聚能粒子流的形成与侵彻研究
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摘要
多孔药型罩具有工艺简单、成分配比灵活、生产效率高和成型性好等特点,而且很大程度上避免了杵堵等现象的发生,其已经在民用行业特别是石油射孔领域得到了广泛应用。多孔药型罩在爆轰波的作用下被压垮,在其轴线上处于一种连续不散的粒子状态,由无数个小微粒组成,称之为聚能粒子流。与密实材料聚能射流相比,由于聚能粒子流具有许多特有的特性,如不发生颈缩断裂和膨胀性等特性,因此,需要对聚能粒子流的相关机理进行深入研究。
本文在考虑多孔材料的材料特性的基础上,利用理论分析、试验研究和数值模拟相结合的方法,从聚能粒子流的速度及形成条件、聚能粒子流的温升计算、多孔药型罩制备及其影响因素、聚能粒子流对不同靶板的侵彻特性以及聚能粒子流的数值模拟等方面进行了系统地分析研究。
首先对现有的多孔材料初始完全压实和部分压实情况进行综述和讨论。分析讨论了多孔材料初始完全压实的冲击绝热线及其相关参数的确定。按照率无关和率相关分析介绍了多孔材料部分压实的一些理论模型；对理想混合物的冲击绝热线及其相关参数的确定进行了分析介绍。通过综合分析对比,确定利用理想混合物的叠加原理来确定钨铜密实材料的冲击绝热线的相关参数,采用多孔材料的初始完全压实的冲击绝热线来描述钨铜多孔药型罩的冲击压缩状态。
考虑多孔药型罩的初始孔隙度对多孔药型罩压合速度的影响,给出了多孔药型罩压合速度和聚能粒子流速度的计算方法。提出了判断多孔药型罩形成凝聚性聚能粒子流的角度准则和声速准则。计算结果表明：在同一个压力下,随着孔隙度的增加,药型罩压合速度增加,而声速降低；在同一孔隙度下,随着压力的增加,药型罩压合速度增加,而声速也降低；聚能粒子流速度随着孔隙度的增加而增加,压垮角随着压合速度的增加而增加。计算结果与实验结果较吻合。
从多孔药型罩材料在与爆轰波相互作用中受到冲击波加载及随后卸载、多孔药型罩在压合时的塑性变形以及聚能粒子流伸展过程中的塑性变形等造成聚能粒子流温升的三个阶段,对聚能粒子流温升进行理论估算,计算结果表明：多孔铜药型罩材料在与爆轰波相互作用中受到冲击波加载及随后卸载对于聚能粒子流头部温升的贡献,达到了50%,而密实铜药型罩材料在与爆轰波相互作用中受到冲击波加载及随后卸载对于聚能射流头部温升的贡献为45%；多孔铜药型罩材料的塑性变形对于聚能粒子流尾部温升的贡献最大,达到了70%,而密实铜药型罩材料的塑性变形对于聚能粒子流尾部温升的贡献为45%；由于多孔药型罩在与爆轰波相互作用中受冲击波加载及随后卸载引起的温升的贡献,聚能粒子流的温升明显高于密实聚能射流的温升。
对已有的密实材料聚能射流和多孔材料聚能粒子流的侵彻模型进行介绍和分析,在考虑材料的可压缩性的基础上,结合多孔药型罩材料的特性,提出了聚能粒子流侵彻计算模型,该模型在不同情况下,可以转化为已有的多种形式的侵彻模型。使该模型具有较广泛的应用前景。
采用机械合金化方法进行混粉,利用旋模压制方法进行压制药型罩毛坯,再在甲醇裂解气体的保护下进行低温烧结,可以制备出性能较优的钨铜药型罩。在钨铜药型罩配方的基础上添加适量的铅粉,可以提高钨铜聚能粒子流的侵彻性能,但过量的铅粉反而会降低钨铜聚能粒子流的侵彻性能。钨铜聚能粒子流穿深与炸高之间的关系表明：钨铜聚能粒子流适合用于小炸高下使用,其最佳炸高为2.1倍装药口径。钨铜聚能粒子流侵彻不同靶板的试验结果表明：侵彻45号钢时,其穿深与时间的关系为指数函数形式,而侵彻铝板和混凝土靶时,其穿深与时间的关系为幂函数形式。钨铜聚能粒子流对低密度靶板的侵彻性能要优于对高密度靶板的侵彻性能。
利用理想混合物状态方程的确定方法,确定了钨铜多孔药型罩的Shock状态方程参数,并利用AUTODYN软件对钨铜聚能粒子流进行了数值模拟研究,数值模拟结果表明：模型网格的划分对聚能粒子流速度影响较大,采用“中”网格划分可以基本满足计算的要求,且计算时间可以节省40%,但聚能粒子流速度与实验结果相比要低11.1%；随着时间的增加,聚能粒子流在空气中飞行的速度在下降,但在4倍装药口径位置处以后,速度下降较慢,这主要是聚能粒子流的头部与主体分离,其速度变化较小所致。钨铜聚能粒子流侵彻铝靶的过程中,在开坑阶段聚能粒子流速度下降较快,在准定常阶段,速度下降较慢。聚能粒子流在此过程中也发生“消蚀”现象；数值模拟得到的穿深与时间的关系拟合曲线与实验得到的结果相似,但在相同的时间内,穿深值要低于实验值,这主要是由于聚能粒子流速度低于实验值所致。钨铜聚能粒子流侵彻铝靶后在铝靶内形成的孔道剖面图,数值模拟与实验结果吻合较好。
本文的研究工作可以为含有多孔材料药型罩的聚能装药结构设计及其工程应用提供一定的理论指导。
Porous shaped charge liner has been widely used in the civilian sectors especially the field of petroleum perforation, as which is characterized by a simple process, flexible composition ratio, high production efficiency, good formability, avoiding the occurrence of the slug and other phenomena. Porous shaped charge liner is collapsed by the detonation wave. A continuous never-ending particle state is composed of numerous small particles on its axis, known as the shaped charge particle jet. Comparing with the dense material jet, shaped charge particle jet has many unique features, such as no necking fracture and expansion. Therefore, it is needed to study the mechanism of shaped charge particle jet.
