不同作物轮作下石灰性紫色土磷素形态变化及其影响因素研究
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摘要
采用定位监测和分级化验方法,研究盆地丘陵区两种典型旱地轮作方式(玉米-油菜轮作和玉米-小麦轮作)下石灰性紫色土磷素形态组成特征、动态变化及其影响因素,主要结论如下。
(1)两种轮作下土壤表层和下层全磷含量(P)分别平均为0.75和0.54g kg~(-1),属中等水平;土壤速效磷(Olsen-P)分别平均为3.3和1.4 mg kg~(-1),属低磷水平。这与调查中发现油菜、小麦及玉米均存在一定缺磷现象的结果相一致。由此判断供试土壤磷素并未出现过剩,应对作物进行测土配方施用磷肥。土壤表层的全磷和速效磷含量明显高于下层,分别高出0.21g kg~(-1)和1.9mg kg~(-1)。土壤磷素以无机磷为主,两种轮作下土壤表层无机磷平均占88%,下层更高达91%。土壤表层有机磷的比例高于下层,其原因是土壤有机磷与有机质呈显著正相关(r=0.341~*,n=72),而表层有机质又高于下层。
(2)两种轮作下土壤无机磷形态组成总体特征是Ca_(10)-P(磷灰石)处于绝对优势,土壤表层和下层分别平均占无机磷总量的67%和74%;表层Ca_8-P和O-P分列二、三位,下层O-P和Ca_8-P分列二、三位;表层、下层的Al-P、Fe-P、Ca_2-P均分列四、五、六位。Ca_2-P的比例甚低,不足1%。在两种轮作三种作物及其不同生育期土壤无机磷形态的具体含量和组成虽然有所变化,但这一总趋势基本不变。多元回归分析表明,土壤速效磷主要来源于无机磷中的Ca_2-P,与其他无机磷形态的关系甚小或者完全无关。因此,供试土壤Ca_2-P含量低,正是导致其速效磷含量低的基本原因。
(3)玉米、油菜和小麦各生育期内土壤无机磷形态变化特征较为复杂,不同作物间各形态无机磷变化特征各不相同,同种作物不同形态无机磷变化特征各异。
(4)两种轮作下土壤无机磷形态变化主要受微地形(不同地形部位)、轮作、土壤有机质和土壤颗粒组成的影响,而与土壤pH相关性不显著。
微地形的影响主要表现在,不同地形部位两种轮作之间下层土壤Ca_(10)-P含量差异均达到极显著水平,其t值分别为t=3.486~(**)(P=0.004,n=16)和t=4.242~(**)(P=0.001,n=16)。反映不同地形部位母质对土壤无机磷形态的影响。
轮作对Ca_8-P含量有较大影响,即不同轮作方式间表层土壤Ca_8-P含量差异达到极显著水平t=-3.025~(**)(P=0.004,n=40);下层土壤Ca_8-P含量差异达到显著水平t=-2.562~*(P=0.018,n=32)。但轮作对其他各形态无机磷影响不显著。
供试土壤无机磷形态中的各形态磷含量与土壤pH的相关性均未达到显著水平。可能与供试土壤的pH变化范围狭窄(7.71～8.49)有关。
土壤各形态无机磷中Ca_s-P和Al-P与有机质呈显著正相关,其相关系数分别为r=0.267~*(n=72)和r=0.295~*(n=72)。其他各形态磷与有机质无显著相关性。
此外,土壤颗粒组成中仅粉粒对Ca_8-P和Al-P有一定影响,即Ca_8-P与粉粒呈显著正相关(r=0.264~*,n=72),Al-P与粉粒呈显著正相关(r=0.301~*,n=72)。
The phosphorus(P) content of the calcareous purple soil under two typical rotation systems of the arid land in the central hill region of Sichuan basin was studied,by the method of located monitoring. And the phosphorus fraction and variation characteristics and their influencing factors were also studied, taking the method of inorganic phosphorus(Pi) fractionation in calcareous soil from Jiang Bofan and Gu Yichu.The results indicated that:
(1) The average total phosphorus content(TP) in surface soil under the two types of rotation systems were 0.75 and 0.54 g kg~(-1),which were on the middle level.And each the Olsen-P content were 3.3 and 1.4 mg kg~(-1),which were on the low level.Certain characteristic of P lack was found in the growth stages of rape,wheat and corn during the research.For the results,the soil studied was not surplus of P,but need to test the soil P content of the crop to apply P fertilizer.The TP and Olsen-P content were higher in surface soil than subsurface soil.The TP of the studied soil was mainly made up of Pi,and it stood 88%of the TP content in surface soil,even 91%in the subsurface soil.The organic phosphorus(Po) percentage was higher in surface soil than that in subsurface soil,on the ground that the Po had significant revelation with soil organic matter(OM),and the OM content in the surface soil was higher than that in the subsurface soil.
