在用球罐的缺陷统计和分析
|
摘要
随着石油化工行业的发展,作为大型储存容器的球罐得到大规模的使用。由于球罐缺陷的存在,对球罐的安全使用埋下了隐患,对企业的正常生产形成了巨大威胁,而对球罐的缺陷进行统计、归类和分析,就可以总结出缺陷的类型、危害以及易发生部位,对球罐的制造、使用、检验和维护等带来方便。
对于球罐的缺陷统计,本文以宁波市特种设备检验研究院检验20台球罐时所发现的缺陷为样本,以列表统计、数学分析、归纳总结等方法,发现了球罐缺陷的类型、发生部位以及危害程度的一些规律,并通过理论分析、数据计算、有限元分析等方法对缺陷规律进行简单的分析。统计与分析结果表明:(1)在用球罐缺陷主要以裂纹为主,且以柱腿角焊缝裂纹、内表面裂纹和环缝裂纹为主,外表面裂纹、纵缝裂纹、极板拼缝裂纹和接管角焊缝裂纹只占很少一部分;(2)在内表面裂纹中,有应力腐蚀倾向的球罐裂纹较多,有应力腐蚀倾向球罐的裂纹平均数是无应力腐蚀倾向球罐的裂纹平均数2.4倍;(3)柱腿角焊缝裂纹、内表面裂纹和环缝裂纹以及接管角焊缝的返修率都比较高,外表面裂纹、纵缝裂纹和极板拼缝裂纹的返修率都比较低,有应力腐蚀倾向球罐的裂纹的返修率比无应力腐蚀倾向球罐的裂纹的返修率高;(4)焊接线能量低、拘束度大以及组装残余应力大是球罐环缝裂纹数量多返修率高的主要原因,应力腐蚀是导致球罐内表面裂纹数量多返修率高的主要原因,焊接质量差以及应力集中是柱腿角焊缝裂纹数量多返修率高的主要原因。
The sphere tank has been widely used as one large-scale storage tank with the development of petroleum chemical industry. The risk for the safe usage of sphere tank and threats the routine production of enterprise, because of the existence of defects in the tank. To find some laws about the types, the dangers and the parts easy to occur, it is necessary to process the statistics, classification and analysis scientifically for such defects. which may be benefit to the manufacture, the usage, the inspection and the maintenance of the sphere tank.
The present shows some laws about defect types, the corresponding location and the potential hazards of in-service sphere tanks by statistical method, mathematic analysis, summary and conclusion based on the sample of twenty tanks inspected by Ningbo Special Equipment Inspection Institute. And analysis of the simple rule of defects by the method of theoretical analysis, data calculation and finite element analysis, etc. It can be summed up as follows:(1)The cracks are the main defects for in-service sphere tanks,mostly occurred near the fillet welds of support leg, inner surface of the tank and girth welds, another area is unusual;(2)At Inner surface cracks ,including spherical crack of stress corrosion with the tendency, which is 2.4 times to those without the stress corrosion tendency;(3)The back repair rate is high for the fillet weld cracks of the leg, the inner surface cracks and the girth cracks as well as the nozzle fillet welds. And comparatively low for outer surface cracks, longitudinal seam cracks and butt welds of polar plate. Also the tanks with SC is higher than the tanks without SC. (4)The low heat input in welding, large intensity of restraint and assemblage induced residual stress are the main factors leading to more cracks and high back-repair rate. Stress corrosion induced cracking (SSIC) dominates the service condition of inner surface. Poor welding quality and stress concentration are two important factors controlling the crack amount and back-repair rate of the leg fillet welds.