Based on the material properties of porous materials, the speed, formation conditions, temperature rise calculations and numerical simulation of the shaped charge jet, preparation and influencing factors of the porous shaped charge liner, the characteristics of penetrating different target are analytical research systematically by theoretical analysis, experimental investigation and numerical simulation method.
Firstly, the existing porous material initial completely and partially shock compressed are evaluated and discussed. The shock adiabatic curve and the relationship of associated parameters of the porous materials are analyzed and discussed; some theoretical models of the incompletely compacted porous materials were introduced in accordance with the rate independent and rate-related; the shock adiabatic curve and the relationship of associated parameters of the ideal mixture are analyzed and discussed. Through comprehensive analysis, the relevant parameters of the dense material of tungsten-copper was determined by the superposition principle of the ideal mixture, and the shock compression state of porous tungsten-copper shaped charge liner was described by the shock adiabatic curve of initially porous material completely compacted.
The calculation method of the collapse velocity of porous shaped charge liner and the velocity of shaped charge particle jet is given by considering the influence of the initial porosity on the collapse velocity of porous liner. The criterion of angle and sound velocity which judge porous liner to form cohesive shaped charge particles jet is present. The results show that:under the same pressure, as the increase of porosity, collapse velocity increase while the sound speed decrease; in the uniform porosity, collapse velocity increases with increasing pressure, while sound velocity is also reduced; the velocity shaped charge particle jet increases with the increase of porosity, and the collapse angle increase with the increase in the collapse velocity. The calculated results agree well with experimental results.
The temperature rise of shaped charge particle jet is computed theoretically, which consisted of three parts:porous liner heating due to the shock wave transferred to the porous liner by the explosive detonation wave and due to plastic work performed during porous liner collapse and shaped charge particle jet elongation. The calculated results show that:for porous copper liner, porous liner heating by explosive wave make50%contribution to the temperature rise of the shaped charge particle tip jet, heating by plastic work performed during porous liner collapse and shaped charge particle jet elongation make70%contribution to the temperature rise of the shaped charge particle tip jet. For dense copper liner, it is45%and45%respectively. The temperature rise of shaped charge particle jet is higher than the temperature rise of dense shaped charge jet, because the heating by explosive detonation wave.