(2) The total characteristic of Pi fractionations under the two types of rotation systems showed that: Ca_(10)-P content took the most part of the total Pi content.It stood 67%and 74%of the total Pi content in the surface and subsurface soil.Ca_8-P and O-P content took the 2~(nd) and 3~(rd) place in the surface soil and on the opposition in the subsurface soil.Al-P,Fe-P and Ca_2-P took the 4~(th),5~(th) and 6~(th) place both in the surface and subsurface soil.The percentage of Ca_2-P content was very low,taking less than 1%.This main trend kept steadly though the Pi fraction form and content changed during the different growth stages and among the three crops under the two types of rotation systems.The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that the soil Olsen-P was mainly from Ca_2-P which was one of the Pi fractions,and it had no relations with other forms of Pi.So,the Ca_2-P content was low in the studied soil.It was the basically reason which led to the low content of Olsen-P.
(3) The characteristics of soil Pi fraction variation were much complex in the growth stages of corn, rape and wheat.They were different with each other in different crops,and so were the characteristics of different Pi fraction variation in the same crop.
(4) The Pi fraction and variation were mainly influenced by microtopography,rotation,soil organic matter and soil granule composition,and had no relation to soil pH.
Microtopography mainly affected the Ca_(10)-P content of the subsurface soil.The difference of it reached to extremely significant level among the subsurface soils under each rotation system,and each the "t" value of the difference under the rotation was t=3.486~(**)(P=0.004,n=16) and t=4.242~(**) (P=0.001,n=16).
Rotation showed heavy influence to Ca_8-P,but showed not enough significant influence to other types of Pi.Ca_8-P content showed extremely significant difference(t=-3.025~(**),P=0.004,n=40) in surface soil under different rotation systems,and it showed significant difference(t=-2.562~*,P=0.018, n=32) in subsurface soil.
The content of each type of Pi showed no correlation with soil pH,the correlation didn't reach to significant level.It's on the ground that the changing range of the soil pH value was very narrow.
Among the Pi fractions,Ca_8-P and Al-P content were positively correlated with soil OM,and the correlation coefficient were(r=0.267~*,n=72) and(r=0.295~*,n=72).The content of other types of Pi showed no correlation with soil OM,the correlation didn't reach to significant level.
Among the soil granule composition,only silt showed influence to Ca_8-P and Al-P,and the Ca_8-P showed significant correlation with silt(r=0.264~*,n=72),the Al-P showed significant correlation with silt(r=0.301~*,n=72).
(1)两种轮作下土壤表层和下层全磷含量(P)分别平均为0.75和0.54g kg~(-1),属中等水平;土壤速效磷(Olsen-P)分别平均为3.3和1.4 mg kg~(-1),属低磷水平。这与调查中发现油菜、小麦及玉米均存在一定缺磷现象的结果相一致。由此判断供试土壤磷素并未出现过剩,应对作物进行测土配方施用磷肥。土壤表层的全磷和速效磷含量明显高于下层,分别高出0.21g kg~(-1)和1.9mg kg~(-1)。土壤磷素以无机磷为主,两种轮作下土壤表层无机磷平均占88%,下层更高达91%。土壤表层有机磷的比例高于下层,其原因是土壤有机磷与有机质呈显著正相关(r=0.341~*,n=72),而表层有机质又高于下层。
(2)两种轮作下土壤无机磷形态组成总体特征是Ca_(10)-P(磷灰石)处于绝对优势,土壤表层和下层分别平均占无机磷总量的67%和74%;表层Ca_8-P和O-P分列二、三位,下层O-P和Ca_8-P分列二、三位;表层、下层的Al-P、Fe-P、Ca_2-P均分列四、五、六位。Ca_2-P的比例甚低,不足1%。在两种轮作三种作物及其不同生育期土壤无机磷形态的具体含量和组成虽然有所变化,但这一总趋势基本不变。多元回归分析表明,土壤速效磷主要来源于无机磷中的Ca_2-P,与其他无机磷形态的关系甚小或者完全无关。因此,供试土壤Ca_2-P含量低,正是导致其速效磷含量低的基本原因。
(3)玉米、油菜和小麦各生育期内土壤无机磷形态变化特征较为复杂,不同作物间各形态无机磷变化特征各不相同,同种作物不同形态无机磷变化特征各异。
(4)两种轮作下土壤无机磷形态变化主要受微地形(不同地形部位)、轮作、土壤有机质和土壤颗粒组成的影响,而与土壤pH相关性不显著。
微地形的影响主要表现在,不同地形部位两种轮作之间下层土壤Ca_(10)-P含量差异均达到极显著水平,其t值分别为t=3.486~(**)(P=0.004,n=16)和t=4.242~(**)(P=0.001,n=16)。反映不同地形部位母质对土壤无机磷形态的影响。
轮作对Ca_8-P含量有较大影响,即不同轮作方式间表层土壤Ca_8-P含量差异达到极显著水平t=-3.025~(**)(P=0.004,n=40);下层土壤Ca_8-P含量差异达到显著水平t=-2.562~*(P=0.018,n=32)。但轮作对其他各形态无机磷影响不显著。
供试土壤无机磷形态中的各形态磷含量与土壤pH的相关性均未达到显著水平。可能与供试土壤的pH变化范围狭窄(7.71～8.49)有关。
土壤各形态无机磷中Ca_s-P和Al-P与有机质呈显著正相关,其相关系数分别为r=0.267~*(n=72)和r=0.295~*(n=72)。其他各形态磷与有机质无显著相关性。
此外,土壤颗粒组成中仅粉粒对Ca_8-P和Al-P有一定影响,即Ca_8-P与粉粒呈显著正相关(r=0.264~*,n=72),Al-P与粉粒呈显著正相关(r=0.301~*,n=72)。
