基于DSP的π/4-DQPSK和GMSK调制器实现研究
摘要
数字调制技术是移动通信系统的重要组成部分，π／4-DQPSK和GMSK调制具有频谱利用率高、抗干扰能力强、误码率低等优点，在移动通信和卫星通信系统中得到广泛的应用。目前，实现数字调制技术的方案很多，但采用DSP实现数字调制技术的方法仍在进一步研究和发展中，因此本文研究π／4-DQPSK和GMSK调制的DSP实现方案具有重要的意义。
文中首先介绍了π／4-DQPSK和GMSK调制的发展及国内外研究现状，然后阐述了这两种调制的原理，提出采用DSP和正交调制原理实现π／4-DQPSK和GMSK调制的方法；接着根据系统需求设计了调制器硬件平台，讨论了各部分电路原理和设计方法；同时在CCS2.0上进行软件设计，给出了系统程序以及功能程序流程图和实现方法；最后提供了测试方案，对系统功能和性能进行测试，并对测试结果进行分析。通过测试和实际运行，功能和技术指标均满足设计要求。
本文采用全数字实现调制，避免了模拟方式因正交调制信号相位或幅度不平衡产生的边带及本振泄漏，同时可以通过软件更新适应不同的数据速率、调制方式及滤波器特性等，具有很大的灵活性和适应能力。
Digital Modulation Technology is an important part of the Mobile Communication Systems.π/4-DQPSK and GMSK modulation have been widely adopted for many Mobile Communication systems and Satellite Communication systems because of many advantages, such as better spectral efficiency, stronger anti-interference performance , lower Bit Error Rate, and so on. Currently, though there exsits various solutions to carry out Digital Modulation Technology, DSP solution is still in researching and developing. Therefore, the resreach ofπ/4-DQPSK and GMSK modulation base on DSP solution is of great significance.
In this paper, firstly, the development and resreach progress ofπ/4-DQPSK and GMSK modulation technologies both at home and abroad are introduced. Then, the principle ofπ/4-DQPSK and GMSK are presented, and the DSP and Quadrature Modulation solution which adopt for this paper is proposed. Secondly, the hardware of Modulator is designed accronding to the system's requirements, the principle and design of each part is given in detail. Meanwhile the densign of software based on CCS2．0 including flow chart and realization of system program and function program are given too, Finally, the performance of system is tested and some experiment results are presented and analyzed. Through test and actual operation, both of the functions and technical specifications meet the design requirements.
This system is an all-digital realization, various problems in analog arrroach, such as any I/Q imbalance (phase or amplitude) results in poor side-band suppression and carrier feed-through are eliminated. Other advantages of the DSP solutions including the ability to easily software update to accommodate different data rates, modulation schemes and filter Specifications, etc. In addition, the modulator is also flexible and adoptable too.
文中首先介绍了π／4-DQPSK和GMSK调制的发展及国内外研究现状，然后阐述了这两种调制的原理，提出采用DSP和正交调制原理实现π／4-DQPSK和GMSK调制的方法；接着根据系统需求设计了调制器硬件平台，讨论了各部分电路原理和设计方法；同时在CCS2.0上进行软件设计，给出了系统程序以及功能程序流程图和实现方法；最后提供了测试方案，对系统功能和性能进行测试，并对测试结果进行分析。通过测试和实际运行，功能和技术指标均满足设计要求。
本文采用全数字实现调制，避免了模拟方式因正交调制信号相位或幅度不平衡产生的边带及本振泄漏，同时可以通过软件更新适应不同的数据速率、调制方式及滤波器特性等，具有很大的灵活性和适应能力。
Digital Modulation Technology is an important part of the Mobile Communication Systems.π/4-DQPSK and GMSK modulation have been widely adopted for many Mobile Communication systems and Satellite Communication systems because of many advantages, such as better spectral efficiency, stronger anti-interference performance , lower Bit Error Rate, and so on. Currently, though there exsits various solutions to carry out Digital Modulation Technology, DSP solution is still in researching and developing. Therefore, the resreach ofπ/4-DQPSK and GMSK modulation base on DSP solution is of great significance.
