基于i～*和AlbertⅡ的需求建模框架研究
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摘要
需求工程是软件工程的一个分支，它是一个多学科、以人为中心的过程，其中需求分析和建模是一个极其重要的阶段。传统的需求建模往往只重视系统的“是什么”和“如何做”两个方面，而没有考虑系统的“为什么”方面。随着系统复杂性的提高和需求的不断变化，人们越来越认识到建模组织需求的重要性。由于每种语言表达能力不同、自然性和精确性各异，因而适用于不同层次的需求建模。基于此，本文提出了—个需求建模框架，该框架中将适合于建模组织需求的产框架与适合于建模系统需求的AlbertⅡ语言相结合。
本文首先详细介绍了产框架和AlbertⅡ语言，它们在表达能力、精确性、自然性和重用性等方面有各自的优势和缺陷。通过结合使用，它们可以在这些方面互补，从而获得表达能力更强、精确性更高的框架。但是i~*框架和AlbertⅡ语言所用的建模概念不同，这不利于组织需求模型到系统需求规约说明的转化。为了在二者间建立起连接，本文探寻了产模型与AlbertⅡ规约说明在一些概念上的对应规则。
其次，为了用AlbertⅡ语言说明非功能需求，本文提出了一个非功能需求表示框架。在这个框架中，将非功能需求用i~*框架中提出的概念—软目标(softgoal)来表示，用目标分解的方法将高层的软目标精化为低层的功能目标，然后用AlbertⅡ语言形式化地说明。
最后，本文结合银行转帐系统实例详细介绍了本文提出的需求建模框架的建模和分析过程。
Requkement Engineering is an important branch of software engineering and a multi-disciplinary, human-centered process. Traditional requirement modeling usually only pays attention to "what" and "why" aspects of software system under development, but "why" aspects underlying system were ignored by developers. With increasing complexity and changing requirements of current system, people recognize the importance of modeling of organizational requirements. Because different languages have different abilities of expressiveness, naturalness, and precision, they are suitable for modeling different levels of software requirements. In this thesis, we present a framework for requkement modeling which combines i* framework that adapting for the modeling of organizational requkements with Albert II language that adapting for the modeling of system requkements.
Fkst, this thesis describes i* framework and Albert II language in detail and each has its own flaws and strengths. We can attain a highly expressive and more precision framework through combining them. At the same time modeling concepts of i* framework and Albert II language are different, this goes against the transforming from model of organizational requkements to specification of system requkements. For making the links among them, this thesis has also searched for some relationships between concepts of i* model with its of Albert II specification.
Second, this thesis also presents a framework for expressing non-functional requkements with Albert II language. In the framework, we express non-functional requkements with softgoal concept from i* framework. By decomposing softgoal, we refine the highly softgoal into functional ones and formally describe them in Albert II language.
Last, this thesis shows the analyzing and modeling process of the framework that we presented by applying it to a banking system.
本文首先详细介绍了产框架和AlbertⅡ语言，它们在表达能力、精确性、自然性和重用性等方面有各自的优势和缺陷。通过结合使用，它们可以在这些方面互补，从而获得表达能力更强、精确性更高的框架。但是i~*框架和AlbertⅡ语言所用的建模概念不同，这不利于组织需求模型到系统需求规约说明的转化。为了在二者间建立起连接，本文探寻了产模型与AlbertⅡ规约说明在一些概念上的对应规则。
其次，为了用AlbertⅡ语言说明非功能需求，本文提出了一个非功能需求表示框架。在这个框架中，将非功能需求用i~*框架中提出的概念—软目标(softgoal)来表示，用目标分解的方法将高层的软目标精化为低层的功能目标，然后用AlbertⅡ语言形式化地说明。
最后，本文结合银行转帐系统实例详细介绍了本文提出的需求建模框架的建模和分析过程。
Requkement Engineering is an important branch of software engineering and a multi-disciplinary, human-centered process. Traditional requirement modeling usually only pays attention to "what" and "why" aspects of software system under development, but "why" aspects underlying system were ignored by developers. With increasing complexity and changing requirements of current system, people recognize the importance of modeling of organizational requirements. Because different languages have different abilities of expressiveness, naturalness, and precision, they are suitable for modeling different levels of software requirements. In this thesis, we present a framework for requkement modeling which combines i* framework that adapting for the modeling of organizational requkements with Albert II language that adapting for the modeling of system requkements.