The phosphorus(P) content of the calcareous purple soil under two typical rotation systems of the arid land in the central hill region of Sichuan basin was studied,by the method of located monitoring. And the phosphorus fraction and variation characteristics and their influencing factors were also studied, taking the method of inorganic phosphorus(Pi) fractionation in calcareous soil from Jiang Bofan and Gu Yichu.The results indicated that:
(1) The average total phosphorus content(TP) in surface soil under the two types of rotation systems were 0.75 and 0.54 g kg~(-1),which were on the middle level.And each the Olsen-P content were 3.3 and 1.4 mg kg~(-1),which were on the low level.Certain characteristic of P lack was found in the growth stages of rape,wheat and corn during the research.For the results,the soil studied was not surplus of P,but need to test the soil P content of the crop to apply P fertilizer.The TP and Olsen-P content were higher in surface soil than subsurface soil.The TP of the studied soil was mainly made up of Pi,and it stood 88%of the TP content in surface soil,even 91%in the subsurface soil.The organic phosphorus(Po) percentage was higher in surface soil than that in subsurface soil,on the ground that the Po had significant revelation with soil organic matter(OM),and the OM content in the surface soil was higher than that in the subsurface soil.
(2) The total characteristic of Pi fractionations under the two types of rotation systems showed that: Ca_(10)-P content took the most part of the total Pi content.It stood 67%and 74%of the total Pi content in the surface and subsurface soil.Ca_8-P and O-P content took the 2~(nd) and 3~(rd) place in the surface soil and on the opposition in the subsurface soil.Al-P,Fe-P and Ca_2-P took the 4~(th),5~(th) and 6~(th) place both in the surface and subsurface soil.The percentage of Ca_2-P content was very low,taking less than 1%.This main trend kept steadly though the Pi fraction form and content changed during the different growth stages and among the three crops under the two types of rotation systems.The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that the soil Olsen-P was mainly from Ca_2-P which was one of the Pi fractions,and it had no relations with other forms of Pi.So,the Ca_2-P content was low in the studied soil.It was the basically reason which led to the low content of Olsen-P.
(3) The characteristics of soil Pi fraction variation were much complex in the growth stages of corn, rape and wheat.They were different with each other in different crops,and so were the characteristics of different Pi fraction variation in the same crop.
(4) The Pi fraction and variation were mainly influenced by microtopography,rotation,soil organic matter and soil granule composition,and had no relation to soil pH.
Microtopography mainly affected the Ca_(10)-P content of the subsurface soil.The difference of it reached to extremely significant level among the subsurface soils under each rotation system,and each the "t" value of the difference under the rotation was t=3.486~(**)(P=0.004,n=16) and t=4.242~(**) (P=0.001,n=16).
Rotation showed heavy influence to Ca_8-P,but showed not enough significant influence to other types of Pi.Ca_8-P content showed extremely significant difference(t=-3.025~(**),P=0.004,n=40) in surface soil under different rotation systems,and it showed significant difference(t=-2.562~*,P=0.018, n=32) in subsurface soil.
The content of each type of Pi showed no correlation with soil pH,the correlation didn't reach to significant level.It's on the ground that the changing range of the soil pH value was very narrow.
Among the Pi fractions,Ca_8-P and Al-P content were positively correlated with soil OM,and the correlation coefficient were(r=0.267~*,n=72) and(r=0.295~*,n=72).The content of other types of Pi showed no correlation with soil OM,the correlation didn't reach to significant level.
Among the soil granule composition,only silt showed influence to Ca_8-P and Al-P,and the Ca_8-P showed significant correlation with silt(r=0.264~*,n=72),the Al-P showed significant correlation with silt(r=0.301~*,n=72).
引文
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