《格致汇编》中物理知识的研究
|
摘要
1840年的中英鸦片战争,使封闭落后的中国社会发生了许多重大变化,伴随着帝国主义的坚船利炮,西方的科学技术也传入了中国。通过鸦片战争,中国人逐步认识到自己的落后和学习西方科学的必要性。在这个时候人们为了救亡图存,进行了一场声势浩大的洋务运动。在学习西方先进科学技术时,科技期刊起了重要的作用。1876在上海出版了中国第一份科学期刊《格致汇编》,其主编是当时赫赫有名的英国学者傅兰雅。傅兰雅致力于在中国传播西方科学技术知识,希望中国能够“广兴格致,至中西一辙耳”。《格致汇编》在普及科技知识、传播科学精神方面具有不可抹杀的作用。傅兰雅通过《格致汇编》将物理方面的知识,普及推广到广大读者中,开创了我国普及科技及物理知识的先河。目前尚未发现有人对《格致汇编》中的物理学知识进行过系统的整理和研究。本文以《格致汇编》中的物理学内容为研究对象,从以下三个方面进行研究:
一、对《格致汇编》的创刊背景、缘由、主编及其他编辑的情况、主要内容、与《中西闻见录》的关系、以及几次停刊的原因,在前人研究的基础上进行归纳总结,并提出自己的观点。
二、首次对《格致汇编》中与物理学相关的知识进行了系统的分析整理。在物理学方面,《格致汇编》分别说明了物质形态、物质运动、万有引力等知识,主要解释了电学原理,光学原理,还介绍了与物理学相关的一些机械设备。特别是首次集中的对科学仪器的用途、操作、价格进行了说明,推动了我国实验科学及物理学的发展。
三、对《格致汇编》对清末物理学在大众传播中的影响、对物理学教育和近代科技期刊的影响分别进行了说明。《格致汇编》在清末的影响是巨大的,这主要是因为期刊传播的范围广阔、具有极强的时效性和针对性。
本文通过对《格致汇编》中物理学内容的全面研究,可以看出物理学知识在整个内容中所占比例颇大,因此物理学内容在整个期刊中的地位不容忽视。《格致汇编》的语言浅显易懂,并且图文并茂,易于被广大读者接受。文中有意识地介绍科学基础知识、提高了普通民众的科学素养。《格致汇编》传播的这些科技知识确实对中国人具有科学启蒙的作用,它在潜移默化中影响和改变了部分中国知识分子的观念和思想。
The Sino-British Opium War in 1840 caused the backward China society to have many tremendous changes. Western science and technology was also spreaded to China accompanied with the formidable imperialistic ships and artilleries. Through the War, the Chinese people gradually realized its own backwardness and the need to study western science. People at this time in order to save the nation survival, had carried on a massive Westernization Movement. While learning western advanced science and technology, the technical periodical played the vital role. In 1876, the Chinese first scientific journal the Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine was published in Shanghai, which chief editor was at that time a well-known British scholar Fryer. He devoted to introducing the western scientific and technological knowledge to China, hoping that China can“be popular the literary charm broadly and make the China and the West consistently in science and technology”. The Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine had the function which cannot be written off in the popularization scientific knowledge and the dissemination spirit of science aspect. Through it, Fryer popularized the physical aspect’s knowledge to the immensity reading public and founded the beginning of our country popularization science and technology and the physical knowledge. At present there still had not discovered that some people had the systematical studies on physical content in the Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine. So this article took the physics content in the Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine as the objects of study, conducting the research from the following three aspects:
First, on the basis of previous studies, this article concluded and summarized the opening background, the reason, chief editor and other editor's situation, the primary coverage, the relations with the Peking Magazine, as well as the reasons of several suspension, at the same time put forward my own viewpoint.
Second, for the first time the author carried on systemic analysis reorganization to the knowledge related with physics in the Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine. In the physics aspect, it showed separately the knowledge of material shape, motion of matter, gravitation and so on, mainly explained the electricity principle, optics principle, but also introduced some mechanical devices related with the physics. Specially it for the first time concentrated to explain the scientific instrument's use, the operation and the price, which promoted our country’s scientific experments and physics development.
Third, the auther separately explained the influence of the Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine to the late Qing Dynasty in physics in mass media dissemination, to the physics education and the modern science and technology periodical. The Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine had huge impact in the late Qing Dynasty, largely because the periodical disseminationed broadly and had strengthened effectiveness and purpose.
