崇明三岛土壤主要养分的时空变异特征及其影响因素分析
摘要
土壤肥力质量的变化对农业的可持续发展影响最为直接、深刻和长远。土壤有机质含量、土壤中氮、磷、钾等肥力因子是土壤肥力质量的重要影响因子,它们也是相对容易受人类活动作用改变的土壤肥力质量因素。本文在分析试验数据的基础上,利用地统计学,在ArcGIS平台上,分析了崇明三岛地区的土壤养分变异规律,并探讨了20多年来崇明土壤养分含量变化及其影响因素。
(1)崇明三岛土壤全氮、有机质和有效钾含量总体水平偏低,有效磷含量较高。土壤全氮的变异系数为0.5096,有机质的变异系数为0.4886,有效钾的变异系数为0.679,均属中等变异程度,而有效磷的变异系数大于100%,属于强变异性。趋势分析显示研究区土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和有效钾含量均呈二阶趋势。土壤主要养分的理论模型和相应参数反映了其在崇明三岛的变异特征,研究区土壤有机质、全氮和有效钾含量的空间变异具有各向异性特征,受随机因素的影响较结构性因素大,具有中等的空间相关性,而有效磷的空间相关性很弱,表明其空间变化受人为活动影响比较大。
(2)崇明三岛土壤有机质和全氮含量总体上呈条带状或斑块状分布,并且都以中等水平的分布范围最广,高值区主要位于崇明岛的堡镇与城桥镇以北的椭圆状区域和长兴岛的大部分地区,以城桥镇和堡镇作为两个高值中心,分别向西北和东北呈逐渐递减;低值区则主要分布于西沙、东滩和北湖地区。有效磷含量呈斑块状分布,并且以中等水平的分布范围最广。有效钾含量呈条带状分布,也以中等水平分布范围最广。有效磷和有效钾的空间分布存在互补趋势(有效磷含量高的地方,有效钾含量则较低)
(3)土壤养分的统计结果表明,20多年来,崇明三岛土壤有机质和速效磷均有不同程度的提高,而全氮和速效钾则呈下降趋势。其中,有机质增加了0.9%,有效磷增加了1.08倍;而全氮减少了3.1%,有效钾减少了26.9%。速效磷含量的提高主要是与化肥的施用量增多有关;而忽视氮肥和不施钾肥,是造成土壤氮素、钾素含量降低的主要原因。根据土壤主要养分的变化可以看出:崇明存在施肥结构不合理的问题,应重点补充钾肥的施用,同时注重平衡施肥。
(4)通过对不同土地利用方式条件下土壤肥力质量变化研究表明,人为耕作措施、土地利用方式是影响土壤肥力质量诸多因素之中的重要因素。成土母质也是影响土壤肥力质量的一个重要因素。
According to the data of organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphrus (AP) and available potassium (AK) of topsoil samples (0-20cm) collected from 135 sites in 2007, the spatial distribution characteristics of the main soil nutrients in Chongming three islands (Chong-ming island, Changxing island and Hengsha island) were analyzed using the methods of geostatistics and overlay analysis in the software of ArcGIS 9.1.
(1) The results showed that the contents of SOM, TN and AK were relatively low in general, however, the AP was at a high level. The coefficient of variation (CV) of SOM, TN and AK was 0.5096, 0.4886 and 0.679, respectively, but the CV of AP was more than 100%. The semivariogram of TN and AP was simulated by the model of Spherical, and the semivariogram of SOM and AK, Gaussian. The ratio of nugget to sill of TN, SOM, AK and AP was 0.625, 0.653, 0.733 and 0.999, respectively, indicating that the spatial autocorrelation of soil nutrients was moderately interdependent, respectively.
(2) From the areas with higher SOM and TN contents distributing in Chenqiao and Bao town to the vicinity, the values of SOM and TN decreased gradually. Xisha, Dongtan and Beihu were low-vaule areas. The distribution trends of AP and AK were basically complementary.
(3) The statistic result of soil nutrient showed that the organic matter and available P of soil surface increased respectively in Chongming, however, the total N and available K, decreased. The increasing of available P was mainly relevant to the application rate of fertilizer, but ignoring the application of N and K resulted in the reduction of soil N and K.
