensable part of daily communication in the development of modern society. So far, linguists and scholars at home and abroad have made studies on euphemisms from the perspectives of rhetoric, semantics, social psychology, sociolinguistics, fuzzy linguistics, literature translation, and pragmatics. The result of euphemism study has been enriched and people‘s field of vision on euphemism phenomenon is widened greatly, which has a great value for people to know euphemism correctly and study euphemism deeply.
Verschueren‘s Adaptation Theory which is put forward under the concept“pragmatic perspective”provides a comprehensive and scientific angle for studying euphemism. According to Verschueren, language use can be taken as a continuous process of making of linguistic choices by adapting to the relevant contextual elements. And euphemism is a linguistic strategy to achieve certain communicative goal adopted by the language users in communicative processes. On the basis of Verschueren‘s Adaptation Theory, the thesis attempts to study euphemism from the perspective of communicative context and proves that the choice of English euphemism in communication activities is the result of adaptation to language users, the social world, the mental world of the speakers and the physical world in order to achieve communicative goal. The study of euphemisms in communicative context is to help know more about what is going on in people‘s mind, in their language and culture, to help smooth over cultural barriers and shed light on intercultural communication and English language teaching and learning. As for the organization of the thesis, it is designed to accomplish five chapters. Chapter One is the introduction. Chapter Two reviews the literature of euphemism. Chapter Three discusses Verschueren‘s Adaptation Theory, the theoretical framework of this thesis. And Chapter Four is the main part of the whole study. It gives an analysis of how euphemisms adapt to communicative context with some examples. And chapter Five is the conclusion.
In this thesis, euphemism has been studies from a new and comprehensive pragmatic perspective, which may help people comprehend, apply and acquire this speech act better and achieve successful communication. Of course, while euphemism study is based on Adaptation Theory, there are still some problems left for further study.
维索尔伦(Verschueren)在“语用综观”概念下提出的顺应理论为委婉语的研究提供了一个更加科学、全面的视角。顺应理论是一种研究人类语言交际行为和认知的理论。维索尔伦(Verschueren)认为语言使用就是一个不断进行语言选择的过程并适应相关的语境因素。而委婉语是语言使用者在交际过程中为实现某些交际目的所采取的一种语言策略。本文以维索尔伦的顺应理论为理论框架,试图从语境顺应角度研究英语委婉语并证明在交际过程中英语委婉语的选择是顺应了语言使用者,顺应社交世界,语言使用者的心理世界、物理世界等交际语境因素的结果,从而达到预期的交际目的。从交际语境探讨委婉语有助于了解人们的思想、语言及文化,有助于消除文化障碍,并对跨文化交际及英语教学都有启示。本文共分五章。第一章为概述,第二章介绍了委婉语的基本知识,第三章阐述了维索尔伦的语言顺应论;第四章通过实例阐明了委婉语对交际语境的顺应,是本文的重点;第五章是结论部分。
本文从一个综观的语用学角度对英语委婉语做了研究,这对委婉语这种言语行为的获得以及成功交际具有一定的指导意义。当然,在应用顺应论对委婉语进行研究的同时,也会遗留下一些问题,有待于将来进一步的研究。
As an indirect linguistic behavior, euphemism exists in different languages and communicative activities, which is widely used by people with different cultural backgrounds. It is not only a very important device to coordinate interpersonal relationship, but also an indispensable part of daily communication in the development of modern society. So far, linguists and scholars at home and abroad have made studies on euphemisms from the perspectives of rhetoric, semantics, social psychology, sociolinguistics, fuzzy linguistics, literature translation, and pragmatics. The result of euphemism study has been enriched and people‘s field of vision on euphemism phenomenon is widened greatly, which has a great value for people to know euphemism correctly and study euphemism deeply.
Verschueren‘s Adaptation Theory which is put forward under the concept“pragmatic perspective”provides a comprehensive and scientific angle for studying euphemism. According to Verschueren, language use can be taken as a continuous process of making of linguistic choices by adapting to the relevant contextual elements. And euphemism is a linguistic strategy to achieve certain communicative goal adopted by the language users in communicative processes. On the basis of Verschueren‘s Adaptation Theory, the thesis attempts to study euphemism from the perspective of communicative context and proves that the choice of English euphemism in communication activities is the result of adaptation to language users, the social world, the mental world of the speakers and the physical world in order to achieve communicative goal. The study of euphemisms in communicative context is to help know more about what is going on in people‘s mind, in their language and culture, to help smooth over cultural barriers and shed light on intercultural communication and English language teaching and learning. As for the organization of the thesis, it is designed to accomplish five chapters. Chapter One is the introduction. Chapter Two reviews the literature of euphemism. Chapter Three discusses Verschueren‘s Adaptation Theory, the theoretical framework of this thesis. And Chapter Four is the main part of the whole study. It gives an analysis of how euphemisms adapt to communicative context with some examples. And chapter Five is the conclusion.
