改进低温下泄水不利影响的水库生态调度方法及影响研究
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摘要
现行水库调度方式的主要缺陷,是注重发挥水库的社会经济功能,力求经济效益的最大化,但是忽视了水库下游及库区的生态系统需求。本文研究了在考虑生态因素约束条件下的水库中长期优化调度,把水库的生态调度和优化调度结合起来。
本文的主要研究工作和成果如下：
(1)以雅砻江锦屏一级水电站为背景,将雅砻江锦屏一级水电下游主要省级保护鱼类作为指示性鱼类。野外考察了雅砻江锦屏一级库区及下游鱼类区系的组成,完善了雅砻江鱼类的生境调查,并进行了鱼类的短期观察试验和长期控制试验。并结合相关文献资料,确定了雅砻江锦屏一级水电下游主要省级保护鱼类对水温的适应性,尤其是产卵期对水温的要求,为水库的生态调度提供了基础性资料。
(2)采用立面二维水温模型研究了水库运行对下泄水温的影响,分单层进水口和二层叠梁门两种工况分别预测了这两种不同的水库取水方式对应的水库下泄水温的变化,研究结果表明,与单层进水口相比,二层叠梁门方案的下泄水温在春季偏高,冬季偏低,更接近于天然水温过程,对下游河道水温过程的改变较小；采用基于栖息地适宜度的分析方法对单层进水口和二层叠梁门方案进行比较分析,对于下游鱼类温度因子栖息地适宜度而言,二层叠梁门也优于单层进水口方案；采用河道纵向一维水温模型来模拟锦屏一级水电站运行后的河道水温沿程分布情况,与单进水口方案相比,二层叠梁门方案坝址下游河道水温沿程恢复较快,这在一定程度上减轻了下泄低温水对库区下游鱼类的负面影响。总体来说,二层叠梁门取水方案比单层进水口方案更趋近于天然河道水温过程,更有利于维持下游河道的原有水生生态环境,从而确定了二层叠梁门方案是更有利于下游河道水生生态环境的水库取水方案。
(3)开发了一个基于入库径流预报的水库优化调度模型,所开发的优化模型包括长期优化模型,中期优化模型,和中长期优化模型之间的耦合环节。中长期优化模型均使用增量动态规划算法作为优化算法。长期模型优化的时间跨度为一年,优化时段为一个月。中期模型优化的时间跨度等于中期入库径流预报的预见期(3-7天),优化时段为一天。长期优化模型所输出的月平均库水位被内插为日均库水位,然后将它设定为中期优化模型所使用的离散动态规划法的终止状态,从而实现了长期优化调度和中期优化调度模型的耦合,应用此耦合优化模型进行锦屏一级水库调度模拟的结果显示,这种耦合机制的设计是成功的,长期优化的水位轨迹能很好地指导中期优化调度。对于有误差的入库径流预报序列,使用修正后的长期优化结果,这种耦合作用仍然是有效的。
(4)采用层次分析法对水利工程生态系统服务功能影响因子进行了分类,并联合采用多级模糊数学评判法,建立了水利工程生态系统服务功能AHP-FUZZY综合评价模型,并利用该模型对生态调度对锦屏一级水库生态系统服务功能的影响进行了评价,定性分析了水库的生态调度对维护下游河流生态系统的重要意义。同时,采用经济评价方法定量分析了生态调度对锦屏一级水库生态系统服务功能经济价值的影响。
The main shortcoming of the existing reservoir operation mode is to pay attention to the socio-economic function of the reservoir, and strive to maximize economic benefits, but it ignores the downstream reservoir and the reservoir eco-system requirements. This paper studies the medium and long-term optimal reservoir operation considering ecological factors, combining ecological reservoir operation and optimal reservoir operation.
The main research work and results are as follows:
In this paper, take the Yalong river Jinping I Hydropower project as the background, take major provincial-level protection of fish as indicators of fish along downstream Jinping I Hydropower project, and inspected fish fauna composition in the reservoir area and downstream in field, perfect the investigation of fish habitat in Yalong river, carry out short-term observed trials and long-term controlled trial. Because blood indicators can reflect the biological properties and the normal physiological state, fish blood and body metabolism, nutritional status and disease are closely related, and level of digestive enzyme vigor affects directly the animals on nutrient absorption and utilization, environment adapt status can be found from the changes of digestive enzymes, through water temperature coercion experiment of fish, study the physiological response of fish from changes of the serum indicators and in digestive enzyme vigor under different temperature conditions, combined with relevant literature, identify the water temperature adaptability of fish, especially the water temperature requirements of spawning, provide basic data for reservoir ecological operation.
