广东省供销合作社制度变迁及效率研究
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摘要
供销社是我国最大的农民合作经济组织,但是由于在历史发展过程中,政府的多次介入,使得供销社一度丧失了合作社因素。改革开放后,供销社又开始重新回归合作制方向,但其制度变迁中的路径依赖,使得供销社的改革进展缓慢,也得不到农民的认同。本文以广东省为例,从新制度经济学角度,将广东供销社体系制度变迁划分为传统时期(适应市场求生存)和新时期(市场生存与服务三农并重)两大阶段,从制度变迁角度分析了其两大时期制度创新轨迹,研究将利润主导(以利润为主产出变量)的全要素效率,作为制度变迁过程中供销社体系各经济实体经济效率的评价依据,重点研究了广东供销社体系制度变迁过程中其市场适应性问题。通过实地调查及相关模型分析研究,对广东省供销社制度变迁进行理论探讨和实证分析,为供销社制度变迁路径的研究及避免再出现路径依赖提出指导性方向,同时,丰富和发展新制度经济学在供销社改革发展方面的理论。
     本文在梳理国内外相关文献和理论的基础上,首先论述供销社传统时期制度变迁与效率评估。运用制度变迁理论分析了传统时期广东省供销社制度变迁的方式、变迁的动因,研究将制度改革过程中供销社体系各经济实体经营效率作为制度创新效果评价的客观依据,运用DEA评价体系,对传统时期供销合作社制度进行效率测算和评估。其次,论述新时期广东省供销社制度变迁并对其效率进行了评估。同时,分析了新时期广东省供销社系统体制改革实践与效率的以及全省系统内3个典型案例。再次,引入DID模型,将首批改革实施地区作为改革组,二批改革实施地区作为非改革组,分析了新时期制度创新对于各地联合社、基层社和社有企业效率提升产生的影响,采用Logistic模型估算了影响制度创新激发经营效率的影响因素。最后,从优化供销社流通方式、加快基层社体制改革、提升社有企业抗风险能力、创新财政资金扶持方式、多元化供销合作社扶持政策等方面提出进一步推动供销社体制改革的建议。
     本文的主要研究结论如下:
     (1)从改革路径来看,传统时期的改革是适应外围经济体制改革的被动改革,新时期改革是整个供销体系具备较高市场适应性后自我提升的主动适应改革。
     (2)传统时期广东供销合作体系经营效率呈“V”型变化趋势。测算结果表明,1078-2008年,广东供销社全要素效率增长率(Tfp)变动趋势与管理进步效率(Techch)步调高度一致也呈现出“V”型变化趋势,经历了1992年和2003年两个效率低谷,说明广东供销社改革制度在探索过程中逐渐找到了适应市场经济的经营体制,并逐步解决了求生存问题。
     (3)传统时期广东供销系统经营效率提升主要来自于制度创新所激发的管理效率提升。1978-2008年广东供销社经营TFP平均增长率为3.63%,这主要得益于制度创新激发管理进步(4.53%),且管理进步率(Techch)总是先于全要素增长率(Tfp)变化。分区域对比研究结果显示,按全要素年均增长速率排名依次为经济次发地的东翼地区、经济发地的珠三角地区、经济次发地的农业重点发展地区西翼地区、经济欠发地的粤北山区。
     (4)新时期供销体系创新可以将创新路径总结为:以参与农业产业化改造基层社;以产权多元化改造社有企业;以社企分开和开放办社改造联合社。
     (5)新时期改革后供销社经营效率整体较好,但也出现分化情况。测算结果显示,2009年和2010年广东省供销社整体效率处于较好态势,同时经营效率出现了分化,个别较好的供销合作社基本进入高效率的稳定状态,但个别地方供销合作社依然处于低效率状态。基层社规模效率2010年比2009年下降了约11%,主要原因在于改革后财政扶持会逐年减少,使得个别规模较小的基层社经营出现困难。处于不同地区的农资流通公司技术经济效率的特征并不一致,处于经济欠发达地区的个别农资流通公司落入了纯技术效率和规模效率都较低的发展状态。
     (6)新时期联合社和基层社制度创新主要是管理效率的提升,社有企业主要体现为规模效率的提升。首批改革的6个地区的联合社经过两年的经营全要素提升19%,比非改革组效率提升幅度高出10.8%,其中管理效率比非改革组提升幅度高出9.9%,规模效率提高比非改革组提升幅度高出5.9%。基层社:调研的21家首批改革的基层社,经过两年的经营全要素效率总体提升了28.8%,比非改革组效率提高11.4%,其中管理效率比非改革组提升幅度高出10.2%,规模效率比非改革组提升幅度高出4%。:调研的18家首批改革的社有企业,经过两年的经营全要素效率总体提升了13%,比非改革组效率提高9%,其中管理效率比非改革组提升幅度高出11.3%,规模效率比非改革组提升幅度高出22.1%。
     (7)新时期联合社、基层社和社有企业的制度创新政策执行效果影响因素各不相同。联合社:在5%的显著性水平下,管理效率、利润总额、辐射区农业总产值和辐射区农户人均纯收入的回归系数,显著不为零。说明该4项因素对新时期联合社改革政策效果存在一定程度影响。基层社:在5%的显著性水平下,规模效率、财政扶持、辐射区农业总产值的回归系数,显著不为零。说明该3项因素对新时期基层社改革政策效果存在一定程度影响。社有企业:在5%的显著性水平下,管理效率、规模效率、利润总额、物质成本、资产总值、辐射区农业总产值的回归系数,显著不为零。说明该6项因素对新时期社有企业改革政策效果存在一定程度影响。
     本文的研究结论可知,新时期广东省供销社体制改革总体上是一种有效率的制度变迁,当这种效率取向型制度产生之后,在这个重大的制度变革框架之内仍然存在继续修补、完善的一个持续变迁过程。当然这个变迁过程是依存于新时期供销社体制的一种从属制度变迁,属于“同一轨迹上的制度变迁”。从属制度变迁目的只是为了进一步挖掘新时期供销社体制框架所允许的潜在收益,而不是要突破己有的主制度框架。同一轨迹上制度变迁的边际效益具有先递增后递减的特征,只有当从属制度变迁的边际收益为零时,才需要对新时期供销社体制进行变革,用更先进并能与环境相适应的制度取而代之。
Supply and Marketing Cooperatives (SMC) once existed as the largest farmers' economicorganization in terms of cooperatives. However, its function of cooperation failed to work dueto the interference of state government. Though the cooperation-oriented SMC came to rebirthas a positive result of open-up and reform policy, the path dependence of its situationalchange deferred its rapid development and the recognition on the part of the farmers. Takingthe specific practice in Guangdong, with the theoretical support of Marxism theory andnetwork organization, analytical support of field survey and model analysis, this paperfocuses on the theoretical analysis and fact finding of Guangdong SMC institutional changefrom an neoinstitutional economics view, exploring to provide instructive suggestions on howto avert the path dependence of SMC institutional change, and furthering the study in theapplication of neoinstitutional economics in the development and reform of SMC.