The penetration model of the existing dense material jet and the porous materials shaped charge particles jet is introduced and analyzed. The penetration calculation model of shaped charge particles jet is proposed by considering the compressibility of the material and the characteristics of the porous shaped charge liner materials. Under different circumstances, this model can be transformed into the existing forms of penetration model. The model has broad application prospects.
A W-Cu shaped charge liner with better performance was prepared by mixing powder with mechanical alloying method, pressing with spin-mode suppression method and sintering under the protection of methanol cracking gas. The penetration performance of W-Cu shaped charge particle jet will be improved by adding the lead powder on the basis of the original peculiarities of tungsten copper liner. However, an excess of lead powder can descend the penetration performance of W-Cu shaped charge particle jet. The relationship of penetration depth and stand-off shows that: W-Cu shaped charge particle jet is suitable for small stand-off and the best stand-off is2.1times the charge diameter. The experiment results of penetrating different targets show that:the relationship of penetration depth and time is the exponential function when W-Cu shaped charge particle jet penetration the45#steel, and is the exponential function when penetration A1and concrete targets. W-Cu shaped charge particle jet is well suited for penetration into low-density target.
The parameters of Shock equation of state of W-Cu porous liner are determined by the ideal mixture equation of state. W-Cu shaped charge particle jet is numerical simulated using AUTODYN. The results show that:the meshing is greater influence on the velocity of shaped charge particle jet."Middle" meshing can basically meet the requirements of the calculation, and the calculation time can save40%, but shaped particle velocity descend11.1%compared with the experimental results. The flying speed of the shaped charge particles jet declines as the time increases, while the velocity decreases slowly after four times the charge diameter position. This main reason is that the tip is separated from the main body of shaped charge particles jet and the speed change slowly. When W-Cu shaped charge particle jet penetrating into Al target, the velocity decrease fastly in cavitation stage, and slowly in quasi-steady state. W-Cu shaped charge particle jet has a "maceration" phenomenon in this process. The fitting curve of the relationship penetration depth with time which obtained by numerical simulation and experimental result is similar. However, the penetration depth value lower than the experimental value at the same time. This is mainly because the velocity is lower than the experimental velocity. Numerical simulation and experimental results agree well with the Al target profile.
