稻田系统主要矿质元素生物有效性对大气CO_2浓度升高的响应研究
摘要
工业革命以来,由于碳源的增加和碳汇的减少,大气CO2浓度增加了100 parts per million (ppm)。预计本世纪下半叶,大气CO2浓度将会倍增。大气CO2浓度的迅速增加将会显著影响生态系统的结构、功能和生态过程。虽然大气CO2浓度升高对生态系统的影响已有较多研究和报道,但对湿地生态系统的研究却较少。稻田是全球最大的人工湿地,除与诸多自然湿地生态系统高度的相似性外,其水土环境还较为稳定,利于系统水平上的采样研究。因此,借助于研究大气CO2浓度升高对稻田主要矿质元素的影响及相关机制可帮助我们认识未来大气模式下,自然湿地生态系统中矿质元素的响应,完善矿质元素循环的理论体系。为此,本研究借助稻田Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE)试验平台(位于江苏省江都市,始于2004年,32°35'5"N,119042'0"E,5ma.s.1.), CO2浓度设370μmol·mol-1和570μmol·mol-1两个水平,施N量设250 kg hm-2和125 kg hm-2两个水平,于2007和2008年水稻生长季研究了稻田主要矿质元素生物有效性在植株、田面水、土壤中同步变化及相关机制,以深刻了解大气CO2浓度升高对稻田生态系统矿质元素循环的影响及作用机理。
主要研究结果如下：
1.大气CO2浓度升高显著提高了水稻成熟期地上部总生物量及其组分茎、穗的生物量(P<0.05)。两种氮肥水平下,CO2浓度升高使地上部总生物量、茎生物量、穗生物量分别比对照平均提高了19.1%、21.9%、24.0%(P<0.05)。
2.大气CO2浓度升高提高了水稻成熟期P、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn在植株体内的含量。其中,高氮水平下,CO2浓度升高使P和Ca在叶中的含量分别提高了52.4%和19.9%(P<0.05)；Fe和Zn在茎中提高了59.5%和61.0%(P<0.05)；Ca和Mn在穗中提高了48.3%和47.1%(P<0.05)。
3.大气CO2浓度升高提高了水稻成熟期其体内各主要矿质元素的累积量。其中,高氮水平下,CO2浓度升高使P在叶中累积量提高了63.8%(P<0.05)；Mg、Mn、Zn在茎中提高了35.1%、24.9%、97.4%(P<0.05)；N、P、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn在穗中提高了29.9%、19.9%、86.0%、28.5%、53.0%、84.9%、38.3%(P<0.05)。低氮水平下,CO2浓度升高使Zn在茎中的累积量提高了86.8%(P<0.05)；P、Ca、Mg、Si、Fe、Mn、Zn在穗中提高了31.1%、40.8%、29.4%、39.7%、138.9%、47.8%、35.1%(P<0.05)。
4.大气CO2浓度升高提高了稻田0-15 cm土层中除N外的主要矿质元素生物有效态含量。两种氮肥水平下,CO2浓度升高使土壤P、K、Ca、Mg、Si、Fe、Mn、Zn生物有效态含量两年平均分别比对照提高了13.6%、9.4%、11.8%、8.3%、14.0%、15.7%、12.8%、196.8%,其中,2007年分别提高了18.5%、15.3%、7.5%、8.9%、19.4%、12.9%、6.8%、190.2%；2008年分别提高了8.7%、3.5%、16.2%、7.6%、8.7%、18.5%、18.7%、203.4%。
5.大气CO2浓度升高提高了稻田田面水主要矿质元素生物有效态含量。两种氮肥水平下,CO2浓度升高使田面水中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Si、Fe生物有效态含量两年平均分别比对照提高了14.3%、40.7%、30.3%、33.0%、22.8%、29.7%、26.3%,其中,2007年分别提高了19.4%、43.3%、35.3%、36.5%、25.3%、33.6%、20.8%；2008年分别提高了9.1%、38.2%、25.5%、29.6%、20.3%、25.8%、31.8%。
6.大气CO2浓度升高改变了水稻土壤相关性状。两种氮肥水平下,CO2浓度升高降低了水稻各生育时期0-15cm土层pH值,使其比对照平均降低了3.3%,其中,使0-1 cm、1-5 cm、5-15 cm土层pH值分别比对照平均降低了5.1%、3.4%、1.2%。随土壤深度的增加,CO2浓度升高对土壤pH值的降低效应减小且土壤pH值逐渐升高。此外,不同氮肥水平下,CO2浓度升高提高了水稻各生育时期0-15 cm土层阳离子交换量,使其比对照平均提高了15.00%,其中,使0-1 cm、1-5 cm、5-15 cm土层阳离子交换量分别比对照平均提高了19.4%、19.3%、16.5%。同CO2浓度升高对土壤pH值效应类似,随土壤深度的增加,这种提高效应减小且土壤阳离子交换量逐渐减小。五年高浓度CO2处理还使不同氮肥水平下稻田0-15 cm、15-30 cm、30-50 cm土层的15N自然丰度比对照平均降低了19.3%(P<0.05)、11.7%(P<0.05)、7.0%。
7.在降低稻田土壤pH值的同时,CO2浓度升高还降低了田面水pH值,使其比对照两年平均降低了2.3%,其中,2007年平均降低了2.5%；2008年平均降低了2.2%。CO2浓度升高还提高了不同氮肥水平下田面水中的微生物活性。两种氮肥水平下,CO2浓度升高使田面水中的微生物活性两年平均比对照提高了12.9%,其中,2007年提高了9.3%；2008年提高了16.4%。同时,CO2浓度升高还提高了两种氮肥水平下田面水中的微生物数量,使其在2007年比对照平均增加了25.4%(P<0.05)。
8.除可提高田面水中可溶性氮(Dissolved Nitrogen, DN,即生物有效态氮)含量外,大气CO2浓度升高还提高了田面水中可溶性有机碳(Dissolved Organic Carbon,DOC)含量,使其在两种氮肥水平下两年平均比对照提高了18.0%,其中,2007年提高了28.8%,2008年提高了7.6%。同时,CO2浓度升高提高了不同氮肥水平下水稻各生育时期0-15 cm土层中DOC含量,使其在2008年比对照平均提高了18.5%。0-15 cm土层中DOC和DN含量均随水稻生育进程和土层深度的增加而降低。此外,DOC和DN在0-15 cm土层中的含量显著高于其在田面水中的含量(P<0.05)。