In this paper, firstly, the development and resreach progress ofπ/4-DQPSK and GMSK modulation technologies both at home and abroad are introduced. Then, the principle ofπ/4-DQPSK and GMSK are presented, and the DSP and Quadrature Modulation solution which adopt for this paper is proposed. Secondly, the hardware of Modulator is designed accronding to the system's requirements, the principle and design of each part is given in detail. Meanwhile the densign of software based on CCS2．0 including flow chart and realization of system program and function program are given too, Finally, the performance of system is tested and some experiment results are presented and analyzed. Through test and actual operation, both of the functions and technical specifications meet the design requirements.
This system is an all-digital realization, various problems in analog arrroach, such as any I/Q imbalance (phase or amplitude) results in poor side-band suppression and carrier feed-through are eliminated. Other advantages of the DSP solutions including the ability to easily software update to accommodate different data rates, modulation schemes and filter Specifications, etc. In addition, the modulator is also flexible and adoptable too.
引文
[1] Scalar, B., Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications[M]. Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1988. 12-19
[2] Theodore S. Rappaport．无线通信原理与应用[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2001．163-186
[3] 韦维，毕存强，吴兴洁．浅谈移动通信系统数字调制技术[J]．中国无线电．2005，9(8)：26-27
[4] J. B. Anderson, T. Aulin and Carl-Erik Sundberg. Digital Phase Modulation[M]. Plenum Press, New York, 1986. 125-136
[5] Kopta A, Budisin S, Jovanovic V. New universal all-digital CPM modulator[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 1987, 35(4): 458-462
[6] 王军梅．无线语音通信系统中的QPSK调制解调[D]．成都：电子科技大学，2004，
[7] 李师波．QPSK基带通信设计及其FPGA实现的研究[D]．南京：南京理工大学，2005
[8] Sanjit Krishnan Kaul. QPSK, OQPSK, CPM Probability Of Error for AWGN and Flat Fading Channels[J]. Wireless Communication Technologies, 2005, 35(4)
[9] 黄松．π／4-DQPSK基带差分技术研究及数据传输实现[D]．成都：电子科技大学，2006
[10] Sandeep Chennakeshu, G.J.Saulnier. Differential detection of π/4-shifted-DQPSK for digital cellular radio[A]. 41st IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference[C]. Gateway to the Future Technology in Motion, 1991, 19: 186-191
[11] Jeong Eun Lee, Seung Hee Choi, Beomsup Kim. Based band clock recovery Algorithm for π/4-qpsk modulated signals[A]. Vehicular Technology Conference[C]. IEEE, 1997, 3(47): 1729-1733
[12] J. G. Proakis, Digital Communications(3rd Ed.) [M]. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY 1995.23-35
[13] 孟维晓，谭学治．数字集群在我国发展和应用的探讨[J]．协会期刊，2001，5(12)：31-32
[14] 廖红舒．π/4-DQPSK调制解调算法及DSP实现[D]．成都：电子科技大学，2004，
[15] 苏仁宏，扬士中．移动通信中的π／4-DQPSK调制及DSP实现[J]．电迅技术，1998，38(4)：24-29
[16] 蒋娜．数字式π／4-DQPSK调制解调研究与FPGA实现[D]．成都：电子科技大学，2005
[17] 汤恒仁．基于HSP502148B的π/4-DQPSK调制解调电路的设计与实现[D]．南京：南京理工大学．2006
