我国典型海域富营养化特征、评价方法及其应用
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摘要
本研究在选取我国典型海域进行富营养化特征分析的基础上，对国际上二代富营养化评价模型及前期长江口水域富营养化评价模型进行进一步改进，构建了基于水质状态和生态响应的富营养化综合评价方法，并将评价方法应用于我国典型近岸海域，以期为近海富营养化调控和管理提供科学依据。在开展多个典型海域富营养化评价的同时，开展多种评价方法的比较研究：将我国目前应用的传统富营养化指数法、“西北太平洋行动计划NOWPAP”综合评价程序分别与构建的基于水质状态和生态响应的富营养化综合评价方法进行比较，以更好地改进评价模型。基于上述研究，得到的结论主要有：
1）通过对海域富营养化特征的分析得出：从较长的时间序列来看，无论是渤海湾和莱州湾附近海域，还是长江口和杭州湾海域，营养盐浓度呈现逐年上升的趋势，表明这些海域的营养盐加富状况越来越严重。这种营养盐加富状况与这些区域长期以来赤潮发生频次不断上升的发展趋势是保持一致的。尤其在长江口海域，营养盐的浓度变化趋势和赤潮的发生频次的变化趋势更是具有很好的相关性。从富营养化的空间分布特征来看，对于大部分区域而言，营养盐在湾内和近岸海域浓度较高。营养盐高的区域基本也是发生赤潮频次较高的区域。但是也存在部分海域因区域特性的差异导致营养盐高值区与赤潮高发区在空间上并不吻合。与渤海湾和莱州湾赤潮暴发的区域基本是营养盐水平较高的区域不同，长江口和杭州湾海域仅仅在象山湾和象山湾湾外近海营养盐高浓度区域和赤潮高发区域具有一定的重合。而长江口和杭州湾两个典型近海系统，营养盐的分布与赤潮的分布正好呈现相反的趋势，即营养盐加富程度较高的口门内和浑浊带区域是赤潮发生较少的区域，相反营养盐浓度较低的外海区域是赤潮和低氧发生频次较高的区域。这种情形同样发生在一些渤海湾中部远离海岸的区域。因此对区域进行富营养化状况的分析和评价应全面考虑海域的营养盐压力和赤潮、低氧等富营养化症状多个方面。
2）运用构建的基于水质状态和生态响应的综合富营养化评价模型对渤海西南部、山东半岛典型海域以及长江口和杭州湾海域三个区域的富营养化评价和结果比较来看，长江口和杭州湾海域的富营养化状况属于三个区域中最严重的，富营养化状况达到“Poor，差”到“Bad，劣”等级的海域面积最大。其次是渤海湾北部海域，尤其是海河入海口附近的富营养化程度也很严重。山东半岛东部和南部海域的富营养化程度在三个区域中最轻，没有出现“Bad，劣”的等级。象山湾、莱州湾湾底、胶州湾、丁字湾、四十里湾等封闭性区域的富营养化状况同样较严重。一般而言，海湾内的富营养化程度要比近岸开阔型海域严重。如山东半岛南部近岸海域、渤海湾和莱州湾湾外开阔海域的富营养化等级基本都在“Moderate，中”以下，与这些地方良好的水交换条件及较少的营养盐排放有关。河口区域富营养化状况与河口区域特性也有明显的关系，流量和泥沙量大的河口区域，富营养化症状一般在河口的外海海域表达，富营养化程度较严重，如长江口和杭州湾湾口的外海；而流入海湾内流速缓慢、泥沙量不高的河口区域，营养盐输入以后，一般富营养化症状在湾内河口处便得以表达，表现出严重的富营养化症状，如海河入海口、小清河入海口、胶州湾海泊河入海口等区域。
3）在不同富营养化评价方法的比较研究中，基于水质状态和生态响应的综合评价和“NOWPAP”综合评价都识别出胶州湾湾内的较高的营养盐加富程度。对初级生态响应指标数据处理方式的不同（基于水质状态和生态响应富营养化评价采用累积频率浓度，“NOWPAP”综合评价采用年平均值）使得两者的初级生态响应指标（如叶绿素-a）评价等级不同，前者为“高”等级，后者为“低”等级。另外指标阈值的不同也造成了前者属于高叶绿素水平，而后者属于低叶绿素水平。对于表征更深一步富营养化程度的次级响应指标，由于二者所使用的数据监测年份的不同，而得到不同的结果，即胶州湾2006年出现较差的次级生态响应，到了2008和2009年则次级生态响应逐渐好转，使得总的富营养化状况也处于较好的水平。两种方法均考虑水质状态和系统产生的生态响应，都准确地反映了胶州湾海域的富营养化状况。基于水质状态和生态响应的富营养化评价与我国目前使用的富营养化指数法的比较中，前者由于考虑了问题出现的浓度、空间覆盖度和周期性等方面，并考虑营养盐加富的生态效应指标，因而更能准确反映富营养化问题。我国目前使用的富营养化指数评价方法评价结果基本呈现出类似营养盐浓度梯度的分布趋势，某些情况下评价结果与海域富营养化症状并不一致。
The analysis of the eutrophication characteristics in some typical Chinese coastalareas were carried out. In these coastal areas, the nutrient enrichment status and thespatial and temporal characteristic of some eutrophication symptoms such as HarmfulAlgal Blooms (HABs) were analyzed. Based on the analysis of the eutrophicationcharacteristics, an integrated model for assessment of eutrophication status, whichwas