9.大气C02浓度升高提高了稻田碳氮库容量。2008年,两种氮肥水平下,CO2浓度升高使水稻各生育时期田面水中总有机碳(Total Organic Carbon, TOC)和总氮(Total Nitrogen, TN)含量分别比对照平均提高了7.6%和9.9%。两种氮肥水平下,在FACE系统运行5年后,CO2浓度升高使TOC和TN在0-15 cm土层中含量分别平均提高了12.5%和15.5%(P<0.05)；在15-30 cm土层中提高了22.7%和26.0%(P<0.05)；在30-50 cm土层中提高了34.5%和35.1%。CO2浓度升高还影响了稻田碳氮比,两种氮肥水平下,使水稻成熟期地上部、叶、茎、穗中碳氮比分别平均提高了9.5%、13.1%、16.5%、5.6%；使水稻各生育时期田面水中的碳氮比平均降低了6.7%；使0-15 cm、15-30 cm、30-50 cm土壤中的碳氮比平均降低了6.5%、10.1%、4.4%；但却使水稻各生育时期0-15 cm土层中DOC/DN平均提高了43.7%。
全文结论：
1.大气CO2浓度升高通过显著促进水稻生长,来促使其对矿质元素的吸收,从而提高其成熟期生物量及矿质元素含量和累积量,加速了矿质元素从土壤中向植物体中的迁移。
2.大气CO2浓度升高可提高主要矿质元素在稻田土壤中的生物有效态含量,同时降低土壤pH值,提高土壤阳离子交换量。CO2浓度升高通过提升植物光合作用,作用于根系-土壤生物学过程,显著增加由根系、微生物、有机质所产生的酸性物质,造成土壤酸化,从而降低土壤pH值,促进土壤中矿质元素从非生物有效态向生物有效态的转化,从而提高土壤中矿质元素生物有效态含量和土壤阳离子交换量。
3.大气CO2浓度升高可提高主要矿质元素在田面水中的生物有效态含量。CO2浓度升高导致的土壤和田面水pH值下降将会直接促使土壤中矿质元素溶解于田面水中而增加其中的矿质元素生物有效态含量。同时,土壤矿质元素生物有效态含量上升将扩大矿质元素在土壤溶液中和田面水中的浓度差,进而加速其向田面水中扩散,进一步增加田面水中矿质元素生物有效态含量。
4.大气CO2浓度升高可提高稻田土壤中DOC含量并降低了DN含量。DOC含量的增加主要源于根系分泌物和土壤有机质分解产物的增加。DN含量的减少则主要是由于CO2浓度升高加速了植株和土壤微生物的生长,增加了其需氮量,从而将土壤中更多的DN固定到植株和微生物的生物量中。同时,CO2浓度升高还提高了田面水DOC和DN含量,这主要是因为,土壤中DOC的增加加速了其向水土界面和田面水中的扩散,为其中的微生物提供了更多的碳源,从而提升了微生物的分解作用和生物固氮作用,最终增加了田面水中DOC和DN含量。
5.大气CO2浓度升高可提高稻田土壤和田面水中TOC和TN含量。土壤中碳氮含量的提高主要是由于CO2浓度升高通过显著促进植株的生长和稻田生态系统的生物固氮作用而增强了稻田生态系统固定碳氮的能力,长期以来,使土壤碳氮库增加。田面水中碳氮含量的提高主要是由于土壤向田面水及水土界面中提供了更多的碳源,促进了其中微生物的生长和生物固氮作用,最终提升了田面水中碳氮含量。
The atmospheric CO2 concentration has risen 100 ppm since industrial revolution due to the increased carbon source and decreased carbon sink, and it is projected to double during the second half of this century. The rapidly increased atmospheric CO2 will deeply impact the structure, function and process of the ecosystem. Although the effects of elevated CO2 on the ecosystem have intensely studied, the wetland responses to elevated CO2 are poorly understood. Paddy is the largest artificial wetland in the world. Besides the highly similarity with the natural wetlands, it also possesses relatively stable water and soil conditions, facilitating systematic sampling and investigation. Therefore, to study the mineral responses to elevated CO2 at the ecosystem scale in paddy will greatly help us learn the mineral changes in wetlands under future atmospheric CO2 concentration and improve the theoretical system of mineral biogeochemical cycles. So a paddy Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) system was set up in 2004 near Jiangdu city, Jiangsu province, China (32°35'5"N, 119°42'0"E,5 m a.s.l.). The system had two target CO2 concentrations, the ambient and the elevated (ambient+200 ppm), and two N fertilization levels,12.5 g m"2 and 25 gm-2. With the aid of this paddy FACE system, we investigated the mineral bioavailability in paddy at the ecosystem scale in 2007 and 2008. Our aims were to learn the impacts and relative mechanisms of elevated CO2 on the mineral bioavailability and thus understand the responses of mineral cycle in natural wetlands to elevated CO2.