Fkst, this thesis describes i* framework and Albert II language in detail and each has its own flaws and strengths. We can attain a highly expressive and more precision framework through combining them. At the same time modeling concepts of i* framework and Albert II language are different, this goes against the transforming from model of organizational requkements to specification of system requkements. For making the links among them, this thesis has also searched for some relationships between concepts of i* model with its of Albert II specification.
Second, this thesis also presents a framework for expressing non-functional requkements with Albert II language. In the framework, we express non-functional requkements with softgoal concept from i* framework. By decomposing softgoal, we refine the highly softgoal into functional ones and formally describe them in Albert II language.
Last, this thesis shows the analyzing and modeling process of the framework that we presented by applying it to a banking system.
引文
[And91] Andrews D. Ince D. Practical Formal Methods with VDM. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1991
[Bas94] Baskerville, R. Information system security design methods: implications for information systems development. ACM Computing Surveys. Vol.25
[Bjo89] Bjoerner D. On the use of formal methods in software development. In:Proc of 9th Int'l Conf on Software Engineering, 1989
[Bon88] A.H. Bond and L. Gasser. Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence. Morgan Kaufman Publishers, 1988．
[Boo94] Booch G et al. Software Engineering with Ada. 3rd Ed Edwood City, Calif: Benjamin/Cummings,1994
[Bor95] A. Borgida, J. Mylopoulos, and R. Reiter. On the frame problem in procedure specification. IEEE Transactions in Software Engineering, SE-21(10) , October 1995
[Cam86] Cameron J R. A overview of JSD. IEEE Trans on Soft Eng,1986,12(2) :43-46
[Cao94] 曹建庆,谢荣传,钦明皖,一个表示和运用非功能性需求的框架,计算机研究与发展, Vol.3 l,No.5:57-61,1994,5
[Cha90] Charette, Robert N. Applications Strategies for Risk Analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1990
[Che90] Chen P. Entity-relationship approach to data modeling. In: Thayer R H,Dorfman M eds. Tutorial:System and Software Requirements Engineering. Los Alamitos, CA:IEEE Computer Society Press, 1990． 238-243
[Che95] 陈晓桦,刘心松,需求分析与获取的方法与技术,计算机应用, Vol. 15,No.2:19-21,1995,4
[Chu97] Lawrence Chung, Brian A. Nixon, Eric Yu. Dealing with Change: An Approach Using Non-Functional Requirements. Requirements Engineering, Vol.l,No.4,January 1997
[Dar93] A. Dardenne, A. van Lamsweerde, and S. Fickas. Goal-directed requirements acquisition. Science of Computer Programming, 20:3-50,1993
[Dav93] Davis,Alan M. Software Requirements:Objects,Functions,and States. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:PTR Prentice Hall. 1993
[Du97] Philippe Du Bois. The Albert II Reference Manual. 1997
[Dub94] Eric Dubois, Philippe Du Bois, Frederic Dubru, and Michael Petit. Agent-oriented requirements engineering: A case study using the Albert language. In A. Verbraeck, H.G.Sol, and P.W.G. Bots, editors, Proc. Of the Fourth International Working Conference on Dynamic Modelling and Information System-DYNMOD-IV,
Noordwijkerhoud (The Netherlands), Septemper 28-30, 1994． Delft University Press.
[Dub95] Eric Dubois, Jacques Hagelstein, Axel van Lamsweerde, Fernando Orejas, Jeanine Souquieres, and Pierre Wodon. A guided tour through the ICARUS project. Software Engineering Notes, 20(2) :28-33, 1995．
[Fea87] Martin S. Feather. Language support for the specification and development of composite systems. ACM Transactions on Programming Language and Systems, 9(2) : 198-234, April, 1984
[Gri89] Grimm, R. Security on Network: Do We Really Need It? Computer Network and ISDN System 17． 1989
[ITSEC] ITSEC. Information Technology Security Evaluation Criteria. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Brussels.
[Jac92] Jacobson I. Object-Oriented Software Engineering: A Use Case Driven Approach. Reading, MA:ACM Press, 1992
[Jar94] Jarke M, Pohl K. Requirements engineering, 2001: (virtually) Managing a changing reality. Software Engineering, 1994, 20(11) :257-266
[Jon94] Jones, Capers. 1994． Assessment and Control of Software Risks. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:PTR Prentice Hall.