(4) The study of soil fertility quality under different land use pattern showed that tillage, land use pattern and the field management were important factors among many influential factors of soil fertility quality. Soil parent material was also regarded as an important factor influencing on the soil fertility.
(1)崇明三岛土壤全氮、有机质和有效钾含量总体水平偏低,有效磷含量较高。土壤全氮的变异系数为0.5096,有机质的变异系数为0.4886,有效钾的变异系数为0.679,均属中等变异程度,而有效磷的变异系数大于100%,属于强变异性。趋势分析显示研究区土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和有效钾含量均呈二阶趋势。土壤主要养分的理论模型和相应参数反映了其在崇明三岛的变异特征,研究区土壤有机质、全氮和有效钾含量的空间变异具有各向异性特征,受随机因素的影响较结构性因素大,具有中等的空间相关性,而有效磷的空间相关性很弱,表明其空间变化受人为活动影响比较大。
(2)崇明三岛土壤有机质和全氮含量总体上呈条带状或斑块状分布,并且都以中等水平的分布范围最广,高值区主要位于崇明岛的堡镇与城桥镇以北的椭圆状区域和长兴岛的大部分地区,以城桥镇和堡镇作为两个高值中心,分别向西北和东北呈逐渐递减;低值区则主要分布于西沙、东滩和北湖地区。有效磷含量呈斑块状分布,并且以中等水平的分布范围最广。有效钾含量呈条带状分布,也以中等水平分布范围最广。有效磷和有效钾的空间分布存在互补趋势(有效磷含量高的地方,有效钾含量则较低)
(3)土壤养分的统计结果表明,20多年来,崇明三岛土壤有机质和速效磷均有不同程度的提高,而全氮和速效钾则呈下降趋势。其中,有机质增加了0.9%,有效磷增加了1.08倍;而全氮减少了3.1%,有效钾减少了26.9%。速效磷含量的提高主要是与化肥的施用量增多有关;而忽视氮肥和不施钾肥,是造成土壤氮素、钾素含量降低的主要原因。根据土壤主要养分的变化可以看出:崇明存在施肥结构不合理的问题,应重点补充钾肥的施用,同时注重平衡施肥。
(4)通过对不同土地利用方式条件下土壤肥力质量变化研究表明,人为耕作措施、土地利用方式是影响土壤肥力质量诸多因素之中的重要因素。成土母质也是影响土壤肥力质量的一个重要因素。
According to the data of organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphrus (AP) and available potassium (AK) of topsoil samples (0-20cm) collected from 135 sites in 2007, the spatial distribution characteristics of the main soil nutrients in Chongming three islands (Chong-ming island, Changxing island and Hengsha island) were analyzed using the methods of geostatistics and overlay analysis in the software of ArcGIS 9.1.
(1) The results showed that the contents of SOM, TN and AK were relatively low in general, however, the AP was at a high level. The coefficient of variation (CV) of SOM, TN and AK was 0.5096, 0.4886 and 0.679, respectively, but the CV of AP was more than 100%. The semivariogram of TN and AP was simulated by the model of Spherical, and the semivariogram of SOM and AK, Gaussian. The ratio of nugget to sill of TN, SOM, AK and AP was 0.625, 0.653, 0.733 and 0.999, respectively, indicating that the spatial autocorrelation of soil nutrients was moderately interdependent, respectively.
(2) From the areas with higher SOM and TN contents distributing in Chenqiao and Bao town to the vicinity, the values of SOM and TN decreased gradually. Xisha, Dongtan and Beihu were low-vaule areas. The distribution trends of AP and AK were basically complementary.
(3) The statistic result of soil nutrient showed that the organic matter and available P of soil surface increased respectively in Chongming, however, the total N and available K, decreased. The increasing of available P was mainly relevant to the application rate of fertilizer, but ignoring the application of N and K resulted in the reduction of soil N and K.
(4) The study of soil fertility quality under different land use pattern showed that tillage, land use pattern and the field management were important factors among many influential factors of soil fertility quality. Soil parent material was also regarded as an important factor influencing on the soil fertility.
引文
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