The results of this study are presented as follows:
1. The atmospheric CO2 enrichment significantly increased the biomass of aboveground, stem and panicle at rice maturity. Under two N levels, elevated CO2 averagely increased the aboveground biomass, stem biomass and panicle biomass by 19.1%,21.9% and 24.0%, respectively (P<0.05). Under high N level, elevated CO2 averagely increased them by 18.7%,18.3% and 25.2%, respectively (P<0.05), and 1, elevated CO2 averagely increased them by 19.5%,25.8% and 22.7%, respectively, under high N level.
2. The atmospheric CO2 enrichment increased the concentrations of P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn in the plants at rice maturity. Under high N level, elevated CO2 increased the P and Ca concentrations in leaf by 52.4% and 19.9%, respectively (P<0.05), the Fe and Zn concentrations in stem by 59.5% and 61.0%, respectively (P<0.05), and the Ca and Mn concentrations in panicle by 48.3% and 47.1%, respectively (P<0.05).
3. The atmospheric CO2 enrichment increased the mineral accumulations in plants at rice maturity. Under high N levels, elevated CO2 increased the accumulations of P in leaf by 63.8% (P<0.05), the Mg、Mn、Zn in stem by 35.1%,24.9%,97.4%, respectively (P< 0.05), N, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn in panicle by 29.9%,19.9%,86.0%,28.5%,53.0%,84.9%, 38.3%, respectively (P< 0.05). Under high N levels, elevated CO2 increased the accumulations of Zn in stem by 86.8%, respectively (P< 0.05), P, Ca, Mg, Si, Fe, Mn, Zn in panicle by 31.1%,40.8%,29.4%,39.7%,138.9%,47.8%,35.1%, respectively (P< 0.05)。
4. The atmospheric CO2 enrichment increased the mineral bioavailable contents in 0-15 cm soil layer except for N. Averaged across two N levels and years, elevated CO2 increased the bioavailable contents of P, K, Ca, Mg, Si, Fe, Mn and Zn in the soil by 13.6%,9.4%, 11.8%,8.3%,14.0%,15.7%,12.8%and 196.8%, respectively. And in 2007, elevated CO2 increased them by 18.5%,15.3%,7.5%,8.9%,19.4%,12.9%,6.8% and 190.2%, respectively, across two N levels, and 8.7%,3.5%,16.2%,7.6%,8.7%,18.5%,18.7% and 203.4%, respectively, in 2008.
5. The atmospheric CO2 enrichment increased mineral bioavailable contents in the surface water. Averaged across two N levels and years, elevated CO2 increased the bioavailable contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Si and Fe in the surface water by 14.3%,40.7%, 30.3%,33.0%,22.8%29.7% and 26.3%, respectively. And in 2007, elevated CO2 increased them by 19.4%,43.3%,35.3%,36.5%,25.3%,33.6% and 20.8%, respectively, across two N levels, and 9.1%,38.2%,25.5%,29.6%,20.3%,25.8% and 31.8%, respectively, in 2008.
6. The atmospheric CO2 enrichment changed the relative properties of paddy soil. Averaged across N levels and sampling dates, elevated CO2 decreased the 0-15 cm soil pH by 3.3%. And the pH of 0-1 cm,1-5 cm and 5-15 cm soil layers decreased 5.1%,3.4%and 1.2%, respectively, under elevated CO2 averaged across two N levels and sampling dates. With the increased soil depth, the CO2-led deduction effect on soil pH decreased and the soil pH increased. Besides, elevated CO2 increased 0-15 cm soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) by 15.0% averaged across two N levels and sampling dates. And the CEC of 0-1 cm, 1-5 cm,5-15 cm soil layers increased 19.4%,19.3% and 16.5%, respectively, by elevated CO2 averaged across two N levels and sampling dates. With the increased soil depth, both the stimulatory effect on soil CEC led by CO2 and the soil CEC decreased. The five-year CO2 fumigation decreased the natural 15N abundance of 0-15 cm,15-30 cm and 30-50 cm by 19.3% (P< 0.05),11.7%(P< 0.05) and 7.0%, respectively, averaged across two N levels.