[Lam98] van Lamsweerde, A., Darimont, R. & Letier, E. (1998) . Managing conflicts in goal-driven requirements engineering. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 24(11) :908-926
[Lan93] Landwehr, C.E. How far Can You Trust a Computer? Invited Paper, SAFECOMP'93, Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability and Security, 1993
[Li94] 李树国,黄诒珩,聂培琴,面向软件需求分析的形式化语言,山东建材学院学报 . Vol.8, No. 1:72-76, 1994, 3
[Lu99] 卢梅,李明树,软件需求工程--方法及工具评述,计算机研究与发展, Vol.36, No.11:1289-1300, 1999, 11
[Lu2k] 陆丽娜,王忠民,王志敏译,软件需求,机械工业出版社, 2000, 7
[Mor92] Angelo Morzenti, Dino Mandrioli, and Carlo Ghezzi. A model parametric real-time logic. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, 14(4) :521-573, October 1992
[My190] J. Mylopoulos, A. Borgida, M. Jarke, and M. Koubarakis. Telos: A language for representing knowledge about information systems. ACM Transansaction on Information Systems, 8(4) :325-362, October 1990．
[Mor94] Angelo Morzenti and Pierluigi San Pietro. Object-oriented logic specifications of time critical systems. ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, 3(1) :56-98, January 1994
[NiI71] N. Nilsson. Problem-Soluting Methods in Artificial Intelligence, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971
[Nor90] Norries M Z(A formal specification method). A debrief report. In:Thayer R H, Dorfman M eds. Tutorial: System and Software Requirements Engineering. Los Alamitos, CA:IEEE Computer Society Press, 1990． 345-369
[Pam90] Pamela Z. A comparison of the major approaches to software specification and design. In:Thayer R H, Dorfman eds. Tutorial: System and Software Requirement Engineering. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1990, 197-199
[Pol93] Polack F, Whiston M, Mander K. The SAZ Project:Integrating SSADM and Z. In: Woodcock J, Larsen P eds. FME'93 Industrial-Strength Formal Methods. Odense, Denmark: Springer-Verlag, 1993, 541-557
[Rat99] Rational Software Corp. Unified Modeling Language. http:// www. Rational.com/UML. 1999
[Rog98] Roger Oberg, Leslee Probasco and Maria Ericsson, Applying Requirements Management with Use Cases, Rational Software Corporation Technical Paper TP505, 1998
[Ros77] Ross D T.Structured analysis(SA):A language for communication ideas. IEEE Trans on Soft Eng, 1977, 1(1) :16-34
[Rum91] Rumbaugh J et al. Object-Oriented Modeling and Design. New Jersey: Yourdon Press, 1991
[Sho90] Y. Shoham, Agent-Oriented Programming, Technical Report STAN-CS-90-1335, Robotics Laboratory, Computer Science Dept, Stanford University, Stand CA, 1990
[Sid96] Siddiqi J, Shekaran M C. Requirements engineering: The emerging wisdom. IEEE Software, 1996, 23(3) : 15-19
[Som97] Sommerville, lan, and Pete Sawyer. 1997． Requirements Engineering: A Good Practice Guide. Chichester, England:John Wiley & Sons.
[Svo90] Svoboda C P.Structured analysis.In:Thayer R H, Dorfman eds. Tutorial:System and Software Requirements Engineering . Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1990． 218-237
[Urb90] Urban J.E. The descartes specification language. In: Thayer R H, Dorfman eds. Tutorial: System and Software Requirements Engineering. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1990． 331-344
[Wan99] 王忠群,王奕军,信息系统开发中的非功能需求策略,安徽机电学院学报,Vol.14,No.2:14-18,1999,6
[Yon98] 雍信阳,施伯尔,非功能需求跟踪,计算机研究与发展, Vol.35, No.7:584-588, 1998, 7
[You91] Yourdon E, Coad P. Object-Oriented Analysis. 2nd Ed. New Jersey: Yourdon Press, 1991
[Yu94] Eric S. K. Yu and John Mylopoulos. From E-R to "A-R"- modelling strategic actor relationships for business process reengineering. In Proc. of the 13th International Conference on the Entity-RelationshipApproach-ER'94, Manchester(UK), December 13-16, 1994.
[Yu95a] Eric S. K. Yu. Modeling Strategic Relationships for Process Reengineering. PhD. Thesis, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Ontario Canada, 1995
[Yu95b] Eric S. K. Yu. Models for supporting the redesign of organizational work. Submitted for publication, 1995.