This research work can provide some theoretical guidance for the structure design and engineering application of the porous liner shaped charge.
本文在考虑多孔材料的材料特性的基础上,利用理论分析、试验研究和数值模拟相结合的方法,从聚能粒子流的速度及形成条件、聚能粒子流的温升计算、多孔药型罩制备及其影响因素、聚能粒子流对不同靶板的侵彻特性以及聚能粒子流的数值模拟等方面进行了系统地分析研究。
首先对现有的多孔材料初始完全压实和部分压实情况进行综述和讨论。分析讨论了多孔材料初始完全压实的冲击绝热线及其相关参数的确定。按照率无关和率相关分析介绍了多孔材料部分压实的一些理论模型；对理想混合物的冲击绝热线及其相关参数的确定进行了分析介绍。通过综合分析对比,确定利用理想混合物的叠加原理来确定钨铜密实材料的冲击绝热线的相关参数,采用多孔材料的初始完全压实的冲击绝热线来描述钨铜多孔药型罩的冲击压缩状态。
考虑多孔药型罩的初始孔隙度对多孔药型罩压合速度的影响,给出了多孔药型罩压合速度和聚能粒子流速度的计算方法。提出了判断多孔药型罩形成凝聚性聚能粒子流的角度准则和声速准则。计算结果表明：在同一个压力下,随着孔隙度的增加,药型罩压合速度增加,而声速降低；在同一孔隙度下,随着压力的增加,药型罩压合速度增加,而声速也降低；聚能粒子流速度随着孔隙度的增加而增加,压垮角随着压合速度的增加而增加。计算结果与实验结果较吻合。
从多孔药型罩材料在与爆轰波相互作用中受到冲击波加载及随后卸载、多孔药型罩在压合时的塑性变形以及聚能粒子流伸展过程中的塑性变形等造成聚能粒子流温升的三个阶段,对聚能粒子流温升进行理论估算,计算结果表明：多孔铜药型罩材料在与爆轰波相互作用中受到冲击波加载及随后卸载对于聚能粒子流头部温升的贡献,达到了50%,而密实铜药型罩材料在与爆轰波相互作用中受到冲击波加载及随后卸载对于聚能射流头部温升的贡献为45%；多孔铜药型罩材料的塑性变形对于聚能粒子流尾部温升的贡献最大,达到了70%,而密实铜药型罩材料的塑性变形对于聚能粒子流尾部温升的贡献为45%；由于多孔药型罩在与爆轰波相互作用中受冲击波加载及随后卸载引起的温升的贡献,聚能粒子流的温升明显高于密实聚能射流的温升。
对已有的密实材料聚能射流和多孔材料聚能粒子流的侵彻模型进行介绍和分析,在考虑材料的可压缩性的基础上,结合多孔药型罩材料的特性,提出了聚能粒子流侵彻计算模型,该模型在不同情况下,可以转化为已有的多种形式的侵彻模型。使该模型具有较广泛的应用前景。
采用机械合金化方法进行混粉,利用旋模压制方法进行压制药型罩毛坯,再在甲醇裂解气体的保护下进行低温烧结,可以制备出性能较优的钨铜药型罩。在钨铜药型罩配方的基础上添加适量的铅粉,可以提高钨铜聚能粒子流的侵彻性能,但过量的铅粉反而会降低钨铜聚能粒子流的侵彻性能。钨铜聚能粒子流穿深与炸高之间的关系表明：钨铜聚能粒子流适合用于小炸高下使用,其最佳炸高为2.1倍装药口径。钨铜聚能粒子流侵彻不同靶板的试验结果表明：侵彻45号钢时,其穿深与时间的关系为指数函数形式,而侵彻铝板和混凝土靶时,其穿深与时间的关系为幂函数形式。钨铜聚能粒子流对低密度靶板的侵彻性能要优于对高密度靶板的侵彻性能。
利用理想混合物状态方程的确定方法,确定了钨铜多孔药型罩的Shock状态方程参数,并利用AUTODYN软件对钨铜聚能粒子流进行了数值模拟研究,数值模拟结果表明：模型网格的划分对聚能粒子流速度影响较大,采用“中”网格划分可以基本满足计算的要求,且计算时间可以节省40%,但聚能粒子流速度与实验结果相比要低11.1%；随着时间的增加,聚能粒子流在空气中飞行的速度在下降,但在4倍装药口径位置处以后,速度下降较慢,这主要是聚能粒子流的头部与主体分离,其速度变化较小所致。钨铜聚能粒子流侵彻铝靶的过程中,在开坑阶段聚能粒子流速度下降较快,在准定常阶段,速度下降较慢。聚能粒子流在此过程中也发生“消蚀”现象；数值模拟得到的穿深与时间的关系拟合曲线与实验得到的结果相似,但在相同的时间内,穿深值要低于实验值,这主要是由于聚能粒子流速度低于实验值所致。钨铜聚能粒子流侵彻铝靶后在铝靶内形成的孔道剖面图,数值模拟与实验结果吻合较好。
本文的研究工作可以为含有多孔材料药型罩的聚能装药结构设计及其工程应用提供一定的理论指导。
Porous shaped charge liner has been widely used in the civilian sectors especially the field of petroleum perforation, as which is characterized by a simple process, flexible composition ratio, high production efficiency, good formability, avoiding the occurrence of the slug and other phenomena. Porous shaped charge liner is collapsed by the detonation wave. A continuous never-ending particle state is composed of numerous small particles on its axis, known as the shaped charge particle jet. Comparing with the dense material jet, shaped charge particle jet has many unique features, such as no necking fracture and expansion. Therefore, it is needed to study the mechanism of shaped charge particle jet.
Based on the material properties of porous materials, the speed, formation conditions, temperature rise calculations and numerical simulation of the shaped charge jet, preparation and influencing factors of the porous shaped charge liner, the characteristics of penetrating different target are analytical research systematically by theoretical analysis, experimental investigation and numerical simulation method.