对于球罐的缺陷统计,本文以宁波市特种设备检验研究院检验20台球罐时所发现的缺陷为样本,以列表统计、数学分析、归纳总结等方法,发现了球罐缺陷的类型、发生部位以及危害程度的一些规律,并通过理论分析、数据计算、有限元分析等方法对缺陷规律进行简单的分析。统计与分析结果表明:(1)在用球罐缺陷主要以裂纹为主,且以柱腿角焊缝裂纹、内表面裂纹和环缝裂纹为主,外表面裂纹、纵缝裂纹、极板拼缝裂纹和接管角焊缝裂纹只占很少一部分;(2)在内表面裂纹中,有应力腐蚀倾向的球罐裂纹较多,有应力腐蚀倾向球罐的裂纹平均数是无应力腐蚀倾向球罐的裂纹平均数2.4倍;(3)柱腿角焊缝裂纹、内表面裂纹和环缝裂纹以及接管角焊缝的返修率都比较高,外表面裂纹、纵缝裂纹和极板拼缝裂纹的返修率都比较低,有应力腐蚀倾向球罐的裂纹的返修率比无应力腐蚀倾向球罐的裂纹的返修率高;(4)焊接线能量低、拘束度大以及组装残余应力大是球罐环缝裂纹数量多返修率高的主要原因,应力腐蚀是导致球罐内表面裂纹数量多返修率高的主要原因,焊接质量差以及应力集中是柱腿角焊缝裂纹数量多返修率高的主要原因。
The sphere tank has been widely used as one large-scale storage tank with the development of petroleum chemical industry. The risk for the safe usage of sphere tank and threats the routine production of enterprise, because of the existence of defects in the tank. To find some laws about the types, the dangers and the parts easy to occur, it is necessary to process the statistics, classification and analysis scientifically for such defects. which may be benefit to the manufacture, the usage, the inspection and the maintenance of the sphere tank.
The present shows some laws about defect types, the corresponding location and the potential hazards of in-service sphere tanks by statistical method, mathematic analysis, summary and conclusion based on the sample of twenty tanks inspected by Ningbo Special Equipment Inspection Institute. And analysis of the simple rule of defects by the method of theoretical analysis, data calculation and finite element analysis, etc. It can be summed up as follows:(1)The cracks are the main defects for in-service sphere tanks,mostly occurred near the fillet welds of support leg, inner surface of the tank and girth welds, another area is unusual;(2)At Inner surface cracks ,including spherical crack of stress corrosion with the tendency, which is 2.4 times to those without the stress corrosion tendency;(3)The back repair rate is high for the fillet weld cracks of the leg, the inner surface cracks and the girth cracks as well as the nozzle fillet welds. And comparatively low for outer surface cracks, longitudinal seam cracks and butt welds of polar plate. Also the tanks with SC is higher than the tanks without SC. (4)The low heat input in welding, large intensity of restraint and assemblage induced residual stress are the main factors leading to more cracks and high back-repair rate. Stress corrosion induced cracking (SSIC) dominates the service condition of inner surface. Poor welding quality and stress concentration are two important factors controlling the crack amount and back-repair rate of the leg fillet welds.
引文
[1] GB12337-1998,钢制球形储罐[S].
[2]王宽福.球罐的安全评定和缺陷的断裂力学分析[J].石油工程建设,1991,4:56-59.
[3]刘巍.对在役球罐的全面检验及其有关问题的处理[J].化工建设工程,2001,23(2):28-32.
[4]杨林娟,沈士明.压力管道"先漏后破"评定的准则研究[J].核动力工程,2009,(4):4-8.
[5]阮刚锋,汪伟,高克辉.钢制球形储罐缺陷的修复[J].石油工程建设,2006,31(6):234-370.
[6] GB50094-98,球形储罐施工及验收规范[S].
[7] JB/T4730,承压设备无损检测[S].
[8] TSG R7001-2004,压力容器定期检验规则[S].
[9]赵国.球形容器裂纹问题[J].工业安全与防尘,1996(6):1-3.
[10]谭凤科,花卉,刘兴纯等.球罐焊接缺陷的评定及处理[J].金属加工,2008(20):28-30.
[11]张书奎,罗植廷.球罐开裂原因及预防措施[J].低温与特气,1995(2):61-64.
[12]王晓雷.承压类特种设备无损检测相关知识[M].中国劳动社会保障出版社,2007.
[13]张天鹏.压力容器检验[M].中国锅炉压力容器检验协会,2003.
[14]尹立辉.焊接缺陷的产生原因及防止对策[J].金属加工,2008,(16):62-65.
[15]夏兰亭,李志刚.球罐环焊缝裂纹产生的原因及防止浅析[J].安装,1988,(5):8-9.
[16]张悦,杨义群.阻止乙烯球罐焊缝返修后延迟裂纹产生的方法[J].化工设备技术,2003,24(1):33-35.