In this paper, two-dimensional model of the reservoir water temperature are taken to study the influence of discharge water temperature when reservoir operation. Aim at discharged low water temperature of Jinping reservoir. In this paper, predict single inlet and stratified water conditions respectively discharge water temperature changes. The results show that compared with the single-intake scheme, stratified water scheme has higher discharged water temperature in spring, lower discharged water temperature in winter. Stratified water scheme is better than single-intake scheme by analyzing d downstream fish temperature habitat suitability criteria.It is closer to the natural water temperature process. Vertical river one-dimensional water temperature model is taken to simulate temperature distribution along the river. Compared with the single-intake scheme, river water temperature of stratified water scheme is recoveried quickly, which in a certain extent, reduce the negative impact of the low temperature discharged water on fish. Generally speaking, compared with the single-intake scheme, stratified water scheme is closer to the natural water temperature process, and is more propitious to maintain river ecological environment.
This paper develops a reservoir optimal operation model based on runoff prediction. Optimization model includes long-term optimization model, middle term optimization model, and the coupling between long-term optimization model and middle term optimization model. Middle-term and long-term optimization model take all state increment dynamic programming algorithm as the optimization algorithm. The time span of long-term optimization model is one year, and the optimization period is one month. The time span of middle-term optimization model equal foreseeable period of runoff forecasting (3 to 7 days), and the optimization period is one day. The average monthly water level of long-term optimization model of the output has been interpolated for the average day water level, and it is set to termination of increment dynamic programming of medium-term optimization model, consequently achieves coupling long-term optimization model and middle-term optimization model. Results of application of this coupled model to optimize reservoir operation Jinping simulation show that design of coupling mechanism is successful. The trajectory of long-term optimization can be a good guidance to middle-term optimization.
Hydraulic project impact factors of ecosystem services are classified by using the analytic hierarchy, and using jointly of multi-level fuzzy evaluation method. The AHP-FUZZY model of hydraulic project is established. The effect of ecological operation on ecosystem services function of Jinping I reservoirs is appraised. The importance of reservoirs ecological operation to maintain downstream ecological system is analyzed qualitatively, and the influence of reservoirs ecological operation on Jinping I reservoirs ecosystem services function economic value is also analyzed quantitatively by using economic evaluation method.
本文的主要研究工作和成果如下：
(1)以雅砻江锦屏一级水电站为背景,将雅砻江锦屏一级水电下游主要省级保护鱼类作为指示性鱼类。野外考察了雅砻江锦屏一级库区及下游鱼类区系的组成,完善了雅砻江鱼类的生境调查,并进行了鱼类的短期观察试验和长期控制试验。并结合相关文献资料,确定了雅砻江锦屏一级水电下游主要省级保护鱼类对水温的适应性,尤其是产卵期对水温的要求,为水库的生态调度提供了基础性资料。
(2)采用立面二维水温模型研究了水库运行对下泄水温的影响,分单层进水口和二层叠梁门两种工况分别预测了这两种不同的水库取水方式对应的水库下泄水温的变化,研究结果表明,与单层进水口相比,二层叠梁门方案的下泄水温在春季偏高,冬季偏低,更接近于天然水温过程,对下游河道水温过程的改变较小；采用基于栖息地适宜度的分析方法对单层进水口和二层叠梁门方案进行比较分析,对于下游鱼类温度因子栖息地适宜度而言,二层叠梁门也优于单层进水口方案；采用河道纵向一维水温模型来模拟锦屏一级水电站运行后的河道水温沿程分布情况,与单进水口方案相比,二层叠梁门方案坝址下游河道水温沿程恢复较快,这在一定程度上减轻了下泄低温水对库区下游鱼类的负面影响。总体来说,二层叠梁门取水方案比单层进水口方案更趋近于天然河道水温过程,更有利于维持下游河道的原有水生生态环境,从而确定了二层叠梁门方案是更有利于下游河道水生生态环境的水库取水方案。
(3)开发了一个基于入库径流预报的水库优化调度模型,所开发的优化模型包括长期优化模型,中期优化模型,和中长期优化模型之间的耦合环节。中长期优化模型均使用增量动态规划算法作为优化算法。长期模型优化的时间跨度为一年,优化时段为一个月。中期模型优化的时间跨度等于中期入库径流预报的预见期(3-7天),优化时段为一天。长期优化模型所输出的月平均库水位被内插为日均库水位,然后将它设定为中期优化模型所使用的离散动态规划法的终止状态,从而实现了长期优化调度和中期优化调度模型的耦合,应用此耦合优化模型进行锦屏一级水库调度模拟的结果显示,这种耦合机制的设计是成功的,长期优化的水位轨迹能很好地指导中期优化调度。对于有误差的入库径流预报序列,使用修正后的长期优化结果,这种耦合作用仍然是有效的。
(4)采用层次分析法对水利工程生态系统服务功能影响因子进行了分类,并联合采用多级模糊数学评判法,建立了水利工程生态系统服务功能AHP-FUZZY综合评价模型,并利用该模型对生态调度对锦屏一级水库生态系统服务功能的影响进行了评价,定性分析了水库的生态调度对维护下游河流生态系统的重要意义。同时,采用经济评价方法定量分析了生态调度对锦屏一级水库生态系统服务功能经济价值的影响。
The main shortcoming of the existing reservoir operation mode is to pay attention to the socio-economic function of the reservoir, and strive to maximize economic benefits, but it ignores the downstream reservoir and the reservoir eco-system requirements. This paper studies the medium and long-term optimal reservoir operation considering ecological factors, combining ecological reservoir operation and optimal reservoir operation.