[18] Chang Jiang, Zhang Nai tong. A New Signal Processing Technique of π/4-DQPSK Modem Based on Software Radio[J]. Journal of Systems Engineering And Electronics, 2003, 14(2): 20-24
[19] 宋文妹，张天骐，林孝康．π/4-DQPSK调制解调技术的仿真及分析[J]．计算机仿真，2006，23(8)：138-140
[20] Wen tao. A DSP-Based π/4-DQPSK Modem[A]. University of Saskatchewan.1999, 8:60-75
[21] KAZUAKI MUPOTA, MEMBER, KENKICHI HIRADE.GMSK Modulation for Digital Mobile Radio Telephony[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, 1981, 29(7): 1044-1049
[22] Subbarayan. Minimum Shift Keying: A Spectrally Efficient Modulation[J], IEEE Communications Magazine, 1979, 16(7): 16-20
[23] M. L. Doles, E. H. Healed. Minimum-shift data communication system[J]. Collins Radio Co, U. S. Patent, 1961, 12(9): 56-61
[24] E. J. Sass and J. R. Hannum, Minimum shift keying modem for digitized voice communications[J]. J. RCA, 1974, 18(5): 80-84
[25] Ken Tsai, Tina Oyang, John Phan, Cheng Chih Yang, Neal Schneier. Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying Modulator[J]. IEEE, 2000, 32(3): 236-239
[26] Y. L Huattg, K. D Fan and C.C Huang, A Fully Digital GMSK Receiver Architecture with Joint Symbol Timing Error and Frequency Offset Estimation[J]. IEEE Tran. Veh. Technology, 2000, 49(5): 26-29
[27] European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), GSM Standard for Digital Cellular Telecommunications System (Phase 2+); Modulation (GSM 05.04 version 8.1.2 Release 1999) [M], ETSI: 2001. 122-138
[28] J. Haspeslagh. A 270 Kbls 35-mW modulator IC for GSM Cellular Radio Hand Held Terminals[J], IEEE JSolid-State Circuits. 1990, 25(12): 1450-1457
[29] 杨运甫，陶然，王越．一种新的GMSK正交调制信号产生方法[J]．电子学报，2005，33(6)：1095-1098
[30] 杨峰．GSM手机综测仪中GMSK调制及中断服务程序设计[D]．成都：电子科技大学，2003
[31] 姚娜．AIS系统中GMSK调制与解调[D]．成都：电子科技大学，2006
[32] 肖妍妍．GMSK、8PSK调制算法研究及ASIC实现[D]．成都：电子科技大学，2002
[33] 彭菊红．短波跳频GMSK调制解调技术的研究[D]．武汉：武汉大学，2004
[34] 李兴文．GMSK调制调频源的研制[D]．成都：电子科技大学，2006
[35] 彭伟军，宋文涛，罗汉文．GMSK在跳频通信中的应用及其性能分析[J]．通信学报，2000，21(11)：41-46
[36] 张永生，施勇红．基于DDS和DSP的GMSK调制算法分析[J]．测控与通信，2006，23(1)：67-71
[37] 吴大明，蔡跃明．一种使用基于Δ∑分频的频率合成器的GMSK调制器[J]．解放军理工大学学报，2000，3(5)：10-13
[38] 曹清华，刘润生，陈兆春．GPS车辆监控调度系统中高速数传终端的设计[J]．电子技术应用，2002，18(11)：48-49
[39] 马连川，高倍力．铁路无线列调中数话兼容的实现[J]．北方交通大学学报，2003，27(6)：8-9
[40] 郭晓峰．基于CMX909B的高速数传电台的设计与实现[J]．电子设计应用，2005，13(2)：113-114
[41] 张益强，邰兴峰，王红卫．FX909在无线高速Modem中的应用[J]．电子技术应用，2000，16(6)：63-64
[42] Linz A, Hendrickson A. Efficient implementation of an I-Q GMSK modulator[J]. Circuits and Systems Ⅱ: Analog and Digital Signal Prosessing, IEEE Transactions on, 1996, 43(1): 14-23
[43] Jones A.E, Gardiner J. G. Generation of GMSK Using Direct Digital Synthesis[J]. Implementations of Novel Hardware for Radio Systems IEE Colloquium on[C], London: IEE, May, 1992: 1-9
[44] Walter T Bax, Miles. A Copeland. GMSK Modulator Using a Δ∑ Frequency Discriminator-Based Synthesizer[J]. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuit, 2001, 36(8): 1218-1227
[45] Adel Ghazel, Mabrouk Zhili, Neji Youssef. Optimized DSP Implementationv of GMSK Software Modem for GSM Transceiver [J]. IEEE, 2000, 37(5): 2573-2576