based on both water quality and ecological response, was described. The―PhaseII‖assessment model structure and previous assessment model for Changjing rivereustuary were referred to in the construction of the integrated model. The integratedmodel was then applied to some typical Chinese coastal areas, hoping to provide someimplications for eutrophication management. Comparison works, such as thecomparison between the integrated method and the nutrient index method, and thecomparison between the integrated method and other multi-parameter assessmentmodel, were also carried out for improvements of current methods. The mainconclusions are as follows:
The analysis of the eutrophication characteristics of the typical coastal areasindicated that: for a long-term time series, the trend of nutrient concentrations showedan increasing trend in typical coastal areas which means a nutrient enrichmentconditions. The trend of nutrient concentrations is in accordance with the trend ofoccurrences of HABs. Previous research indicated that the increases in nutrientconcentrations had a good correlation with the frequency of occurrences of HABsevents especially in the Changjiang river estuaries. For spatial characteristic ofeutrophication, nutrients inner the bays and in the nearshore areas were usually high.And the areas with high concentrations of nutrient were almost areas with highfrequency of HABs, just as the case in the southwest Bohai Sea, the Xiangshan Bayand the nearshore areas of Xiangshan Bay. For a small proportion of areas, thedistribution of high nutrient concentrations and HABs were not in consistency. Justlike the case in Changjiang river estuary and the Hangzhou Bay, the area of high nutrient concentrations (inner the estuary and the Hangzhou Bay) was not areas whereoccurrences of HABs were frequent. In the offshore area of the Changjiang riverestuary and outside the Hangzhou Bay where nutrient was relatively low, highfrequency of HABs occurred. This is mainly due to the expressions of eutrophicationsymptoms were influenced by the regional characteristics or system-specific attributes.This had provided good implications that when assessing the trophic status of coastalareas, nutrient enrichment factors, eutrophication symptoms such as HABs, high-levelbiomass and hypoxia, e.g. should all be considered.