Through comprehensive studied physics contents in the Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine, we may see the physics knowledge accounted for large proportion in the entire content, therefore the physics content in the entire periodical's status should not be overlooked. In the Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine the language is simple to understand, and is abundant and elegant, so it is easy accepted by the reading public. The article introduced consciously the scientific elementary knowledge and improved the ordinary populace's scientific quality. The Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine disseminated these new, rich scientific and technological knowledge which had the scientific initiation function truly to the Chinese, which affected and changed the part China intellectual's idea and thought imperceptibly.
一、对《格致汇编》的创刊背景、缘由、主编及其他编辑的情况、主要内容、与《中西闻见录》的关系、以及几次停刊的原因,在前人研究的基础上进行归纳总结,并提出自己的观点。
二、首次对《格致汇编》中与物理学相关的知识进行了系统的分析整理。在物理学方面,《格致汇编》分别说明了物质形态、物质运动、万有引力等知识,主要解释了电学原理,光学原理,还介绍了与物理学相关的一些机械设备。特别是首次集中的对科学仪器的用途、操作、价格进行了说明,推动了我国实验科学及物理学的发展。
三、对《格致汇编》对清末物理学在大众传播中的影响、对物理学教育和近代科技期刊的影响分别进行了说明。《格致汇编》在清末的影响是巨大的,这主要是因为期刊传播的范围广阔、具有极强的时效性和针对性。
本文通过对《格致汇编》中物理学内容的全面研究,可以看出物理学知识在整个内容中所占比例颇大,因此物理学内容在整个期刊中的地位不容忽视。《格致汇编》的语言浅显易懂,并且图文并茂,易于被广大读者接受。文中有意识地介绍科学基础知识、提高了普通民众的科学素养。《格致汇编》传播的这些科技知识确实对中国人具有科学启蒙的作用,它在潜移默化中影响和改变了部分中国知识分子的观念和思想。
The Sino-British Opium War in 1840 caused the backward China society to have many tremendous changes. Western science and technology was also spreaded to China accompanied with the formidable imperialistic ships and artilleries. Through the War, the Chinese people gradually realized its own backwardness and the need to study western science. People at this time in order to save the nation survival, had carried on a massive Westernization Movement. While learning western advanced science and technology, the technical periodical played the vital role. In 1876, the Chinese first scientific journal the Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine was published in Shanghai, which chief editor was at that time a well-known British scholar Fryer. He devoted to introducing the western scientific and technological knowledge to China, hoping that China can“be popular the literary charm broadly and make the China and the West consistently in science and technology”. The Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine had the function which cannot be written off in the popularization scientific knowledge and the dissemination spirit of science aspect. Through it, Fryer popularized the physical aspect’s knowledge to the immensity reading public and founded the beginning of our country popularization science and technology and the physical knowledge. At present there still had not discovered that some people had the systematical studies on physical content in the Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine. So this article took the physics content in the Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine as the objects of study, conducting the research from the following three aspects:
First, on the basis of previous studies, this article concluded and summarized the opening background, the reason, chief editor and other editor's situation, the primary coverage, the relations with the Peking Magazine, as well as the reasons of several suspension, at the same time put forward my own viewpoint.
Second, for the first time the author carried on systemic analysis reorganization to the knowledge related with physics in the Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine. In the physics aspect, it showed separately the knowledge of material shape, motion of matter, gravitation and so on, mainly explained the electricity principle, optics principle, but also introduced some mechanical devices related with the physics. Specially it for the first time concentrated to explain the scientific instrument's use, the operation and the price, which promoted our country’s scientific experments and physics development.
Third, the auther separately explained the influence of the Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine to the late Qing Dynasty in physics in mass media dissemination, to the physics education and the modern science and technology periodical. The Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine had huge impact in the late Qing Dynasty, largely because the periodical disseminationed broadly and had strengthened effectiveness and purpose.
Through comprehensive studied physics contents in the Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine, we may see the physics knowledge accounted for large proportion in the entire content, therefore the physics content in the entire periodical's status should not be overlooked. In the Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine the language is simple to understand, and is abundant and elegant, so it is easy accepted by the reading public. The article introduced consciously the scientific elementary knowledge and improved the ordinary populace's scientific quality. The Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine disseminated these new, rich scientific and technological knowledge which had the scientific initiation function truly to the Chinese, which affected and changed the part China intellectual's idea and thought imperceptibly.
引文
[1]《格致汇编》和《中西闻见录》
[2]王扬宗.傅兰雅与近代中国的科学启蒙[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[3]黎难秋.中国科学翻译史料[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,1996.