[46] Jan Sebesta, Miroslav Kasal. Fast GMSK modulation in DSP [C].17 International Conference on Applied Electromagnetics and Communications, 2003, 120-122
[47] N. YOUSSEF, A. GHAZEL, S. TABBANE, M. ZHILI. Software Development for DSP Implementation of GMSK Modulation for GSM Transceiver[J]. IEEE, 1999, 35(4): 321-324
[48] Etienne J. Resweber, Synetcom Digital Incorporated. A DSP GMSK Modem for Mobitex and Other Wireless Infrastructures [J]. Texas Instruments, 1994, 15(12): 78-83
[49] G. Ymg, G VOS, H. Cho.I/Q Modulator Image Rejection Through Modulation Eke-distortion [J]. IEEE, 1993, 26(11): 137-140
[50] 王浩全，傅英明，洪华等．Protel DXP电路设计与制版[M]．北京：人民邮电出版社，2005．112-160
[51] 林庭双，柯常志等．PROTEL DXP电子电路设计精彩范例[M]．北京：机械工业出版社．2005．32-65
[2] Theodore S. Rappaport．无线通信原理与应用[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2001．163-186
[3] 韦维，毕存强，吴兴洁．浅谈移动通信系统数字调制技术[J]．中国无线电．2005，9(8)：26-27
[4] J. B. Anderson, T. Aulin and Carl-Erik Sundberg. Digital Phase Modulation[M]. Plenum Press, New York, 1986. 125-136
[5] Kopta A, Budisin S, Jovanovic V. New universal all-digital CPM modulator[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 1987, 35(4): 458-462
[6] 王军梅．无线语音通信系统中的QPSK调制解调[D]．成都：电子科技大学，2004，
[7] 李师波．QPSK基带通信设计及其FPGA实现的研究[D]．南京：南京理工大学，2005
[8] Sanjit Krishnan Kaul. QPSK, OQPSK, CPM Probability Of Error for AWGN and Flat Fading Channels[J]. Wireless Communication Technologies, 2005, 35(4)
[9] 黄松．π／4-DQPSK基带差分技术研究及数据传输实现[D]．成都：电子科技大学，2006
[10] Sandeep Chennakeshu, G.J.Saulnier. Differential detection of π/4-shifted-DQPSK for digital cellular radio[A]. 41st IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference[C]. Gateway to the Future Technology in Motion, 1991, 19: 186-191
[11] Jeong Eun Lee, Seung Hee Choi, Beomsup Kim. Based band clock recovery Algorithm for π/4-qpsk modulated signals[A]. Vehicular Technology Conference[C]. IEEE, 1997, 3(47): 1729-1733
[12] J. G. Proakis, Digital Communications(3rd Ed.) [M]. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY 1995.23-35
[13] 孟维晓，谭学治．数字集群在我国发展和应用的探讨[J]．协会期刊，2001，5(12)：31-32
[14] 廖红舒．π/4-DQPSK调制解调算法及DSP实现[D]．成都：电子科技大学，2004，
[15] 苏仁宏，扬士中．移动通信中的π／4-DQPSK调制及DSP实现[J]．电迅技术，1998，38(4)：24-29
[16] 蒋娜．数字式π／4-DQPSK调制解调研究与FPGA实现[D]．成都：电子科技大学，2005
[17] 汤恒仁．基于HSP502148B的π/4-DQPSK调制解调电路的设计与实现[D]．南京：南京理工大学．2006
[18] Chang Jiang, Zhang Nai tong. A New Signal Processing Technique of π/4-DQPSK Modem Based on Software Radio[J]. Journal of Systems Engineering And Electronics, 2003, 14(2): 20-24
[19] 宋文妹，张天骐，林孝康．π/4-DQPSK调制解调技术的仿真及分析[J]．计算机仿真，2006，23(8)：138-140
[20] Wen tao. A DSP-Based π/4-DQPSK Modem[A]. University of Saskatchewan.1999, 8:60-75
[21] KAZUAKI MUPOTA, MEMBER, KENKICHI HIRADE.GMSK Modulation for Digital Mobile Radio Telephony[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, 1981, 29(7): 1044-1049
[22] Subbarayan. Minimum Shift Keying: A Spectrally Efficient Modulation[J], IEEE Communications Magazine, 1979, 16(7): 16-20
[23] M. L. Doles, E. H. Healed. Minimum-shift data communication system[J]. Collins Radio Co, U. S. Patent, 1961, 12(9): 56-61