[Zav91] Zave P. An insider's evaluation of PAISLey. IEEE Trans on Soft Eng, 1991, 17(3):212-225
[Zha98] 张家重，徐家福，软件工程研究新进展，计算机研究与发展，Vol．35，No．1：1-5，1998，1
[Zhe99] 郑人杰 主编，软件工程(高级)，清华大学出版社，1999，8
[Zho2k] 周之英 编著，现代软件工程(中)：基本方法篇，科学出版社，2000，1
[Bas94] Baskerville, R. Information system security design methods: implications for information systems development. ACM Computing Surveys. Vol.25
[Bjo89] Bjoerner D. On the use of formal methods in software development. In:Proc of 9th Int'l Conf on Software Engineering, 1989
[Bon88] A.H. Bond and L. Gasser. Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence. Morgan Kaufman Publishers, 1988．
[Boo94] Booch G et al. Software Engineering with Ada. 3rd Ed Edwood City, Calif: Benjamin/Cummings,1994
[Bor95] A. Borgida, J. Mylopoulos, and R. Reiter. On the frame problem in procedure specification. IEEE Transactions in Software Engineering, SE-21(10) , October 1995
[Cam86] Cameron J R. A overview of JSD. IEEE Trans on Soft Eng,1986,12(2) :43-46
[Cao94] 曹建庆,谢荣传,钦明皖,一个表示和运用非功能性需求的框架,计算机研究与发展, Vol.3 l,No.5:57-61,1994,5
[Cha90] Charette, Robert N. Applications Strategies for Risk Analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1990
[Che90] Chen P. Entity-relationship approach to data modeling. In: Thayer R H,Dorfman M eds. Tutorial:System and Software Requirements Engineering. Los Alamitos, CA:IEEE Computer Society Press, 1990． 238-243
[Che95] 陈晓桦,刘心松,需求分析与获取的方法与技术,计算机应用, Vol. 15,No.2:19-21,1995,4
[Chu97] Lawrence Chung, Brian A. Nixon, Eric Yu. Dealing with Change: An Approach Using Non-Functional Requirements. Requirements Engineering, Vol.l,No.4,January 1997
[Dar93] A. Dardenne, A. van Lamsweerde, and S. Fickas. Goal-directed requirements acquisition. Science of Computer Programming, 20:3-50,1993
[Dav93] Davis,Alan M. Software Requirements:Objects,Functions,and States. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:PTR Prentice Hall. 1993
[Du97] Philippe Du Bois. The Albert II Reference Manual. 1997
[Dub94] Eric Dubois, Philippe Du Bois, Frederic Dubru, and Michael Petit. Agent-oriented requirements engineering: A case study using the Albert language. In A. Verbraeck, H.G.Sol, and P.W.G. Bots, editors, Proc. Of the Fourth International Working Conference on Dynamic Modelling and Information System-DYNMOD-IV,
Noordwijkerhoud (The Netherlands), Septemper 28-30, 1994． Delft University Press.
[Dub95] Eric Dubois, Jacques Hagelstein, Axel van Lamsweerde, Fernando Orejas, Jeanine Souquieres, and Pierre Wodon. A guided tour through the ICARUS project. Software Engineering Notes, 20(2) :28-33, 1995．
[Fea87] Martin S. Feather. Language support for the specification and development of composite systems. ACM Transactions on Programming Language and Systems, 9(2) : 198-234, April, 1984
[Gri89] Grimm, R. Security on Network: Do We Really Need It? Computer Network and ISDN System 17． 1989
[ITSEC] ITSEC. Information Technology Security Evaluation Criteria. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Brussels.
[Jac92] Jacobson I. Object-Oriented Software Engineering: A Use Case Driven Approach. Reading, MA:ACM Press, 1992
[Jar94] Jarke M, Pohl K. Requirements engineering, 2001: (virtually) Managing a changing reality. Software Engineering, 1994, 20(11) :257-266
[Jon94] Jones, Capers. 1994． Assessment and Control of Software Risks. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:PTR Prentice Hall.