[4]中国近现代史大典编委会.中国近现代史大典(上册)[M].北京:中共党史出版社,1992.
[5][美]托马斯·L·汉金斯(任定成,张爱珍译).科学与启蒙运动[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2000.
[6]王凤超.中国报刊史话[M].北京:商务印书馆,1991.
[7]戈公振.中国报学史(插图整理本)[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2003.
[8]吉少甫.中国出版简史[M].上海:学林出版社,1991.
[9]宋原放,李白坚.中国出版史[M].北京:中国书籍出版社,1991.
[10]郑国柱.从古老发明到高新科技[M].成都:四川人民出版社,2003.
[11]李长丽.近代中国社会文化变迁录(第一卷)[M].杭州:浙江人民出版社,2000.
[12]马光仁.上海新闻史(一八五○—一九四九)[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,1996.
[13]熊月之.西学东渐与晚清社会[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1995.
[14]许力以.中国出版百科全书[M].太原:书海出版社,1997.
[15]杜石然,林庆元,郭金彬.洋务运动与中国近代科技[M].沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,1991.
[16]中国历史大辞典·科技史卷编纂委员会.中国历史大辞典·科技史卷[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,2000.
[17]上海图书馆.中国近代期刊篇目汇录(1)第一卷[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1980.
[18]顾长声.从马礼逊到司徒雷登——来华新教传教士评传[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1985.
[19]潘玉田,陈永刚. 中西文献交流史[M].北京:北京图书馆出版社,1999.
[20][美]弗·卡约里. 物理学史(戴念祖译)[M].呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社,1981.
[21]李艳平,申先甲. 物理学史教程[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.
[22]樊洪业.耶稣会士与中国科学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1992.
[23]戴念祖.中国物理学史大系·力学史[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,2000.
[24]刘筱莉,仲扣庄. 物理学史[M].南京:南京师范大学出版社,2001.
[25]郭奕玲,沈慧君. 物理学史[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1993.
[26]曹增友.传教士与中国科学[M].北京:宗教文化出版社,1999.
[27]顾长生.传教士与近代中国[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1981.
[28]周葱秀,涂明.中国近现代文化期刊史[M].太原:山西教育出版社,1999.
[29]宋应离,朱联营,李明山. 中国期刊发展史[M].开封:河南大学出版社,2000.
[30]方汉奇.中国新闻事业通史[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1992.
[31]汪广仁.中国近代科学先驱徐寿父子研究[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1998.
[32]韩建民.晚清科学图书出版研究[D].上海: 上海交通大学,2005.
[33]陈昌文.都市化进程中的上海出版业 1843-1949[D].苏州:苏州大学,2002.
[34]唐颖.中国近代科技期刊与科技传播[D].上海:华东师范大学,2006.
[35]王小利.《格致汇编》研究[D].北京:中国人民大学人文学院历史系,2003.
[36]王秀良.清末杂志社团与数学传播[D].天津:天津师范大学数学系,2003.
[37]杨珂.从“传教士”到文化使者——傅兰雅个案研究[D].武汉:华中师范大学历史文化学院,2004.
[38]段海龙.《中西闻见录》研究——以科技内容为中心[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古师范大学科学史与科技管理系,2006.
[39]孙邦华.寓华传播西学的又一尝试──傅兰雅在上海所编《格致汇编》述论[J].华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),1994,(5):58-68.
[40]王汉熙,张淼,王连弟,等.中国近代科技期刊发蒙考[J].出版科学,2002,(4):66-67.
[41]张红涛.洋务运动时期西学书籍的翻译[J].洛阳师专学报,2000,19(1):127-128.
[42]冯志杰.《格致汇编》属性的实证分析[J].中国编辑,2006,(2):84-86.
[43]戴念祖.中国古代在管口校正方面的成就[J].黄钟——武汉音乐学院学报,1992,(4):1-7.
[44]陈正生.康熙十四律乃徐寿“律管试验”之滥觞[J].黄钟——武汉音乐学院学报,1995,(1):35-38.
[45]刘毛雅.《格致汇编》刍议[J].历史教学,1988,(11):49-50.
[46]杨丽君,赵大良,姚 远.《格致汇编》的科技内容及意义[J].辽宁工学院学报,2003,5(2):73-75.
[47]周金保.《格致汇编》与中国早期电镀[J].电镀与精饰,1991,13(4):45-49.
[48]傅良瑜,张志强.《格致汇编》在《申报》上的投射[J].图书与情报,2006,(5):116-120.