In this thesis, euphemism has been studies from a new and comprehensive pragmatic perspective, which may help people comprehend, apply and acquire this speech act better and achieve successful communication. Of course, while euphemism study is based on Adaptation Theory, there are still some problems left for further study.
引文
[1] Ayto, John. Euphemisms [M]. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Limited.1993.
[2]Allan,K. & Burridge,K. Euphemism & Dysphemism: Language Used as Shield and Weapon[M].New York: Oxford University Press.1991.
[3]Akman,V. Rethinking Context as a Social Construct[J].Journal of Pragmatics.2000.
[4]Bolinger, Dwight and Sears, Donald A. Aspects of Language [M].New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,Inc. 1981.
[5]Brown,P.and Levinson,S. Politeness: Some Universal in Language Usage[M]. London: Cambridge University Press.1978
[6]Brown,K.Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics.[M]Elsevier Social Sciences.2005
[7]Coates, Jennifer. Women,Men and Language[M].London:Longman.1993.
[8]Charles Dickens, Great Expectations [M]. Wordsworth Editions Ltd; 1992:49.
[9]Enright, D.J. Fair of Speech: The Uses of Euphemism [M].Oxford: Oxford University Press.1985.
[10]Fowler,H.W. A Dictionary of Modern English Usage New York: Oxford University Press.1991.
[11]Grice,H.P. Logic and Conversation [A] In S. Davis(ed.) Pragmatics: A Reader[C].Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1975.
[12]Gerrig, R.J. & P. G. Zimbardo. Psychology and Life [M]. Beijing: Posts &Telecom Press.2003
[13] George, W. Bush, Radio Address on March 19, 2003 http://www.wwenglish.com/t/d/jijin/bushradio/18564.htm
[14] George, W. Bush‘s speech of the 5th anniversary of 9/11 in 2006 http://www.putclub.com/article.php?articleid=3884
[15]Halliday, M.A.K. Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language and Education Press.2001.
[16]Holder,R.W. A Dictionary of Euphemisms, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1995.
[17]Leech,G.H. Principles of Pragmatics[M].London:Longman.1983.
[18]Leech,G.H.Semantics. [C]. Harmandsworth: Penguin Books. 1985.
[19]Lakoff,R. Language and Women‘s Place[M].New York: Harper and Row.1975.
[20]Morris,C. Foundations of the Theory of Signs[M].Chicago: the University of Chicago Press.1938.
[21]Neaman,J.S.and Silver,C.G. Kind Words: A Thesaurus of Euphemisms Expanded and Revised Edition[M].New York: Facts on File,Inc., World Publishing Corp.1983.
[22]Oscar Wilde, An Ideal Husaband[M]. Dover Publications Inc. 2001:32.
[23]Rawson,H. A Dictionary of Euphemism and Other Double-talk [M]. London: Crown Publishers Inc, 1981.
[24]Rokeach, M. The Nature of Human Values[M]. New York: Free Press,1973.
[25]Scollon,R. and S.W.Scollon. Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press & Blackwell Publishers Ltd.2000.
[26]Samovar,L.A.,Richard E. Porter and Lisa A.Stefani. Communication Between Cultures[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Brooks/Cole/Thomson Learning Asia.2000.
[27]Thomas,J. Meaning in interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. London: Longman, 1995
[28]Trudgill,P. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. [M]. England: Penguin Books, 1986.
[29]The Sino-U.S. Joint Communiquéhttp://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/ziliao/3602/3604/t18006.htm
[30]Verschueren,J. Understanding Pragmatics[M].Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press & Edward Arnold(Publishers)Limited.2000.
[31]Verschueren,J. Pragmatics as a theory of linguistic adaptation. IPRA Working Document, Antwerp: International Pragmatics Association. 1987.
[32]Williams,J.M. Origins of the English Language[M].New York: Free Press.1957.
[33]Yule, G. Pragmatics & Politeness [M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2000.