[17]林敏.压力球罐罐体裂纹形成及缺陷处理[J].压力容器,1990,7(6):53-56.
[18]马庆生,钟恩东,张连友等. 5000m3天然气球罐的设计[J].设计与结构,2001,18(5):24-26.
[19]卢峰,赵石军.大型球罐有限元应力分析设计技术[J].设计与计算,2010,2:17-20.
[20]赵新凯,蔺永诚.大型球罐的参数化设计及有限元应力分析[J].石油化工设备技术,2006,27(4):24-26.
[21]冯晓九,宋天舒,梁立孚等.带支柱与凸缘开孔球罐最大应力[J].应用科技,2004, 31(10):61-63.
[22]杨国义,梅林涛,寿比南.10000m3丁烷球罐应力分析与评定[J].压力容器,2003, 20(11):21-24.
[23]王永卫,范万春,尹侠.球罐支柱与球壳连接处强度的有限元分析[J].石油化工设备,2007, 26(6):69-72.
[24]赵石军.球罐支柱与球壳连接处局部应力分析[J].压力容器,2000,17(5):34-36.
[25]张天鹏.《压力容器检验》[M].中国锅炉压力容器检验协会,2003年.
[26]王宽福.球罐的安全评定和缺陷的断裂力学分析[J].石油工程建设,1991,4:55-59.
[27]刘金平.高强钢焊接裂纹检测及其成因分析[J].无损检测,2006,28(10):529-532.
[28]陈新明.球罐焊接冷裂纹的预防[J].油气田地面工程,2006,25(4),40-42.
[29]张悦,杨义群.阻止乙烯球罐焊缝返修后延迟裂纹产生的方法[J].化工设备技术,2003, 24(1):33-35.
[30]刘振干,周红普,胡彬彬.在用球罐的裂纹分析及修复[J].石油工程建设,2009,35(1):60-61.
[31]张勇,王家辉,李巧玲等.液化气球罐的焊接延迟裂纹成因分析研究[J].压力容器,1994, 11(3):26-32.
[32]张书奎,罗植廷.球罐开裂原因及预防措施[J].低温与特气,1995,2:61-64
[33]林敏.压力球罐罐体裂纹形成及缺陷处理[J].压力容器,1990,7(6):53-56.
[34] ASME boiler and Pressure VesselCode.Rules for construction of pressure vessels [S].SectionⅧ.Division UW一40,American Society of Mechanical Engineers,New York,2001.
[35]刘超锋,刘亚莉,许培援等.国内球罐焊后热处理技术[J].压力容器,2006,23(9):38-43.
[36]张雪冰,段绍明.内部燃油法热处理工艺在球罐制造中的应用[J].石油工程建设,2005,31(3):54-55.
[37]张大祥等.2000-5000 m3球罐的多喷嘴燃油热处理方法[P].中国专利:CN1080662A, 1994.
[38]傅家仁.大型球罐整体热处理方法[P].中国专利:CN1178249A,1998-04-08.
[39]傅家仁.大型球罐整体热处理装置[P].中国专利:CN1178248A,1998-04-08.
[40]傅家仁.大型球罐整体热处理装置[P].中国专利:CN2304663B,1999-01-20.
[41]李万宝等.一种球罐热处理自动控制装置[P].中国专利:CN2658161B,2004-11-24.
[42]赵德山,王春林.热处理对07MnCrMoVR钢球罐再热裂纹的影响[J].石油化工建设.2007,29(5):39-45.
[43]李前,王永和,查克勇等.CF-62钢球罐再次组焊的再热裂纹敏感性[J].机械工程材料,2008,32(4):14-15.
[44]董大文.07MnCrMoVR钢制2000 m3再热裂纹分析及其修复工艺技术[J].化工设备与管道,2003,40(6):44-47.
[45] Chen Xuedong.Cracking failure of pressure vessel made of chinese CF-62 steel[J].Journal of China Pressure Vessel Technology,2003(1):20-24.
[46]王泽军,卢惠屏,荆洪阳.加热面积对球罐局部热处理应力消除效果的影响[J].焊接学报, 2008,29(3):125-128.