[24] E. J. Sass and J. R. Hannum, Minimum shift keying modem for digitized voice communications[J]. J. RCA, 1974, 18(5): 80-84
[25] Ken Tsai, Tina Oyang, John Phan, Cheng Chih Yang, Neal Schneier. Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying Modulator[J]. IEEE, 2000, 32(3): 236-239
[26] Y. L Huattg, K. D Fan and C.C Huang, A Fully Digital GMSK Receiver Architecture with Joint Symbol Timing Error and Frequency Offset Estimation[J]. IEEE Tran. Veh. Technology, 2000, 49(5): 26-29
[27] European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), GSM Standard for Digital Cellular Telecommunications System (Phase 2+); Modulation (GSM 05.04 version 8.1.2 Release 1999) [M], ETSI: 2001. 122-138
[28] J. Haspeslagh. A 270 Kbls 35-mW modulator IC for GSM Cellular Radio Hand Held Terminals[J], IEEE JSolid-State Circuits. 1990, 25(12): 1450-1457
[29] 杨运甫，陶然，王越．一种新的GMSK正交调制信号产生方法[J]．电子学报，2005，33(6)：1095-1098
[30] 杨峰．GSM手机综测仪中GMSK调制及中断服务程序设计[D]．成都：电子科技大学，2003
[31] 姚娜．AIS系统中GMSK调制与解调[D]．成都：电子科技大学，2006
[32] 肖妍妍．GMSK、8PSK调制算法研究及ASIC实现[D]．成都：电子科技大学，2002
[33] 彭菊红．短波跳频GMSK调制解调技术的研究[D]．武汉：武汉大学，2004
[34] 李兴文．GMSK调制调频源的研制[D]．成都：电子科技大学，2006
[35] 彭伟军，宋文涛，罗汉文．GMSK在跳频通信中的应用及其性能分析[J]．通信学报，2000，21(11)：41-46
[36] 张永生，施勇红．基于DDS和DSP的GMSK调制算法分析[J]．测控与通信，2006，23(1)：67-71
[37] 吴大明，蔡跃明．一种使用基于Δ∑分频的频率合成器的GMSK调制器[J]．解放军理工大学学报，2000，3(5)：10-13
[38] 曹清华，刘润生，陈兆春．GPS车辆监控调度系统中高速数传终端的设计[J]．电子技术应用，2002，18(11)：48-49
[39] 马连川，高倍力．铁路无线列调中数话兼容的实现[J]．北方交通大学学报，2003，27(6)：8-9
[40] 郭晓峰．基于CMX909B的高速数传电台的设计与实现[J]．电子设计应用，2005，13(2)：113-114
[41] 张益强，邰兴峰，王红卫．FX909在无线高速Modem中的应用[J]．电子技术应用，2000，16(6)：63-64
[42] Linz A, Hendrickson A. Efficient implementation of an I-Q GMSK modulator[J]. Circuits and Systems Ⅱ: Analog and Digital Signal Prosessing, IEEE Transactions on, 1996, 43(1): 14-23
[43] Jones A.E, Gardiner J. G. Generation of GMSK Using Direct Digital Synthesis[J]. Implementations of Novel Hardware for Radio Systems IEE Colloquium on[C], London: IEE, May, 1992: 1-9
[44] Walter T Bax, Miles. A Copeland. GMSK Modulator Using a Δ∑ Frequency Discriminator-Based Synthesizer[J]. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuit, 2001, 36(8): 1218-1227
[45] Adel Ghazel, Mabrouk Zhili, Neji Youssef. Optimized DSP Implementationv of GMSK Software Modem for GSM Transceiver [J]. IEEE, 2000, 37(5): 2573-2576
[46] Jan Sebesta, Miroslav Kasal. Fast GMSK modulation in DSP [C].17 International Conference on Applied Electromagnetics and Communications, 2003, 120-122
[47] N. YOUSSEF, A. GHAZEL, S. TABBANE, M. ZHILI. Software Development for DSP Implementation of GMSK Modulation for GSM Transceiver[J]. IEEE, 1999, 35(4): 321-324
[48] Etienne J. Resweber, Synetcom Digital Incorporated. A DSP GMSK Modem for Mobitex and Other Wireless Infrastructures [J]. Texas Instruments, 1994, 15(12): 78-83
[49] G. Ymg, G VOS, H. Cho.I/Q Modulator Image Rejection Through Modulation Eke-distortion [J]. IEEE, 1993, 26(11): 137-140
[50] 王浩全，傅英明，洪华等．Protel DXP电路设计与制版[M]．北京：人民邮电出版社，2005．112-160
[51] 林庭双，柯常志等．PROTEL DXP电子电路设计精彩范例[M]．北京：机械工业出版社．2005．32-65