[34]Yu Guodong. The Chinese/English Codeswitching as Realization of Linguistic Adaptation,[M] Taiyuan: Shanxi People‘s Publishing House. 2001
[35]陈望道,《修辞学发凡》,[M].上海:上海教育出版社, 1976
[36]陈原,《社会语言学》,[M].上海:学林出版社, 1983.
[37]陈海燕,委婉语作为语用策略的功能及顺应性研究[J].《广东工业大学学报》,2008(3): 83-86
[38]陈敏,关联-顺应视角下的委婉语[J].《四川理工学院学报》, 2008(10):5-7
[39]杜秀红,从顺应理论视角看跨文化交际中的委婉语[J].《科技信息》144-145
[40]何兆熊.《新编语用学概要》[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2001.
[41]何自然,于国栋.语用学的理解-Verschueren的新作评介[J].《现代外语》,1999(4): 428-435.
[42]蒋涛,浅谈固定委婉语和临时委婉语[J].《鄂州大学学报》1998(4):59-62
[43]李国南,英语中的委婉语.[J].《外国语》, 1989(3):23-27
[44]零宏惠,外交委婉语的语用分析[J].《忻州师范学院学报》,2004(10): 99-103.
[45]彭鸿,彭晓东,《外交英语》[M].北京:对外经济贸易大学出版社,1999.
[46]裴妮,《20世纪演讲文录》[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 2004:58
[47]田九胜,委婉语的语用分析[J].《福建外语》, 2001(2): 18-21
[48]束定芳,委婉语新探[J].《外国语》, 1989(3): 28-34
[49]孙锐,英语委婉语的顺应性动态研究[J].《安徽工业大学学报》2008(1):96-117
[50]索振羽.《语用学教程》[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2000.
[51]邵军航、樊藏藏,委婉语的分类研究[J].《信阳师范学院学报》,2002(1):61-65
[52]徐海铭,委婉语的语用学研究[J],外语研究,1996(3): 21-24
[53]维索尔伦.耶夫著钱冠连、霍永寿译,《语用学诠释》[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2003.
[54]伍铁平,从委婉语的机制看模糊理论的解释能力[J].《外国语》1989(3):16-22.
[55]王隽,委婉语在政治领域中的应用[J].《华中农业大学学报(社会科学版)》2005(5): 213-215
[56]魏海燕,名词化的顺应性研究, [MA],河南大学, 2004
[57]于亚伦,当代英语委婉语初探明[J].《外语学刊》, 1984(2): 45-49
[58]张秀国,《英语修辞学》[M].北京:清华大学出版社,北京交通大学出版社, 2005
[59]张宏国,英语中委婉语表达的语用手段[J].《皖曲学院学报》2004(2): 136-139
[2]Allan,K. & Burridge,K. Euphemism & Dysphemism: Language Used as Shield and Weapon[M].New York: Oxford University Press.1991.
[3]Akman,V. Rethinking Context as a Social Construct[J].Journal of Pragmatics.2000.
[4]Bolinger, Dwight and Sears, Donald A. Aspects of Language [M].New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,Inc. 1981.
[5]Brown,P.and Levinson,S. Politeness: Some Universal in Language Usage[M]. London: Cambridge University Press.1978
[6]Brown,K.Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics.[M]Elsevier Social Sciences.2005
[7]Coates, Jennifer. Women,Men and Language[M].London:Longman.1993.
[8]Charles Dickens, Great Expectations [M]. Wordsworth Editions Ltd; 1992:49.
[9]Enright, D.J. Fair of Speech: The Uses of Euphemism [M].Oxford: Oxford University Press.1985.
[10]Fowler,H.W. A Dictionary of Modern English Usage New York: Oxford University Press.1991.
[11]Grice,H.P. Logic and Conversation [A] In S. Davis(ed.) Pragmatics: A Reader[C].Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1975.
[12]Gerrig, R.J. & P. G. Zimbardo. Psychology and Life [M]. Beijing: Posts &Telecom Press.2003
[13] George, W. Bush, Radio Address on March 19, 2003 http://www.wwenglish.com/t/d/jijin/bushradio/18564.htm
[14] George, W. Bush‘s speech of the 5th anniversary of 9/11 in 2006 http://www.putclub.com/article.php?articleid=3884
[15]Halliday, M.A.K. Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language and Education Press.2001.
[16]Holder,R.W. A Dictionary of Euphemisms, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1995.
[17]Leech,G.H. Principles of Pragmatics[M].London:Longman.1983.
[18]Leech,G.H.Semantics. [C]. Harmandsworth: Penguin Books. 1985.