7. Along with the CO2-induced soil pH decrement, elevated CO2 also decreased the surface water pH. Averaged across two N levels and years, the surface water pH decreased 2.3%in the FACE plots than in the ambient. And it decreased 2.5% in 2007 and 2.2% in 2008. Additionally, elevated CO2 enhanced the microbial activities in the surface water by 12.9% averaged across two N levels and years. In 2007, the microbial activities increased 9.3% under elevated CO2 averaged across two N levels and sampling dates, and 16.4% in 2008. Along with the enhanced microbial activities, the microbial quantity in the surface water was also increased 25.4%(P< 0.05) by elevated CO2 averaged across two N levels and sampling dates in 2007.
8. Besisdes the positive effects on the DN content in the surface water, elevated CO2 also increased the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content in the surface water by 18.0% averaged across two N levels and years. In 2007, DOC contents in the surface water increased 28.8% by elevated CO2 averaged across two N levels and sampling dates, and 7.6% in 2008. Meanwhile, Elevated CO2 increased the DOC content in 0-15 cm soil layer by 26.3% averaged across two N levels and sampling dates in 2008. And in the soil layers of 0-1 cm,1-5 cm and 5-10 cm, DOC contents increased 30.7%,21.4% and 9.5% on average, respectively, by elevated CO2. Both with developed rice growth and increased soil depth, the DOC and DN contents in 0-15 cm soil layer all decreased. Besides, they were significantly higher in the surface soil than in the surface water (P<0.05).
9. The atmospheric CO2 enrichment increased the accumulations of C and N in the paddy. In 2008 averaged across two N levels and sampling dates, elevated CO2 increased the total organic carbon (TOC) and total organic nitrogen (TN) contents in the surface water by 7.6% and 9.9%, respectively. Under two N levels, after FACE system five years operation, elevated CO2 increased TOC and TN contents in the 0-50 cm soil layer by 12.5% and 15.5%(P< 0.05), respectively, and 22.7% and 26.0%(P< 0.05) in 15-30 cm soil layer, and 34.5% and 35.1% in 30-50 cm soil layer. Elevated CO2 also influenced the C/N in paddy ecosystem. Averaged across two N levels, elevated CO2 increased C/N (represented by biomass/N) of aboveground, leaf, stem and panicle by 9.5%,13.1%,16.5% and 5.6%, respectively, and decreased the C/N of the surface water by 6.7%, and also decreased the C/N in the soil layers of 0-15 cm,15-30 cm and 30-50 cm by 6.5%,10.1% and 4.4%, respectively, but increased the DOC/DN in 0-15 cm soil layer by 43.7%.
The conclusions are presented as follows:
1. The atmospheric CO2 enrichment can promote rice growth and thus increase the mineral uptake by rice. So, the biomass, and the mineral concentrations and accumulations in all plant parts can be increased by elevated CO2 at rice maturity. Therefore, elevated CO2 can accelerate the mineral migration from the soil to the plant.
2. The atmospheric CO2 enrichment can increase mineral bioavailable contents in soil, decrease soil pH and increase soil CEC. Through stimulating photosynthesis, elevated CO2 can significantly influence belowground biological processes and thus increase the acidic agents from roots, microorganisms and organic matter decomposition. The CO2-enhanced acidic agents in the soil can decrease soil pH and thus enhance mineral bioavailability through accelerating the mineral transformation from bio-inactive reservoirs to the bioactive ones.
3. The atmospheric CO2 enrichment can increase the mineral bioavailable contents in the surface water. On one hand, The CO2-induced pH decrements of soil and the surface water can directly promote soil mineral dissolving into the surface water to increase their bioavailable contents. On the other hand, the CO2-enhanced mineral bioavailable content in the soil will enlarge the mineral concentration difference between the soil solution and the surface water. So this will accelerate the mineral diffusion from the soil to the surface water, further increasing the mineral bioavailable contents in the surface water.
4. The atmospheric CO2 enrichment can increase DOC contents but decreased DN contents in the paddy soil. The CO2-enhanced root exudates and soil organic matter decomposition both contribute to the DOC increment. Through accelerating the growth of plant and microorganisms, elevated CO2 can increase N uptake by them. Therefore, more DN is assimilated into plant and microorgnism biomass and thus the DN content in the soil is decreased. At the same time, the CO2-led DOC increment in the soil can enlarge the difference of DOC concentration difference between the soil and the surface water. So, this will increase the DOC diffusion from the soil to the surface water to enhance the C source for microorganisms in the surface water. As a result, the microorganism-mediated biological processes (e.g. decomposition and biological N fixation) will increase. And finally, the DOC and DN content in the surface water increase.