[47]易涛,张青,王强等.硫化氢应力腐蚀与硬度控制[J].新疆石油学院学报,2002,14(2):77-90.
[48]孙宇鹏.球罐应力腐蚀开裂分析及防止对策[J].科技咨询导报,2007,(28):109.
[49]孙宇鹏.球罐应力腐蚀开裂分析及防止对策[J].科技咨询导报,2007,(28):109.
[50]孔凡玉,巩建鸣,王勤生.液化气球罐应力腐蚀开裂试验研究. [J].中国安全科学学报,2006,16(12):103-108.
[51]王正则.炼油设备中的湿硫化氢腐蚀(1)[J].炼油设计,1994,24(6).
[52]柯伟,陈进伟.炼油工业中腐蚀研究的进展[J].石油化工腐蚀与防护,1997,14(2).
[53] L.W.Tsay,W.C.Lee,W.C.Luu,et a1.Efect ofHydrogen Environment on the Notched Tensile Properties of T-250 Maraging Steel Annealed by Laser Treatment[J].Corrossion Science,2002,44: 1311-1327 .
[54] T.L.Prakash,A.U.Maklik.Studies on the Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Some Alloys Used in Desalination[J].Desalination,1999,123(2—3):215-221
[55] Wilde B E,Kim C D,Phelps E H.Some Observations on the Role of Inclusions in the Hydrogen Induced Blister Cracking of Linepipe Steels in Sulfide Environment[J].Corrosion (Houston),1980,36(11):625-632.
[56] Pumphrey P H.Efect of Sulphide Inclusions on Hydrogen Difusion in SteeLs[J].Metal Science,1982,16(1):4l-47.
[57] M.Garet,A.M.Brass.Hydrogen Trapping on Nonmetallic Inclusion in Cr-Mo Low Alloy Steels[J].Corrosion Science,1998,40(7):1073-1086.
[58] J Domizzi.G,Antefi.G,Ovejero—Garicia.J.Influence of Sulphur Content and Inclusion Distribution on the Hydrogen Induced Blister Cracking in Pressure and Pipeline Steels[J].Corrosion Science,2001,43(2):325-339.
[59] Cantwell J E.LPGStorageVesselCracking Experience[J].Mater Perfor,1988,(10):79-82.
[60]唐建群,张礼敬,张显程等.LPG球罐应力腐蚀分析[J].南京工业大学学报,2003,25(1): 84-88.
[61]白金亮,王春燕,周建军等.LPG球罐腐蚀开裂失效分析[J].腐蚀与防护,2001,22(3):15-17.
[62]练学余,田庆存.湿硫化氢环境下的球罐腐蚀状况分析[J].石油化工设备技术,2002,23(3): 48-52.
[63] TSG R0004-2009固定式压力容器安全技术监察规程[S].
[64]单志军,付文,杨欣军等.在役球罐焊缝微裂纹检测方法探讨[J].无损检测,2000(5):43-45.
[65]孙振强.对球罐定期检验的探讨[J].石油化工安全技术,2005,21(6):37-38.
[66]姜德林,叶虎.球罐定期检验探究[J].民营科技,2009(6).
[67] Doubov A A.Means of metal magnetic memory[C].Proc of CHSNDT 7th Conference on NDT and International Research Symposium.Shantou,1999:181—187.
[68] Doubov A A.Diagnostics of equipment and construction strength with usage of magnetic memory[J].Inspection Diagnostics,2001,(6):19-29.
[69]胡智,汤新文,刘伟成等.氧气球罐缺陷的声发射和磁记忆在线综合检测[J].失效分析与预防,2009,4(2):87-91.
[70] Du Yuan-long, Li Ming and Zou Chun-xian, Proceedings of International Workshop on Marine Electrochemistry, Tuticorin, India, 1987 2.
[71]压力容器实用技术丛书编委会.压力容器制造和修理[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[72]丁中清,史建明,张德喜.球罐裂纹原因分析及修复[J].石油化工建设,2007,29(5):36-38.
[73]曹庆海,球罐焊接裂纹的产生机理与预防措施. [J].今日科苑,2009,4:70-71
[74]陈奇.球罐焊接过程中裂纹的控制[J].中国锅炉压力容器安全,1999,16(2):14-17.