Firstly, the existing porous material initial completely and partially shock compressed are evaluated and discussed. The shock adiabatic curve and the relationship of associated parameters of the porous materials are analyzed and discussed; some theoretical models of the incompletely compacted porous materials were introduced in accordance with the rate independent and rate-related; the shock adiabatic curve and the relationship of associated parameters of the ideal mixture are analyzed and discussed. Through comprehensive analysis, the relevant parameters of the dense material of tungsten-copper was determined by the superposition principle of the ideal mixture, and the shock compression state of porous tungsten-copper shaped charge liner was described by the shock adiabatic curve of initially porous material completely compacted.
The calculation method of the collapse velocity of porous shaped charge liner and the velocity of shaped charge particle jet is given by considering the influence of the initial porosity on the collapse velocity of porous liner. The criterion of angle and sound velocity which judge porous liner to form cohesive shaped charge particles jet is present. The results show that:under the same pressure, as the increase of porosity, collapse velocity increase while the sound speed decrease; in the uniform porosity, collapse velocity increases with increasing pressure, while sound velocity is also reduced; the velocity shaped charge particle jet increases with the increase of porosity, and the collapse angle increase with the increase in the collapse velocity. The calculated results agree well with experimental results.
The temperature rise of shaped charge particle jet is computed theoretically, which consisted of three parts:porous liner heating due to the shock wave transferred to the porous liner by the explosive detonation wave and due to plastic work performed during porous liner collapse and shaped charge particle jet elongation. The calculated results show that:for porous copper liner, porous liner heating by explosive wave make50%contribution to the temperature rise of the shaped charge particle tip jet, heating by plastic work performed during porous liner collapse and shaped charge particle jet elongation make70%contribution to the temperature rise of the shaped charge particle tip jet. For dense copper liner, it is45%and45%respectively. The temperature rise of shaped charge particle jet is higher than the temperature rise of dense shaped charge jet, because the heating by explosive detonation wave.
The penetration model of the existing dense material jet and the porous materials shaped charge particles jet is introduced and analyzed. The penetration calculation model of shaped charge particles jet is proposed by considering the compressibility of the material and the characteristics of the porous shaped charge liner materials. Under different circumstances, this model can be transformed into the existing forms of penetration model. The model has broad application prospects.
A W-Cu shaped charge liner with better performance was prepared by mixing powder with mechanical alloying method, pressing with spin-mode suppression method and sintering under the protection of methanol cracking gas. The penetration performance of W-Cu shaped charge particle jet will be improved by adding the lead powder on the basis of the original peculiarities of tungsten copper liner. However, an excess of lead powder can descend the penetration performance of W-Cu shaped charge particle jet. The relationship of penetration depth and stand-off shows that: W-Cu shaped charge particle jet is suitable for small stand-off and the best stand-off is2.1times the charge diameter. The experiment results of penetrating different targets show that:the relationship of penetration depth and time is the exponential function when W-Cu shaped charge particle jet penetration the45#steel, and is the exponential function when penetration A1and concrete targets. W-Cu shaped charge particle jet is well suited for penetration into low-density target.
The parameters of Shock equation of state of W-Cu porous liner are determined by the ideal mixture equation of state. W-Cu shaped charge particle jet is numerical simulated using AUTODYN. The results show that:the meshing is greater influence on the velocity of shaped charge particle jet."Middle" meshing can basically meet the requirements of the calculation, and the calculation time can save40%, but shaped particle velocity descend11.1%compared with the experimental results. The flying speed of the shaped charge particles jet declines as the time increases, while the velocity decreases slowly after four times the charge diameter position. This main reason is that the tip is separated from the main body of shaped charge particles jet and the speed change slowly. When W-Cu shaped charge particle jet penetrating into Al target, the velocity decrease fastly in cavitation stage, and slowly in quasi-steady state. W-Cu shaped charge particle jet has a "maceration" phenomenon in this process. The fitting curve of the relationship penetration depth with time which obtained by numerical simulation and experimental result is similar. However, the penetration depth value lower than the experimental value at the same time. This is mainly because the velocity is lower than the experimental velocity. Numerical simulation and experimental results agree well with the Al target profile.
This research work can provide some theoretical guidance for the structure design and engineering application of the porous liner shaped charge.
引文
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