5. The atmospheric CO2 enrichment can increase the contents of TOC and TN in the surface water and soil. The increments of TOC and TN in the soil are mainly attributed to the stimulatory effects of elevated CO2 on the plant growth and biological N fixation in paddy ecosystem, which will result in the increments of C and N accumulations in the paddy ecosystem in the long term. Due to elevated CO2 promote more C source to the surface water and the interface of soil and water from the soil, the microorganisms growth and activities are increased there, including the biological N fixation. As a result, the TOC and TN contents in the surface water are increased by elevated CO2.
主要研究结果如下：
1.大气CO2浓度升高显著提高了水稻成熟期地上部总生物量及其组分茎、穗的生物量(P<0.05)。两种氮肥水平下,CO2浓度升高使地上部总生物量、茎生物量、穗生物量分别比对照平均提高了19.1%、21.9%、24.0%(P<0.05)。
2.大气CO2浓度升高提高了水稻成熟期P、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn在植株体内的含量。其中,高氮水平下,CO2浓度升高使P和Ca在叶中的含量分别提高了52.4%和19.9%(P<0.05)；Fe和Zn在茎中提高了59.5%和61.0%(P<0.05)；Ca和Mn在穗中提高了48.3%和47.1%(P<0.05)。
3.大气CO2浓度升高提高了水稻成熟期其体内各主要矿质元素的累积量。其中,高氮水平下,CO2浓度升高使P在叶中累积量提高了63.8%(P<0.05)；Mg、Mn、Zn在茎中提高了35.1%、24.9%、97.4%(P<0.05)；N、P、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn在穗中提高了29.9%、19.9%、86.0%、28.5%、53.0%、84.9%、38.3%(P<0.05)。低氮水平下,CO2浓度升高使Zn在茎中的累积量提高了86.8%(P<0.05)；P、Ca、Mg、Si、Fe、Mn、Zn在穗中提高了31.1%、40.8%、29.4%、39.7%、138.9%、47.8%、35.1%(P<0.05)。
4.大气CO2浓度升高提高了稻田0-15 cm土层中除N外的主要矿质元素生物有效态含量。两种氮肥水平下,CO2浓度升高使土壤P、K、Ca、Mg、Si、Fe、Mn、Zn生物有效态含量两年平均分别比对照提高了13.6%、9.4%、11.8%、8.3%、14.0%、15.7%、12.8%、196.8%,其中,2007年分别提高了18.5%、15.3%、7.5%、8.9%、19.4%、12.9%、6.8%、190.2%；2008年分别提高了8.7%、3.5%、16.2%、7.6%、8.7%、18.5%、18.7%、203.4%。
5.大气CO2浓度升高提高了稻田田面水主要矿质元素生物有效态含量。两种氮肥水平下,CO2浓度升高使田面水中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Si、Fe生物有效态含量两年平均分别比对照提高了14.3%、40.7%、30.3%、33.0%、22.8%、29.7%、26.3%,其中,2007年分别提高了19.4%、43.3%、35.3%、36.5%、25.3%、33.6%、20.8%；2008年分别提高了9.1%、38.2%、25.5%、29.6%、20.3%、25.8%、31.8%。
6.大气CO2浓度升高改变了水稻土壤相关性状。两种氮肥水平下,CO2浓度升高降低了水稻各生育时期0-15cm土层pH值,使其比对照平均降低了3.3%,其中,使0-1 cm、1-5 cm、5-15 cm土层pH值分别比对照平均降低了5.1%、3.4%、1.2%。随土壤深度的增加,CO2浓度升高对土壤pH值的降低效应减小且土壤pH值逐渐升高。此外,不同氮肥水平下,CO2浓度升高提高了水稻各生育时期0-15 cm土层阳离子交换量,使其比对照平均提高了15.00%,其中,使0-1 cm、1-5 cm、5-15 cm土层阳离子交换量分别比对照平均提高了19.4%、19.3%、16.5%。同CO2浓度升高对土壤pH值效应类似,随土壤深度的增加,这种提高效应减小且土壤阳离子交换量逐渐减小。五年高浓度CO2处理还使不同氮肥水平下稻田0-15 cm、15-30 cm、30-50 cm土层的15N自然丰度比对照平均降低了19.3%(P<0.05)、11.7%(P<0.05)、7.0%。
7.在降低稻田土壤pH值的同时,CO2浓度升高还降低了田面水pH值,使其比对照两年平均降低了2.3%,其中,2007年平均降低了2.5%；2008年平均降低了2.2%。CO2浓度升高还提高了不同氮肥水平下田面水中的微生物活性。两种氮肥水平下,CO2浓度升高使田面水中的微生物活性两年平均比对照提高了12.9%,其中,2007年提高了9.3%；2008年提高了16.4%。同时,CO2浓度升高还提高了两种氮肥水平下田面水中的微生物数量,使其在2007年比对照平均增加了25.4%(P<0.05)。
8.除可提高田面水中可溶性氮(Dissolved Nitrogen, DN,即生物有效态氮)含量外,大气CO2浓度升高还提高了田面水中可溶性有机碳(Dissolved Organic Carbon,DOC)含量,使其在两种氮肥水平下两年平均比对照提高了18.0%,其中,2007年提高了28.8%,2008年提高了7.6%。同时,CO2浓度升高提高了不同氮肥水平下水稻各生育时期0-15 cm土层中DOC含量,使其在2008年比对照平均提高了18.5%。0-15 cm土层中DOC和DN含量均随水稻生育进程和土层深度的增加而降低。此外,DOC和DN在0-15 cm土层中的含量显著高于其在田面水中的含量(P<0.05)。