[75]赵石军.球罐支柱与球壳连接处局部应力分析. [J].设计与结构,2000,17(5):34-36.
[76]冯晓九,宋天舒,梁立孚等.带支柱与凸缘开孔球罐最大应力. [J].应用科技,2004,31(10): 61-63.
[77]卢峰,赵石军.大型球罐有限元应力分析设计技术. [J].设计与计算,2010,(2):17-18.
[78]王永卫,范万春,尹侠.球罐支柱与球壳连接处强度的有限元分析. [J].石油化工设备,2007,36(6):69-72.
[79]杨国义,梅林涛,寿比南.10000M3丁烷球罐应力分析与评定. [J].设计计算,2003,20(11): 21-24.
[80]常秀芹,盛选禹,亢方亮.3000M3丙烷球罐有限元分析. [J].石油工程建设,2008,34(4): 21-24.
[81]卫景义,单洪祥.400M3球罐支柱与球壳连接处角焊缝裂纹产生原因及处理办法. [J].化工施工技术,1998,20(3):28-30.
[82]谢伟.球罐支柱基础沉降差对稳定性的影响. [J].设计与结构,2001,18(3):45-47.
[83]宋鹏.大型液化气球形储罐有限元分析设计.[D].大连:大连理工大学,2009.
[2]王宽福.球罐的安全评定和缺陷的断裂力学分析[J].石油工程建设,1991,4:56-59.
[3]刘巍.对在役球罐的全面检验及其有关问题的处理[J].化工建设工程,2001,23(2):28-32.
[4]杨林娟,沈士明.压力管道"先漏后破"评定的准则研究[J].核动力工程,2009,(4):4-8.
[5]阮刚锋,汪伟,高克辉.钢制球形储罐缺陷的修复[J].石油工程建设,2006,31(6):234-370.
[6] GB50094-98,球形储罐施工及验收规范[S].
[7] JB/T4730,承压设备无损检测[S].
[8] TSG R7001-2004,压力容器定期检验规则[S].
[9]赵国.球形容器裂纹问题[J].工业安全与防尘,1996(6):1-3.
[10]谭凤科,花卉,刘兴纯等.球罐焊接缺陷的评定及处理[J].金属加工,2008(20):28-30.
[11]张书奎,罗植廷.球罐开裂原因及预防措施[J].低温与特气,1995(2):61-64.
[12]王晓雷.承压类特种设备无损检测相关知识[M].中国劳动社会保障出版社,2007.
[13]张天鹏.压力容器检验[M].中国锅炉压力容器检验协会,2003.
[14]尹立辉.焊接缺陷的产生原因及防止对策[J].金属加工,2008,(16):62-65.
[15]夏兰亭,李志刚.球罐环焊缝裂纹产生的原因及防止浅析[J].安装,1988,(5):8-9.
[16]张悦,杨义群.阻止乙烯球罐焊缝返修后延迟裂纹产生的方法[J].化工设备技术,2003,24(1):33-35.
[17]林敏.压力球罐罐体裂纹形成及缺陷处理[J].压力容器,1990,7(6):53-56.
[18]马庆生,钟恩东,张连友等. 5000m3天然气球罐的设计[J].设计与结构,2001,18(5):24-26.
[19]卢峰,赵石军.大型球罐有限元应力分析设计技术[J].设计与计算,2010,2:17-20.
[20]赵新凯,蔺永诚.大型球罐的参数化设计及有限元应力分析[J].石油化工设备技术,2006,27(4):24-26.
[21]冯晓九,宋天舒,梁立孚等.带支柱与凸缘开孔球罐最大应力[J].应用科技,2004, 31(10):61-63.
[22]杨国义,梅林涛,寿比南.10000m3丁烷球罐应力分析与评定[J].压力容器,2003, 20(11):21-24.
[23]王永卫,范万春,尹侠.球罐支柱与球壳连接处强度的有限元分析[J].石油化工设备,2007, 26(6):69-72.
[24]赵石军.球罐支柱与球壳连接处局部应力分析[J].压力容器,2000,17(5):34-36.
[25]张天鹏.《压力容器检验》[M].中国锅炉压力容器检验协会,2003年.