The results of the application of the integrated model to three typical coastalareas indicated that: Among the three typical coastal areas in different geographicallocations (southwest Bohai Sea, coastal areas in Shandong Peninsula and Changjiangriver estuary and Hangzhou Bay), the Changjiang river estuary and Hangzhou Baywere areas with most serious eutrophication problems. The trophic status in a fairlylarge area of Changjiang river estuary and Hangzhou Bay ranged from the―Poor‖category to the―Bad‖category. Following the Changjiang river estuary and HangzhouBay, the eutrophication problem in the north Bohai Bay, especially in the Haihe riverestuary was also very serious. The trophic status in most coastal areas and bays inShandong Peninsula did not follow in the―Bad‖category, indicating the least seriousproblem in the three geographical regions. The trophic status inner the Xiangshan Bay,the Laizhou Bay, the Jiaozhou Bay, the Dingzi Bay and the Sishili Bay was not good.In general, eutrophication problems inner the Bays were more serious than that in theopen sea areas. The trophic status in the coastal areas of Shandong Peninsula, thecentral open sea of Bohai Sea was almost―Moderate‖category or―Moderate Low‖category, which may be attributed to the lower riverine input of nutrients and goodhydrodynamic conditions. There was good relationship between the trophic status andthe characteristics of the estuaries. The trophic status was worse in the offshore areasthan that inner the estuaries if the river discharge was large and carried a large amountof suspended solids, since the eutrophication symptoms were not easily expressedinner the estuaries due to the high turbidities. These areas included the Changjiangriver estuary and the Hangzhou Bay. For low-discharge and low-turbidity rivers, such as the Haiher river in north Bohai Bay, Xiaoqing river in west Laizhou Bay and Haiporiver in the Jiaozhou Bay, eutrophication symptoms were easily expressed near theriver estuary and showed a Bad tophic status as soon as nutrients was delivered to thebays.
In the comparisons of different assessment methods, both the integrated methodand the―NOWPAP‖common procedure identified that there was high degree ofnutrient enrichment problem inner the Jiaozhou Bay. For primary ecological responseor symptom (e.g. Chl-a), the integrated method identified the―High‖category whilethe―NOWPAP‖identified―Low‖category, partially due to the way the monitoringdata were processed (90thpercentile-based approach for the indicators of theintegrated method while the average or maximum value for―NOWPAP‖method) andpartially due to the threshold used by different methods. For secondary ecologicalresponse, different time-scale data were used by the two methods according to theavailability of data collected. And HABs events showed a decreasing trend from theyear2004to2009, so the secondary ecological response became better in the―NOWPAP‖method, which resulted in a better final trophic status. For comparisonsof the integrated method and the traditional nutrient index method, the integratedmethod obtained more reasonable results. Inclusion of both causative factors andeffect factors, combination of concentration, spatial coverage and frequency ofindicators, and usage of a multi-season monitoring datasets in the methodology resultin a more accurate and representative assessment. Nutrient-based EI method obtaineddeclining gradient of trophic status as water depth increases simply because the EImethod assumes that eutrophication problems are only reflected as changes innutrients and fail to reflect the changes in the ecological response or impairments ofthe system.
1）通过对海域富营养化特征的分析得出：从较长的时间序列来看，无论是渤海湾和莱州湾附近海域，还是长江口和杭州湾海域，营养盐浓度呈现逐年上升的趋势，表明这些海域的营养盐加富状况越来越严重。这种营养盐加富状况与这些区域长期以来赤潮发生频次不断上升的发展趋势是保持一致的。尤其在长江口海域，营养盐的浓度变化趋势和赤潮的发生频次的变化趋势更是具有很好的相关性。从富营养化的空间分布特征来看，对于大部分区域而言，营养盐在湾内和近岸海域浓度较高。营养盐高的区域基本也是发生赤潮频次较高的区域。但是也存在部分海域因区域特性的差异导致营养盐高值区与赤潮高发区在空间上并不吻合。与渤海湾和莱州湾赤潮暴发的区域基本是营养盐水平较高的区域不同，长江口和杭州湾海域仅仅在象山湾和象山湾湾外近海营养盐高浓度区域和赤潮高发区域具有一定的重合。而长江口和杭州湾两个典型近海系统，营养盐的分布与赤潮的分布正好呈现相反的趋势，即营养盐加富程度较高的口门内和浑浊带区域是赤潮发生较少的区域，相反营养盐浓度较低的外海区域是赤潮和低氧发生频次较高的区域。这种情形同样发生在一些渤海湾中部远离海岸的区域。因此对区域进行富营养化状况的分析和评价应全面考虑海域的营养盐压力和赤潮、低氧等富营养化症状多个方面。