9.大气C02浓度升高提高了稻田碳氮库容量。2008年,两种氮肥水平下,CO2浓度升高使水稻各生育时期田面水中总有机碳(Total Organic Carbon, TOC)和总氮(Total Nitrogen, TN)含量分别比对照平均提高了7.6%和9.9%。两种氮肥水平下,在FACE系统运行5年后,CO2浓度升高使TOC和TN在0-15 cm土层中含量分别平均提高了12.5%和15.5%(P<0.05)；在15-30 cm土层中提高了22.7%和26.0%(P<0.05)；在30-50 cm土层中提高了34.5%和35.1%。CO2浓度升高还影响了稻田碳氮比,两种氮肥水平下,使水稻成熟期地上部、叶、茎、穗中碳氮比分别平均提高了9.5%、13.1%、16.5%、5.6%；使水稻各生育时期田面水中的碳氮比平均降低了6.7%；使0-15 cm、15-30 cm、30-50 cm土壤中的碳氮比平均降低了6.5%、10.1%、4.4%；但却使水稻各生育时期0-15 cm土层中DOC/DN平均提高了43.7%。
全文结论：
1.大气CO2浓度升高通过显著促进水稻生长,来促使其对矿质元素的吸收,从而提高其成熟期生物量及矿质元素含量和累积量,加速了矿质元素从土壤中向植物体中的迁移。
2.大气CO2浓度升高可提高主要矿质元素在稻田土壤中的生物有效态含量,同时降低土壤pH值,提高土壤阳离子交换量。CO2浓度升高通过提升植物光合作用,作用于根系-土壤生物学过程,显著增加由根系、微生物、有机质所产生的酸性物质,造成土壤酸化,从而降低土壤pH值,促进土壤中矿质元素从非生物有效态向生物有效态的转化,从而提高土壤中矿质元素生物有效态含量和土壤阳离子交换量。
3.大气CO2浓度升高可提高主要矿质元素在田面水中的生物有效态含量。CO2浓度升高导致的土壤和田面水pH值下降将会直接促使土壤中矿质元素溶解于田面水中而增加其中的矿质元素生物有效态含量。同时,土壤矿质元素生物有效态含量上升将扩大矿质元素在土壤溶液中和田面水中的浓度差,进而加速其向田面水中扩散,进一步增加田面水中矿质元素生物有效态含量。
4.大气CO2浓度升高可提高稻田土壤中DOC含量并降低了DN含量。DOC含量的增加主要源于根系分泌物和土壤有机质分解产物的增加。DN含量的减少则主要是由于CO2浓度升高加速了植株和土壤微生物的生长,增加了其需氮量,从而将土壤中更多的DN固定到植株和微生物的生物量中。同时,CO2浓度升高还提高了田面水DOC和DN含量,这主要是因为,土壤中DOC的增加加速了其向水土界面和田面水中的扩散,为其中的微生物提供了更多的碳源,从而提升了微生物的分解作用和生物固氮作用,最终增加了田面水中DOC和DN含量。
5.大气CO2浓度升高可提高稻田土壤和田面水中TOC和TN含量。土壤中碳氮含量的提高主要是由于CO2浓度升高通过显著促进植株的生长和稻田生态系统的生物固氮作用而增强了稻田生态系统固定碳氮的能力,长期以来,使土壤碳氮库增加。田面水中碳氮含量的提高主要是由于土壤向田面水及水土界面中提供了更多的碳源,促进了其中微生物的生长和生物固氮作用,最终提升了田面水中碳氮含量。
The atmospheric CO2 concentration has risen 100 ppm since industrial revolution due to the increased carbon source and decreased carbon sink, and it is projected to double during the second half of this century. The rapidly increased atmospheric CO2 will deeply impact the structure, function and process of the ecosystem. Although the effects of elevated CO2 on the ecosystem have intensely studied, the wetland responses to elevated CO2 are poorly understood. Paddy is the largest artificial wetland in the world. Besides the highly similarity with the natural wetlands, it also possesses relatively stable water and soil conditions, facilitating systematic sampling and investigation. Therefore, to study the mineral responses to elevated CO2 at the ecosystem scale in paddy will greatly help us learn the mineral changes in wetlands under future atmospheric CO2 concentration and improve the theoretical system of mineral biogeochemical cycles. So a paddy Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) system was set up in 2004 near Jiangdu city, Jiangsu province, China (32°35'5"N, 119°42'0"E,5 m a.s.l.). The system had two target CO2 concentrations, the ambient and the elevated (ambient+200 ppm), and two N fertilization levels,12.5 g m"2 and 25 gm-2. With the aid of this paddy FACE system, we investigated the mineral bioavailability in paddy at the ecosystem scale in 2007 and 2008. Our aims were to learn the impacts and relative mechanisms of elevated CO2 on the mineral bioavailability and thus understand the responses of mineral cycle in natural wetlands to elevated CO2.