[26]王宽福.球罐的安全评定和缺陷的断裂力学分析[J].石油工程建设,1991,4:55-59.
[27]刘金平.高强钢焊接裂纹检测及其成因分析[J].无损检测,2006,28(10):529-532.
[28]陈新明.球罐焊接冷裂纹的预防[J].油气田地面工程,2006,25(4),40-42.
[29]张悦,杨义群.阻止乙烯球罐焊缝返修后延迟裂纹产生的方法[J].化工设备技术,2003, 24(1):33-35.
[30]刘振干,周红普,胡彬彬.在用球罐的裂纹分析及修复[J].石油工程建设,2009,35(1):60-61.
[31]张勇,王家辉,李巧玲等.液化气球罐的焊接延迟裂纹成因分析研究[J].压力容器,1994, 11(3):26-32.
[32]张书奎,罗植廷.球罐开裂原因及预防措施[J].低温与特气,1995,2:61-64
[33]林敏.压力球罐罐体裂纹形成及缺陷处理[J].压力容器,1990,7(6):53-56.
[34] ASME boiler and Pressure VesselCode.Rules for construction of pressure vessels [S].SectionⅧ.Division UW一40,American Society of Mechanical Engineers,New York,2001.
[35]刘超锋,刘亚莉,许培援等.国内球罐焊后热处理技术[J].压力容器,2006,23(9):38-43.
[36]张雪冰,段绍明.内部燃油法热处理工艺在球罐制造中的应用[J].石油工程建设,2005,31(3):54-55.
[37]张大祥等.2000-5000 m3球罐的多喷嘴燃油热处理方法[P].中国专利:CN1080662A, 1994.
[38]傅家仁.大型球罐整体热处理方法[P].中国专利:CN1178249A,1998-04-08.
[39]傅家仁.大型球罐整体热处理装置[P].中国专利:CN1178248A,1998-04-08.
[40]傅家仁.大型球罐整体热处理装置[P].中国专利:CN2304663B,1999-01-20.
[41]李万宝等.一种球罐热处理自动控制装置[P].中国专利:CN2658161B,2004-11-24.
[42]赵德山,王春林.热处理对07MnCrMoVR钢球罐再热裂纹的影响[J].石油化工建设.2007,29(5):39-45.
[43]李前,王永和,查克勇等.CF-62钢球罐再次组焊的再热裂纹敏感性[J].机械工程材料,2008,32(4):14-15.
[44]董大文.07MnCrMoVR钢制2000 m3再热裂纹分析及其修复工艺技术[J].化工设备与管道,2003,40(6):44-47.
[45] Chen Xuedong.Cracking failure of pressure vessel made of chinese CF-62 steel[J].Journal of China Pressure Vessel Technology,2003(1):20-24.
[46]王泽军,卢惠屏,荆洪阳.加热面积对球罐局部热处理应力消除效果的影响[J].焊接学报, 2008,29(3):125-128.
[47]易涛,张青,王强等.硫化氢应力腐蚀与硬度控制[J].新疆石油学院学报,2002,14(2):77-90.
[48]孙宇鹏.球罐应力腐蚀开裂分析及防止对策[J].科技咨询导报,2007,(28):109.
[49]孙宇鹏.球罐应力腐蚀开裂分析及防止对策[J].科技咨询导报,2007,(28):109.
[50]孔凡玉,巩建鸣,王勤生.液化气球罐应力腐蚀开裂试验研究. [J].中国安全科学学报,2006,16(12):103-108.
[51]王正则.炼油设备中的湿硫化氢腐蚀(1)[J].炼油设计,1994,24(6).
[52]柯伟,陈进伟.炼油工业中腐蚀研究的进展[J].石油化工腐蚀与防护,1997,14(2).
[53] L.W.Tsay,W.C.Lee,W.C.Luu,et a1.Efect ofHydrogen Environment on the Notched Tensile Properties of T-250 Maraging Steel Annealed by Laser Treatment[J].Corrossion Science,2002,44: 1311-1327 .
[54] T.L.Prakash,A.U.Maklik.Studies on the Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Some Alloys Used in Desalination[J].Desalination,1999,123(2—3):215-221
[55] Wilde B E,Kim C D,Phelps E H.Some Observations on the Role of Inclusions in the Hydrogen Induced Blister Cracking of Linepipe Steels in Sulfide Environment[J].Corrosion (Houston),1980,36(11):625-632.