2）运用构建的基于水质状态和生态响应的综合富营养化评价模型对渤海西南部、山东半岛典型海域以及长江口和杭州湾海域三个区域的富营养化评价和结果比较来看，长江口和杭州湾海域的富营养化状况属于三个区域中最严重的，富营养化状况达到“Poor，差”到“Bad，劣”等级的海域面积最大。其次是渤海湾北部海域，尤其是海河入海口附近的富营养化程度也很严重。山东半岛东部和南部海域的富营养化程度在三个区域中最轻，没有出现“Bad，劣”的等级。象山湾、莱州湾湾底、胶州湾、丁字湾、四十里湾等封闭性区域的富营养化状况同样较严重。一般而言，海湾内的富营养化程度要比近岸开阔型海域严重。如山东半岛南部近岸海域、渤海湾和莱州湾湾外开阔海域的富营养化等级基本都在“Moderate，中”以下，与这些地方良好的水交换条件及较少的营养盐排放有关。河口区域富营养化状况与河口区域特性也有明显的关系，流量和泥沙量大的河口区域，富营养化症状一般在河口的外海海域表达，富营养化程度较严重，如长江口和杭州湾湾口的外海；而流入海湾内流速缓慢、泥沙量不高的河口区域，营养盐输入以后，一般富营养化症状在湾内河口处便得以表达，表现出严重的富营养化症状，如海河入海口、小清河入海口、胶州湾海泊河入海口等区域。
3）在不同富营养化评价方法的比较研究中，基于水质状态和生态响应的综合评价和“NOWPAP”综合评价都识别出胶州湾湾内的较高的营养盐加富程度。对初级生态响应指标数据处理方式的不同（基于水质状态和生态响应富营养化评价采用累积频率浓度，“NOWPAP”综合评价采用年平均值）使得两者的初级生态响应指标（如叶绿素-a）评价等级不同，前者为“高”等级，后者为“低”等级。另外指标阈值的不同也造成了前者属于高叶绿素水平，而后者属于低叶绿素水平。对于表征更深一步富营养化程度的次级响应指标，由于二者所使用的数据监测年份的不同，而得到不同的结果，即胶州湾2006年出现较差的次级生态响应，到了2008和2009年则次级生态响应逐渐好转，使得总的富营养化状况也处于较好的水平。两种方法均考虑水质状态和系统产生的生态响应，都准确地反映了胶州湾海域的富营养化状况。基于水质状态和生态响应的富营养化评价与我国目前使用的富营养化指数法的比较中，前者由于考虑了问题出现的浓度、空间覆盖度和周期性等方面，并考虑营养盐加富的生态效应指标，因而更能准确反映富营养化问题。我国目前使用的富营养化指数评价方法评价结果基本呈现出类似营养盐浓度梯度的分布趋势，某些情况下评价结果与海域富营养化症状并不一致。
The analysis of the eutrophication characteristics in some typical Chinese coastalareas were carried out. In these coastal areas, the nutrient enrichment status and thespatial and temporal characteristic of some eutrophication symptoms such as HarmfulAlgal Blooms (HABs) were analyzed. Based on the analysis of the eutrophicationcharacteristics, an integrated model for assessment of eutrophication status, whichwas based on both water quality and ecological response, was described. The―PhaseII‖assessment model structure and previous assessment model for Changjing rivereustuary were referred to in the construction of the integrated model. The integratedmodel was then applied to some typical Chinese coastal areas, hoping to provide someimplications for eutrophication management. Comparison works, such as thecomparison between the integrated method and the nutrient index method, and thecomparison between the integrated method and other multi-parameter assessmentmodel, were also carried out for improvements of current methods. The mainconclusions are as follows:
The analysis of the eutrophication characteristics of the typical coastal areasindicated that: for a long-term time series, the trend of nutrient concentrations showedan increasing trend in typical coastal areas which means a nutrient enrichmentconditions. The trend of nutrient concentrations is in accordance with the trend ofoccurrences of HABs. Previous research indicated that the increases in nutrientconcentrations had a good correlation with the frequency of occurrences of HABsevents especially in the Changjiang river estuaries. For spatial characteristic ofeutrophication, nutrients inner the bays and in the nearshore areas were usually high.And the areas with high concentrations of nutrient were almost areas with highfrequency of HABs, just as the case in the southwest Bohai Sea, the Xiangshan Bayand the nearshore areas of Xiangshan Bay. For a small proportion of areas, thedistribution of high nutrient concentrations and HABs were not in consistency. Justlike the case in Changjiang river estuary and the Hangzhou Bay, the area of high nutrient concentrations (inner the estuary and the Hangzhou Bay) was not areas whereoccurrences of HABs were frequent. In the offshore area of the Changjiang riverestuary and outside the Hangzhou Bay where nutrient was relatively low, highfrequency of HABs occurred. This is mainly due to the expressions of eutrophicationsymptoms were influenced by the regional characteristics or system-specific attributes.This had provided good implications that when assessing the trophic status of coastalareas, nutrient enrichment factors, eutrophication symptoms such as HABs, high-levelbiomass and hypoxia, e.g. should all be considered.