     With a full examination of the related theoretical understanding, the author starts with thediscussion on the institutional change and efficiency evaluation of traditional SMC.Institutional change theory is introduced to study the means and motivation of institutionalchange of traditional Guangdong SMC. The external basis of the economic entity’soperational efficiency in SMC system is applied to evaluate the efficiency of institutionalinnovation, associated with the DEA evaluation system, to measure and evaluate theefficiency of traditional SMC system. Then the paper develops to evaluate the same factors ofGuangdong SMC system in modern times, illustrated with the practice and efficiency ofinstitutional reform in Guangdong SMC system and three typical examples in new times. Inaddition, by taking the first reformed districts as reform group while the second as non-reformgroup, the author applied DID model to analyze the influence of new-period institutionalreform on the efficiency promotion of local cooperatives, basic company and collectivismenterprises, and the Probit model used to estimate the contributing factors in institutionalchange and operational efficiency. Last, the author puts forward some suggestion onaccelerating the SMC institutional reform, to enhance the role of service for farmers byexpanding the traditional business of SMC, to improve the profitability by promoting thereform of basic companies, to strengthen the competitiveness by furthering the reform ofcollectivism enterprises and to improve the efficiency of capital by gaining more financialsupport.
     Findings of this paper are listed as below:
     1. Examined from the way of reform, the traditional reform is passive so as to beadaptable to the external reform of economic reform while the new reform is initiative topromote itself with the high market adaptability.
     2. The operational efficiency of traditional Guandong SMC system experienced a changein V-shape. The estimate suggests that both the change of TFP and TECHCH of GuangdongSMC showed V-shape from1978to2008. The troughs which emerged in1992and2003indicated that the institutional reform of Guangdong SMC explored their way to findadaptable operational system to market-oriented economy and solution to survival.
     3. Then improvement of operational efficiency of Guangdong SMC system attributes tothen promotion of management efficiency steming from the institutional innovation. Theaverage growth rate of TFP of Guangdong SMC from1978to2008was3.63%, whichbenefited by the management improvement resulting institutional innovation (4.53%), and thefact that the change in Techch is antecedent to that of TFP. The comparison between differentregions shows that underdeveloped area of east wing ranks the first, followed by thedeveloped PRD, underdeveloped agriculture-oriented area of west wing and less developedrural area of Northern Guangdong.