The results of this study are presented as follows:
1. The atmospheric CO2 enrichment significantly increased the biomass of aboveground, stem and panicle at rice maturity. Under two N levels, elevated CO2 averagely increased the aboveground biomass, stem biomass and panicle biomass by 19.1%,21.9% and 24.0%, respectively (P<0.05). Under high N level, elevated CO2 averagely increased them by 18.7%,18.3% and 25.2%, respectively (P<0.05), and 1, elevated CO2 averagely increased them by 19.5%,25.8% and 22.7%, respectively, under high N level.
2. The atmospheric CO2 enrichment increased the concentrations of P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn in the plants at rice maturity. Under high N level, elevated CO2 increased the P and Ca concentrations in leaf by 52.4% and 19.9%, respectively (P<0.05), the Fe and Zn concentrations in stem by 59.5% and 61.0%, respectively (P<0.05), and the Ca and Mn concentrations in panicle by 48.3% and 47.1%, respectively (P<0.05).
3. The atmospheric CO2 enrichment increased the mineral accumulations in plants at rice maturity. Under high N levels, elevated CO2 increased the accumulations of P in leaf by 63.8% (P<0.05), the Mg、Mn、Zn in stem by 35.1%,24.9%,97.4%, respectively (P< 0.05), N, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn in panicle by 29.9%,19.9%,86.0%,28.5%,53.0%,84.9%, 38.3%, respectively (P< 0.05). Under high N levels, elevated CO2 increased the accumulations of Zn in stem by 86.8%, respectively (P< 0.05), P, Ca, Mg, Si, Fe, Mn, Zn in panicle by 31.1%,40.8%,29.4%,39.7%,138.9%,47.8%,35.1%, respectively (P< 0.05)。
4. The atmospheric CO2 enrichment increased the mineral bioavailable contents in 0-15 cm soil layer except for N. Averaged across two N levels and years, elevated CO2 increased the bioavailable contents of P, K, Ca, Mg, Si, Fe, Mn and Zn in the soil by 13.6%,9.4%, 11.8%,8.3%,14.0%,15.7%,12.8%and 196.8%, respectively. And in 2007, elevated CO2 increased them by 18.5%,15.3%,7.5%,8.9%,19.4%,12.9%,6.8% and 190.2%, respectively, across two N levels, and 8.7%,3.5%,16.2%,7.6%,8.7%,18.5%,18.7% and 203.4%, respectively, in 2008.
5. The atmospheric CO2 enrichment increased mineral bioavailable contents in the surface water. Averaged across two N levels and years, elevated CO2 increased the bioavailable contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Si and Fe in the surface water by 14.3%,40.7%, 30.3%,33.0%,22.8%29.7% and 26.3%, respectively. And in 2007, elevated CO2 increased them by 19.4%,43.3%,35.3%,36.5%,25.3%,33.6% and 20.8%, respectively, across two N levels, and 9.1%,38.2%,25.5%,29.6%,20.3%,25.8% and 31.8%, respectively, in 2008.
6. The atmospheric CO2 enrichment changed the relative properties of paddy soil. Averaged across N levels and sampling dates, elevated CO2 decreased the 0-15 cm soil pH by 3.3%. And the pH of 0-1 cm,1-5 cm and 5-15 cm soil layers decreased 5.1%,3.4%and 1.2%, respectively, under elevated CO2 averaged across two N levels and sampling dates. With the increased soil depth, the CO2-led deduction effect on soil pH decreased and the soil pH increased. Besides, elevated CO2 increased 0-15 cm soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) by 15.0% averaged across two N levels and sampling dates. And the CEC of 0-1 cm, 1-5 cm,5-15 cm soil layers increased 19.4%,19.3% and 16.5%, respectively, by elevated CO2 averaged across two N levels and sampling dates. With the increased soil depth, both the stimulatory effect on soil CEC led by CO2 and the soil CEC decreased. The five-year CO2 fumigation decreased the natural 15N abundance of 0-15 cm,15-30 cm and 30-50 cm by 19.3% (P< 0.05),11.7%(P< 0.05) and 7.0%, respectively, averaged across two N levels.