The main research work and results are as follows:
In this paper, take the Yalong river Jinping I Hydropower project as the background, take major provincial-level protection of fish as indicators of fish along downstream Jinping I Hydropower project, and inspected fish fauna composition in the reservoir area and downstream in field, perfect the investigation of fish habitat in Yalong river, carry out short-term observed trials and long-term controlled trial. Because blood indicators can reflect the biological properties and the normal physiological state, fish blood and body metabolism, nutritional status and disease are closely related, and level of digestive enzyme vigor affects directly the animals on nutrient absorption and utilization, environment adapt status can be found from the changes of digestive enzymes, through water temperature coercion experiment of fish, study the physiological response of fish from changes of the serum indicators and in digestive enzyme vigor under different temperature conditions, combined with relevant literature, identify the water temperature adaptability of fish, especially the water temperature requirements of spawning, provide basic data for reservoir ecological operation.
In this paper, two-dimensional model of the reservoir water temperature are taken to study the influence of discharge water temperature when reservoir operation. Aim at discharged low water temperature of Jinping reservoir. In this paper, predict single inlet and stratified water conditions respectively discharge water temperature changes. The results show that compared with the single-intake scheme, stratified water scheme has higher discharged water temperature in spring, lower discharged water temperature in winter. Stratified water scheme is better than single-intake scheme by analyzing d downstream fish temperature habitat suitability criteria.It is closer to the natural water temperature process. Vertical river one-dimensional water temperature model is taken to simulate temperature distribution along the river. Compared with the single-intake scheme, river water temperature of stratified water scheme is recoveried quickly, which in a certain extent, reduce the negative impact of the low temperature discharged water on fish. Generally speaking, compared with the single-intake scheme, stratified water scheme is closer to the natural water temperature process, and is more propitious to maintain river ecological environment.
This paper develops a reservoir optimal operation model based on runoff prediction. Optimization model includes long-term optimization model, middle term optimization model, and the coupling between long-term optimization model and middle term optimization model. Middle-term and long-term optimization model take all state increment dynamic programming algorithm as the optimization algorithm. The time span of long-term optimization model is one year, and the optimization period is one month. The time span of middle-term optimization model equal foreseeable period of runoff forecasting (3 to 7 days), and the optimization period is one day. The average monthly water level of long-term optimization model of the output has been interpolated for the average day water level, and it is set to termination of increment dynamic programming of medium-term optimization model, consequently achieves coupling long-term optimization model and middle-term optimization model. Results of application of this coupled model to optimize reservoir operation Jinping simulation show that design of coupling mechanism is successful. The trajectory of long-term optimization can be a good guidance to middle-term optimization.
Hydraulic project impact factors of ecosystem services are classified by using the analytic hierarchy, and using jointly of multi-level fuzzy evaluation method. The AHP-FUZZY model of hydraulic project is established. The effect of ecological operation on ecosystem services function of Jinping I reservoirs is appraised. The importance of reservoirs ecological operation to maintain downstream ecological system is analyzed qualitatively, and the influence of reservoirs ecological operation on Jinping I reservoirs ecosystem services function economic value is also analyzed quantitatively by using economic evaluation method.
引文
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