     4. The ways of SMC Institutional innovation in new times mainly includes: to optimizebasic units via having them involved in agricultural industrialization, to reform thecollective-owned firms via diversifying property and to transform the cooperatives byseparating the enterprises management from the government administration and enabling theenterprises more autonomous.
     5. Operational efficiency of reformed SMC in new times demonstrates a satisfactorydevelopment, though along with the problem of polarization. The estimate result reflect thatthe overall efficiency of Guangdong SMC in2009and2010stay high while the polarizationof operational efficiency emerged, showing that some well-performed SMC remain stable inhigh efficiency while some Local SMC experienced slight change in the advance of efficiency.The scale efficiency of basic units in2010experienced a decrease of11%compared with thatof in2009, as the reformed financial support declined yearly which casted small-scale basicunits to tough situation. The technical and economic efficiency of farming endowment currentbusiness in shows regional features. Some farming endowment current companies inunderdeveloped region were reduced to unpleasant status of low technical and economicefficiency.
     6. Institutional innovation in modern cooperatives and basic units focus on theimprovement of management efficiency, reflected in collective-owned firms as theimprovement of scale efficiency. The two-year operation in first reformed cooperatives scattering in6regions improve their total factor by19%,10.8%higher than that ofnon-reformed group,9.9%higher in management efficiency and5.9%higher in scaleefficiency. Basic units:21reformed basic units in the survey have their total factor efficiencyimproved by28.8%after the two-year reform,11.4%higher than that of non-reformed group,10.2%higher in the improvement of management efficiency and4%higher in theimprovement of scale efficiency. The first reformed18collective-owned firms have their totalfactor efficiency increased by13%in the two-year operation,9%higher than that ofnon-reform group,11.3%higher in the increase of management efficiency and22.1%higherin the promotion of scale efficiency.
     7. The influential factor on the performance of institutional innovation varies amongcooperatives, basic units and collective-owned firms.Cooperatives: at significant level of5%, the coefficient of regression of managementefficiency, total profit, gross output value of agriculture and farmers’ per capita net income inradiation zone shows a distinctive non-zero index, which suggests the influential andsupportive roles of the four factor play in the institutional reform of cooperatives. Basic units:at the level of5%, the coefficient of regression of scale efficiency, financial investment andthe gross output value of agriculture in radiation zone shows a non-zero index, which suggeststhe slight influence of the three factors on the perform of policies in basic unit reform.Collective-owned firms: at the level of5%, the coefficient of regression of managementefficiency, scale efficiency, total profits, material cost, total assets and the gross output valueof agriculture in radiation zone shows a non-zero index, which shows the influence of the sixfactors on the performance of reform policies in collective-owned firms.
     This paper came to a conclusion that, the institutional reform of Guangdong SMC in newtimes is considered efficient in total. When the efficiency-oriented institution came to being,the change required constant optimization and amendment within the total framework ofinstitutional reform. The course of change is a change of subordinate institution relying on thenew SMC system, which can be called Institutional Changes on the Same Track. The changeof subordinate institution is expected to explore the potential profit within the new SMCsystem instead of making a breakthrough of the existed dominant framework. The marginalbenefit of institutional change on the same track is characterized with an increase followed bya decrease. Only when the marginal benefits of subordinate institution change goes to zero,does the new SMC institution needs to be reformed or to be replaced by the more advancedand environmentally adaptable institutions.
引文
①《马克思恩格斯全集》第25卷,第498页
    ②《资本论》第三卷,《马克思恩格斯全集》第25卷,第499页
    ③《国际工人协会成立宣言》《马克思恩格斯选集》第二卷,第132~133页
    ④《给维·伊·查苏利奇的复信草稿见稿》,《马克思恩格斯全集》第19卷,第443~444页
    ⑤《马克思恩格斯全集》第25卷,第497~499页
    ⑥《国际工人协会成立宣言》《马克思恩格斯选集》第二卷133页
    ①《反杜林论》,《马克思恩格斯选集》第三卷第304页
    ②《马克思恩格斯全集》第25卷,第498页
    ③《法德农民问题》,《马克思恩格斯全集》第四卷,第310页
    ④《流亡者文献》,《马克思恩格斯全集》第四卷,第622页
    ⑤《法德农民问题》,《马克思恩格斯选集》第四卷,第311页
    ⑥《马克思恩格斯全集》第25卷,第498页
    ①《法德农民问题》,《马克思恩格斯选集》第四卷,第310页
    ②《给中央临时委员会代表关于若干问题》,《马克思恩格斯全集》第16卷
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