[19]Lakoff,R. Language and Women‘s Place[M].New York: Harper and Row.1975.
[20]Morris,C. Foundations of the Theory of Signs[M].Chicago: the University of Chicago Press.1938.
[21]Neaman,J.S.and Silver,C.G. Kind Words: A Thesaurus of Euphemisms Expanded and Revised Edition[M].New York: Facts on File,Inc., World Publishing Corp.1983.
[22]Oscar Wilde, An Ideal Husaband[M]. Dover Publications Inc. 2001:32.
[23]Rawson,H. A Dictionary of Euphemism and Other Double-talk [M]. London: Crown Publishers Inc, 1981.
[24]Rokeach, M. The Nature of Human Values[M]. New York: Free Press,1973.
[25]Scollon,R. and S.W.Scollon. Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press & Blackwell Publishers Ltd.2000.
[26]Samovar,L.A.,Richard E. Porter and Lisa A.Stefani. Communication Between Cultures[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Brooks/Cole/Thomson Learning Asia.2000.
[27]Thomas,J. Meaning in interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. London: Longman, 1995
[28]Trudgill,P. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. [M]. England: Penguin Books, 1986.
[29]The Sino-U.S. Joint Communiquéhttp://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/ziliao/3602/3604/t18006.htm
[30]Verschueren,J. Understanding Pragmatics[M].Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press & Edward Arnold(Publishers)Limited.2000.
[31]Verschueren,J. Pragmatics as a theory of linguistic adaptation. IPRA Working Document, Antwerp: International Pragmatics Association. 1987.
[32]Williams,J.M. Origins of the English Language[M].New York: Free Press.1957.
[33]Yule, G. Pragmatics & Politeness [M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2000.
[34]Yu Guodong. The Chinese/English Codeswitching as Realization of Linguistic Adaptation,[M] Taiyuan: Shanxi People‘s Publishing House. 2001
[35]陈望道,《修辞学发凡》,[M].上海:上海教育出版社, 1976
[36]陈原,《社会语言学》,[M].上海:学林出版社, 1983.
[37]陈海燕,委婉语作为语用策略的功能及顺应性研究[J].《广东工业大学学报》,2008(3): 83-86
[38]陈敏,关联-顺应视角下的委婉语[J].《四川理工学院学报》, 2008(10):5-7
[39]杜秀红,从顺应理论视角看跨文化交际中的委婉语[J].《科技信息》144-145
[40]何兆熊.《新编语用学概要》[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2001.
[41]何自然,于国栋.语用学的理解-Verschueren的新作评介[J].《现代外语》,1999(4): 428-435.
[42]蒋涛,浅谈固定委婉语和临时委婉语[J].《鄂州大学学报》1998(4):59-62
[43]李国南,英语中的委婉语.[J].《外国语》, 1989(3):23-27
[44]零宏惠,外交委婉语的语用分析[J].《忻州师范学院学报》,2004(10): 99-103.
[45]彭鸿,彭晓东,《外交英语》[M].北京:对外经济贸易大学出版社,1999.
[46]裴妮,《20世纪演讲文录》[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 2004:58
[47]田九胜,委婉语的语用分析[J].《福建外语》, 2001(2): 18-21
[48]束定芳,委婉语新探[J].《外国语》, 1989(3): 28-34
[49]孙锐,英语委婉语的顺应性动态研究[J].《安徽工业大学学报》2008(1):96-117
[50]索振羽.《语用学教程》[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2000.
[51]邵军航、樊藏藏,委婉语的分类研究[J].《信阳师范学院学报》,2002(1):61-65
[52]徐海铭,委婉语的语用学研究[J],外语研究,1996(3): 21-24
[53]维索尔伦.耶夫著钱冠连、霍永寿译,《语用学诠释》[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2003.
[54]伍铁平,从委婉语的机制看模糊理论的解释能力[J].《外国语》1989(3):16-22.
[55]王隽,委婉语在政治领域中的应用[J].《华中农业大学学报(社会科学版)》2005(5): 213-215
[56]魏海燕,名词化的顺应性研究, [MA],河南大学, 2004
[57]于亚伦,当代英语委婉语初探明[J].《外语学刊》, 1984(2): 45-49
[58]张秀国,《英语修辞学》[M].北京:清华大学出版社,北京交通大学出版社, 2005
[59]张宏国,英语中委婉语表达的语用手段[J].《皖曲学院学报》2004(2): 136-139