[49]张剑.《中西闻见录》述略──兼评其对西方科技的传播[J].复旦学报(社会科学版),1995,(4):57-62.
[50]蔡文婷,刘树勇.从《格致汇编》走出的晚清科普[J].科普研究,2007,(1):59-65.
[51]李浩,杨欣.傅兰雅——致力于中国近代科学启蒙的传教士[J].南方文物,2006,(3):150-152.
[52]王铁军.谁影响了 20 世纪中国人的观念?——傅兰雅与《格致汇编》[J].哲学译丛,2001,(4):75-79.
[53]王萍.傅兰雅在中国的新闻传播实践及其影响[J].新闻大学,2001,(3):62-63.
[54]王强,姚远.傅兰雅之《格致汇编》及其科学传播实践[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),2007,37(3):511-516.
[55]刘晓多.近代来华传教士创办报刊的活动及其影响[J].山东大学学报(哲社版),1999,(2):29-32.
[56]孙邦华.论傅兰雅在西学汉译中的杰出贡献——以西学译名的确立与统一问题为中心[J]. 南京社会科学,2006,(4):133-139.
[57]徐振亚.徐寿父子对中国近代化学的贡献[J].大学化学,2000,15(1):58-62.
[58]韩小林.洋务派与近代科学技术的传播[J]. 广州大学学报(社会科学版),2002,1 (12):12-15.
[59]王扬宗.《格致汇编》与西方近代科技知识在清末的传播[J].中国科技史料,1996,17(1):36-47.
[60]朱宇.洋务运动·自然科学·传教士[J].江苏教育学院学报(社会科学版),2000,16(3):94-97.
[61]周汝忠. 科技期刊发展的四个历史时期[J]. 编辑学报,1992,4(2):75-81.
[62]周向华.傅兰雅与《格致汇编》[J].图书馆杂志,2000,19(5):54-55.
[63]王 淳.近代西学传播大师傅兰雅[J].信阳农业高等专科学校学报,2004,14(2):57-59.
[64]王扬宗.晚清科学译著杂考[J].中国科技史料,1994,15(4):32-40.
[65]韩小林.洋务派与近代科学技术的传播[J].广州大学学报(社会科学版),2002,1(12):12-15.
[2]王扬宗.傅兰雅与近代中国的科学启蒙[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[3]黎难秋.中国科学翻译史料[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,1996.
[4]中国近现代史大典编委会.中国近现代史大典(上册)[M].北京:中共党史出版社,1992.
[5][美]托马斯·L·汉金斯(任定成,张爱珍译).科学与启蒙运动[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2000.
[6]王凤超.中国报刊史话[M].北京:商务印书馆,1991.
[7]戈公振.中国报学史(插图整理本)[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2003.
[8]吉少甫.中国出版简史[M].上海:学林出版社,1991.
[9]宋原放,李白坚.中国出版史[M].北京:中国书籍出版社,1991.
[10]郑国柱.从古老发明到高新科技[M].成都:四川人民出版社,2003.
[11]李长丽.近代中国社会文化变迁录(第一卷)[M].杭州:浙江人民出版社,2000.
[12]马光仁.上海新闻史(一八五○—一九四九)[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,1996.
[13]熊月之.西学东渐与晚清社会[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1995.
[14]许力以.中国出版百科全书[M].太原:书海出版社,1997.
[15]杜石然,林庆元,郭金彬.洋务运动与中国近代科技[M].沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,1991.
[16]中国历史大辞典·科技史卷编纂委员会.中国历史大辞典·科技史卷[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,2000.
[17]上海图书馆.中国近代期刊篇目汇录(1)第一卷[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1980.
[18]顾长声.从马礼逊到司徒雷登——来华新教传教士评传[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1985.
[19]潘玉田,陈永刚. 中西文献交流史[M].北京:北京图书馆出版社,1999.
[20][美]弗·卡约里. 物理学史(戴念祖译)[M].呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社,1981.
[21]李艳平,申先甲. 物理学史教程[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.
[22]樊洪业.耶稣会士与中国科学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1992.
[23]戴念祖.中国物理学史大系·力学史[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,2000.
[24]刘筱莉,仲扣庄. 物理学史[M].南京:南京师范大学出版社,2001.
[25]郭奕玲,沈慧君. 物理学史[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1993.
[26]曹增友.传教士与中国科学[M].北京:宗教文化出版社,1999.
[27]顾长生.传教士与近代中国[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1981.
[28]周葱秀,涂明.中国近现代文化期刊史[M].太原:山西教育出版社,1999.