[Lam98] van Lamsweerde, A., Darimont, R. & Letier, E. (1998) . Managing conflicts in goal-driven requirements engineering. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 24(11) :908-926
[Lan93] Landwehr, C.E. How far Can You Trust a Computer? Invited Paper, SAFECOMP'93, Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability and Security, 1993
[Li94] 李树国,黄诒珩,聂培琴,面向软件需求分析的形式化语言,山东建材学院学报 . Vol.8, No. 1:72-76, 1994, 3
[Lu99] 卢梅,李明树,软件需求工程--方法及工具评述,计算机研究与发展, Vol.36, No.11:1289-1300, 1999, 11
[Lu2k] 陆丽娜,王忠民,王志敏译,软件需求,机械工业出版社, 2000, 7
[Mor92] Angelo Morzenti, Dino Mandrioli, and Carlo Ghezzi. A model parametric real-time logic. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, 14(4) :521-573, October 1992
[My190] J. Mylopoulos, A. Borgida, M. Jarke, and M. Koubarakis. Telos: A language for representing knowledge about information systems. ACM Transansaction on Information Systems, 8(4) :325-362, October 1990．
[Mor94] Angelo Morzenti and Pierluigi San Pietro. Object-oriented logic specifications of time critical systems. ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, 3(1) :56-98, January 1994
[NiI71] N. Nilsson. Problem-Soluting Methods in Artificial Intelligence, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971
[Nor90] Norries M Z(A formal specification method). A debrief report. In:Thayer R H, Dorfman M eds. Tutorial: System and Software Requirements Engineering. Los Alamitos, CA:IEEE Computer Society Press, 1990． 345-369
[Pam90] Pamela Z. A comparison of the major approaches to software specification and design. In:Thayer R H, Dorfman eds. Tutorial: System and Software Requirement Engineering. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1990, 197-199
[Pol93] Polack F, Whiston M, Mander K. The SAZ Project:Integrating SSADM and Z. In: Woodcock J, Larsen P eds. FME'93 Industrial-Strength Formal Methods. Odense, Denmark: Springer-Verlag, 1993, 541-557
[Rat99] Rational Software Corp. Unified Modeling Language. http:// www. Rational.com/UML. 1999
[Rog98] Roger Oberg, Leslee Probasco and Maria Ericsson, Applying Requirements Management with Use Cases, Rational Software Corporation Technical Paper TP505, 1998
[Ros77] Ross D T.Structured analysis(SA):A language for communication ideas. IEEE Trans on Soft Eng, 1977, 1(1) :16-34
[Rum91] Rumbaugh J et al. Object-Oriented Modeling and Design. New Jersey: Yourdon Press, 1991
[Sho90] Y. Shoham, Agent-Oriented Programming, Technical Report STAN-CS-90-1335, Robotics Laboratory, Computer Science Dept, Stanford University, Stand CA, 1990
[Sid96] Siddiqi J, Shekaran M C. Requirements engineering: The emerging wisdom. IEEE Software, 1996, 23(3) : 15-19
[Som97] Sommerville, lan, and Pete Sawyer. 1997． Requirements Engineering: A Good Practice Guide. Chichester, England:John Wiley & Sons.
[Svo90] Svoboda C P.Structured analysis.In:Thayer R H, Dorfman eds. Tutorial:System and Software Requirements Engineering . Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1990． 218-237
[Urb90] Urban J.E. The descartes specification language. In: Thayer R H, Dorfman eds. Tutorial: System and Software Requirements Engineering. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1990． 331-344
[Wan99] 王忠群,王奕军,信息系统开发中的非功能需求策略,安徽机电学院学报,Vol.14,No.2:14-18,1999,6
[Yon98] 雍信阳,施伯尔,非功能需求跟踪,计算机研究与发展, Vol.35, No.7:584-588, 1998, 7
[You91] Yourdon E, Coad P. Object-Oriented Analysis. 2nd Ed. New Jersey: Yourdon Press, 1991
[Yu94] Eric S. K. Yu and John Mylopoulos. From E-R to "A-R"- modelling strategic actor relationships for business process reengineering. In Proc. of the 13th International Conference on the Entity-RelationshipApproach-ER'94, Manchester(UK), December 13-16, 1994.
[Yu95a] Eric S. K. Yu. Modeling Strategic Relationships for Process Reengineering. PhD. Thesis, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Ontario Canada, 1995
[Yu95b] Eric S. K. Yu. Models for supporting the redesign of organizational work. Submitted for publication, 1995.
[Zav91] Zave P. An insider's evaluation of PAISLey. IEEE Trans on Soft Eng, 1991, 17(3):212-225
[Zha98] 张家重，徐家福，软件工程研究新进展，计算机研究与发展，Vol．35，No．1：1-5，1998，1
[Zhe99] 郑人杰 主编，软件工程(高级)，清华大学出版社，1999，8
[Zho2k] 周之英 编著，现代软件工程(中)：基本方法篇，科学出版社，2000，1