7. Along with the CO2-induced soil pH decrement, elevated CO2 also decreased the surface water pH. Averaged across two N levels and years, the surface water pH decreased 2.3%in the FACE plots than in the ambient. And it decreased 2.5% in 2007 and 2.2% in 2008. Additionally, elevated CO2 enhanced the microbial activities in the surface water by 12.9% averaged across two N levels and years. In 2007, the microbial activities increased 9.3% under elevated CO2 averaged across two N levels and sampling dates, and 16.4% in 2008. Along with the enhanced microbial activities, the microbial quantity in the surface water was also increased 25.4%(P< 0.05) by elevated CO2 averaged across two N levels and sampling dates in 2007.
8. Besisdes the positive effects on the DN content in the surface water, elevated CO2 also increased the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content in the surface water by 18.0% averaged across two N levels and years. In 2007, DOC contents in the surface water increased 28.8% by elevated CO2 averaged across two N levels and sampling dates, and 7.6% in 2008. Meanwhile, Elevated CO2 increased the DOC content in 0-15 cm soil layer by 26.3% averaged across two N levels and sampling dates in 2008. And in the soil layers of 0-1 cm,1-5 cm and 5-10 cm, DOC contents increased 30.7%,21.4% and 9.5% on average, respectively, by elevated CO2. Both with developed rice growth and increased soil depth, the DOC and DN contents in 0-15 cm soil layer all decreased. Besides, they were significantly higher in the surface soil than in the surface water (P<0.05).
9. The atmospheric CO2 enrichment increased the accumulations of C and N in the paddy. In 2008 averaged across two N levels and sampling dates, elevated CO2 increased the total organic carbon (TOC) and total organic nitrogen (TN) contents in the surface water by 7.6% and 9.9%, respectively. Under two N levels, after FACE system five years operation, elevated CO2 increased TOC and TN contents in the 0-50 cm soil layer by 12.5% and 15.5%(P< 0.05), respectively, and 22.7% and 26.0%(P< 0.05) in 15-30 cm soil layer, and 34.5% and 35.1% in 30-50 cm soil layer. Elevated CO2 also influenced the C/N in paddy ecosystem. Averaged across two N levels, elevated CO2 increased C/N (represented by biomass/N) of aboveground, leaf, stem and panicle by 9.5%,13.1%,16.5% and 5.6%, respectively, and decreased the C/N of the surface water by 6.7%, and also decreased the C/N in the soil layers of 0-15 cm,15-30 cm and 30-50 cm by 6.5%,10.1% and 4.4%, respectively, but increased the DOC/DN in 0-15 cm soil layer by 43.7%.
The conclusions are presented as follows:
1. The atmospheric CO2 enrichment can promote rice growth and thus increase the mineral uptake by rice. So, the biomass, and the mineral concentrations and accumulations in all plant parts can be increased by elevated CO2 at rice maturity. Therefore, elevated CO2 can accelerate the mineral migration from the soil to the plant.
2. The atmospheric CO2 enrichment can increase mineral bioavailable contents in soil, decrease soil pH and increase soil CEC. Through stimulating photosynthesis, elevated CO2 can significantly influence belowground biological processes and thus increase the acidic agents from roots, microorganisms and organic matter decomposition. The CO2-enhanced acidic agents in the soil can decrease soil pH and thus enhance mineral bioavailability through accelerating the mineral transformation from bio-inactive reservoirs to the bioactive ones.
3. The atmospheric CO2 enrichment can increase the mineral bioavailable contents in the surface water. On one hand, The CO2-induced pH decrements of soil and the surface water can directly promote soil mineral dissolving into the surface water to increase their bioavailable contents. On the other hand, the CO2-enhanced mineral bioavailable content in the soil will enlarge the mineral concentration difference between the soil solution and the surface water. So this will accelerate the mineral diffusion from the soil to the surface water, further increasing the mineral bioavailable contents in the surface water.
4. The atmospheric CO2 enrichment can increase DOC contents but decreased DN contents in the paddy soil. The CO2-enhanced root exudates and soil organic matter decomposition both contribute to the DOC increment. Through accelerating the growth of plant and microorganisms, elevated CO2 can increase N uptake by them. Therefore, more DN is assimilated into plant and microorgnism biomass and thus the DN content in the soil is decreased. At the same time, the CO2-led DOC increment in the soil can enlarge the difference of DOC concentration difference between the soil and the surface water. So, this will increase the DOC diffusion from the soil to the surface water to enhance the C source for microorganisms in the surface water. As a result, the microorganism-mediated biological processes (e.g. decomposition and biological N fixation) will increase. And finally, the DOC and DN content in the surface water increase.
5. The atmospheric CO2 enrichment can increase the contents of TOC and TN in the surface water and soil. The increments of TOC and TN in the soil are mainly attributed to the stimulatory effects of elevated CO2 on the plant growth and biological N fixation in paddy ecosystem, which will result in the increments of C and N accumulations in the paddy ecosystem in the long term. Due to elevated CO2 promote more C source to the surface water and the interface of soil and water from the soil, the microorganisms growth and activities are increased there, including the biological N fixation. As a result, the TOC and TN contents in the surface water are increased by elevated CO2.
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