[29]宋应离,朱联营,李明山. 中国期刊发展史[M].开封:河南大学出版社,2000.
[30]方汉奇.中国新闻事业通史[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1992.
[31]汪广仁.中国近代科学先驱徐寿父子研究[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1998.
[32]韩建民.晚清科学图书出版研究[D].上海: 上海交通大学,2005.
[33]陈昌文.都市化进程中的上海出版业 1843-1949[D].苏州:苏州大学,2002.
[34]唐颖.中国近代科技期刊与科技传播[D].上海:华东师范大学,2006.
[35]王小利.《格致汇编》研究[D].北京:中国人民大学人文学院历史系,2003.
[36]王秀良.清末杂志社团与数学传播[D].天津:天津师范大学数学系,2003.
[37]杨珂.从“传教士”到文化使者——傅兰雅个案研究[D].武汉:华中师范大学历史文化学院,2004.
[38]段海龙.《中西闻见录》研究——以科技内容为中心[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古师范大学科学史与科技管理系,2006.
[39]孙邦华.寓华传播西学的又一尝试──傅兰雅在上海所编《格致汇编》述论[J].华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),1994,(5):58-68.
[40]王汉熙,张淼,王连弟,等.中国近代科技期刊发蒙考[J].出版科学,2002,(4):66-67.
[41]张红涛.洋务运动时期西学书籍的翻译[J].洛阳师专学报,2000,19(1):127-128.
[42]冯志杰.《格致汇编》属性的实证分析[J].中国编辑,2006,(2):84-86.
[43]戴念祖.中国古代在管口校正方面的成就[J].黄钟——武汉音乐学院学报,1992,(4):1-7.
[44]陈正生.康熙十四律乃徐寿“律管试验”之滥觞[J].黄钟——武汉音乐学院学报,1995,(1):35-38.
[45]刘毛雅.《格致汇编》刍议[J].历史教学,1988,(11):49-50.
[46]杨丽君,赵大良,姚 远.《格致汇编》的科技内容及意义[J].辽宁工学院学报,2003,5(2):73-75.
[47]周金保.《格致汇编》与中国早期电镀[J].电镀与精饰,1991,13(4):45-49.
[48]傅良瑜,张志强.《格致汇编》在《申报》上的投射[J].图书与情报,2006,(5):116-120.
[49]张剑.《中西闻见录》述略──兼评其对西方科技的传播[J].复旦学报(社会科学版),1995,(4):57-62.
[50]蔡文婷,刘树勇.从《格致汇编》走出的晚清科普[J].科普研究,2007,(1):59-65.
[51]李浩,杨欣.傅兰雅——致力于中国近代科学启蒙的传教士[J].南方文物,2006,(3):150-152.
[52]王铁军.谁影响了 20 世纪中国人的观念?——傅兰雅与《格致汇编》[J].哲学译丛,2001,(4):75-79.
[53]王萍.傅兰雅在中国的新闻传播实践及其影响[J].新闻大学,2001,(3):62-63.
[54]王强,姚远.傅兰雅之《格致汇编》及其科学传播实践[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),2007,37(3):511-516.
[55]刘晓多.近代来华传教士创办报刊的活动及其影响[J].山东大学学报(哲社版),1999,(2):29-32.
[56]孙邦华.论傅兰雅在西学汉译中的杰出贡献——以西学译名的确立与统一问题为中心[J]. 南京社会科学,2006,(4):133-139.
[57]徐振亚.徐寿父子对中国近代化学的贡献[J].大学化学,2000,15(1):58-62.
[58]韩小林.洋务派与近代科学技术的传播[J]. 广州大学学报(社会科学版),2002,1 (12):12-15.
[59]王扬宗.《格致汇编》与西方近代科技知识在清末的传播[J].中国科技史料,1996,17(1):36-47.
[60]朱宇.洋务运动·自然科学·传教士[J].江苏教育学院学报(社会科学版),2000,16(3):94-97.
[61]周汝忠. 科技期刊发展的四个历史时期[J]. 编辑学报,1992,4(2):75-81.
[62]周向华.傅兰雅与《格致汇编》[J].图书馆杂志,2000,19(5):54-55.
[63]王 淳.近代西学传播大师傅兰雅[J].信阳农业高等专科学校学报,2004,14(2):57-59.
[64]王扬宗.晚清科学译著杂考[J].中国科技史料,1994,15(4):32-40.
[65]韩小林.洋务派与近代科学技术的传播[J].广州大学学报(社会科学版),2002,1(12):12-15.