[56] Pumphrey P H.Efect of Sulphide Inclusions on Hydrogen Difusion in SteeLs[J].Metal Science,1982,16(1):4l-47.
[57] M.Garet,A.M.Brass.Hydrogen Trapping on Nonmetallic Inclusion in Cr-Mo Low Alloy Steels[J].Corrosion Science,1998,40(7):1073-1086.
[58] J Domizzi.G,Antefi.G,Ovejero—Garicia.J.Influence of Sulphur Content and Inclusion Distribution on the Hydrogen Induced Blister Cracking in Pressure and Pipeline Steels[J].Corrosion Science,2001,43(2):325-339.
[59] Cantwell J E.LPGStorageVesselCracking Experience[J].Mater Perfor,1988,(10):79-82.
[60]唐建群,张礼敬,张显程等.LPG球罐应力腐蚀分析[J].南京工业大学学报,2003,25(1): 84-88.
[61]白金亮,王春燕,周建军等.LPG球罐腐蚀开裂失效分析[J].腐蚀与防护,2001,22(3):15-17.
[62]练学余,田庆存.湿硫化氢环境下的球罐腐蚀状况分析[J].石油化工设备技术,2002,23(3): 48-52.
[63] TSG R0004-2009固定式压力容器安全技术监察规程[S].
[64]单志军,付文,杨欣军等.在役球罐焊缝微裂纹检测方法探讨[J].无损检测,2000(5):43-45.
[65]孙振强.对球罐定期检验的探讨[J].石油化工安全技术,2005,21(6):37-38.
[66]姜德林,叶虎.球罐定期检验探究[J].民营科技,2009(6).
[67] Doubov A A.Means of metal magnetic memory[C].Proc of CHSNDT 7th Conference on NDT and International Research Symposium.Shantou,1999:181—187.
[68] Doubov A A.Diagnostics of equipment and construction strength with usage of magnetic memory[J].Inspection Diagnostics,2001,(6):19-29.
[69]胡智,汤新文,刘伟成等.氧气球罐缺陷的声发射和磁记忆在线综合检测[J].失效分析与预防,2009,4(2):87-91.
[70] Du Yuan-long, Li Ming and Zou Chun-xian, Proceedings of International Workshop on Marine Electrochemistry, Tuticorin, India, 1987 2.
[71]压力容器实用技术丛书编委会.压力容器制造和修理[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[72]丁中清,史建明,张德喜.球罐裂纹原因分析及修复[J].石油化工建设,2007,29(5):36-38.
[73]曹庆海,球罐焊接裂纹的产生机理与预防措施. [J].今日科苑,2009,4:70-71
[74]陈奇.球罐焊接过程中裂纹的控制[J].中国锅炉压力容器安全,1999,16(2):14-17.
[75]赵石军.球罐支柱与球壳连接处局部应力分析. [J].设计与结构,2000,17(5):34-36.
[76]冯晓九,宋天舒,梁立孚等.带支柱与凸缘开孔球罐最大应力. [J].应用科技,2004,31(10): 61-63.
[77]卢峰,赵石军.大型球罐有限元应力分析设计技术. [J].设计与计算,2010,(2):17-18.
[78]王永卫,范万春,尹侠.球罐支柱与球壳连接处强度的有限元分析. [J].石油化工设备,2007,36(6):69-72.
[79]杨国义,梅林涛,寿比南.10000M3丁烷球罐应力分析与评定. [J].设计计算,2003,20(11): 21-24.
[80]常秀芹,盛选禹,亢方亮.3000M3丙烷球罐有限元分析. [J].石油工程建设,2008,34(4): 21-24.
[81]卫景义,单洪祥.400M3球罐支柱与球壳连接处角焊缝裂纹产生原因及处理办法. [J].化工施工技术,1998,20(3):28-30.
[82]谢伟.球罐支柱基础沉降差对稳定性的影响. [J].设计与结构,2001,18(3):45-47.
[83]宋鹏.大型液化气球形储罐有限元分析设计.[D].大连:大连理工大学,2009.