The results of the application of the integrated model to three typical coastalareas indicated that: Among the three typical coastal areas in different geographicallocations (southwest Bohai Sea, coastal areas in Shandong Peninsula and Changjiangriver estuary and Hangzhou Bay), the Changjiang river estuary and Hangzhou Baywere areas with most serious eutrophication problems. The trophic status in a fairlylarge area of Changjiang river estuary and Hangzhou Bay ranged from the―Poor‖category to the―Bad‖category. Following the Changjiang river estuary and HangzhouBay, the eutrophication problem in the north Bohai Bay, especially in the Haihe riverestuary was also very serious. The trophic status in most coastal areas and bays inShandong Peninsula did not follow in the―Bad‖category, indicating the least seriousproblem in the three geographical regions. The trophic status inner the Xiangshan Bay,the Laizhou Bay, the Jiaozhou Bay, the Dingzi Bay and the Sishili Bay was not good.In general, eutrophication problems inner the Bays were more serious than that in theopen sea areas. The trophic status in the coastal areas of Shandong Peninsula, thecentral open sea of Bohai Sea was almost―Moderate‖category or―Moderate Low‖category, which may be attributed to the lower riverine input of nutrients and goodhydrodynamic conditions. There was good relationship between the trophic status andthe characteristics of the estuaries. The trophic status was worse in the offshore areasthan that inner the estuaries if the river discharge was large and carried a large amountof suspended solids, since the eutrophication symptoms were not easily expressedinner the estuaries due to the high turbidities. These areas included the Changjiangriver estuary and the Hangzhou Bay. For low-discharge and low-turbidity rivers, such as the Haiher river in north Bohai Bay, Xiaoqing river in west Laizhou Bay and Haiporiver in the Jiaozhou Bay, eutrophication symptoms were easily expressed near theriver estuary and showed a Bad tophic status as soon as nutrients was delivered to thebays.
In the comparisons of different assessment methods, both the integrated methodand the―NOWPAP‖common procedure identified that there was high degree ofnutrient enrichment problem inner the Jiaozhou Bay. For primary ecological responseor symptom (e.g. Chl-a), the integrated method identified the―High‖category whilethe―NOWPAP‖identified―Low‖category, partially due to the way the monitoringdata were processed (90thpercentile-based approach for the indicators of theintegrated method while the average or maximum value for―NOWPAP‖method) andpartially due to the threshold used by different methods. For secondary ecologicalresponse, different time-scale data were used by the two methods according to theavailability of data collected. And HABs events showed a decreasing trend from theyear2004to2009, so the secondary ecological response became better in the―NOWPAP‖method, which resulted in a better final trophic status. For comparisonsof the integrated method and the traditional nutrient index method, the integratedmethod obtained more reasonable results. Inclusion of both causative factors andeffect factors, combination of concentration, spatial coverage and frequency ofindicators, and usage of a multi-season monitoring datasets in the methodology resultin a more accurate and representative assessment. Nutrient-based EI method obtaineddeclining gradient of trophic status as water depth increases simply because the EImethod assumes that eutrophication problems are only reflected as changes innutrients and fail to reflect the changes in the ecological response or impairments ofthe system.
引文
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