湘南传统建筑
摘要
传统民居的研究对于我们来讲具有很强的吸引力，它的数量多、分布广、形式丰富，具有独特的地方特色、深厚的民间文化内涵，极为生动。我国传统民居遍及大江南北，其形式多种多样、特色各异。
作为中国传统民居的一部分，湘南民居由于其独特的地理环境有着自己的特色。其使用功能经济合理、造型灵活朴实、紧密结合自然环境，同时在美学、环境地理学、民俗文化、地域文化等方面都有着特殊的研究价值和实际意义。本文经过大量的实地考察和测绘，运用丰富的图片资料及手绘资料，试图从湘南民居与中国传统文化的关系着手，对民居的平面形制、空间处理、细部装饰、生态技术以及民居的保护等方面进行研究。
一方面，通过湘南民居优美的艺术造型和装饰构造的研究，充分理解传统民居技术与艺术之间的互相结合、互相统一；另一方面，随着科学技术不断发展，高新技术及材料的运用使得人们渐渐忽略了自然环境对建筑设计的影响，从而造成的资源浪费及环境污染问题日益严重，而研究湘南民居给我们带来了启示，为我们在如何巧妙地利用和顺应自然方面指出了一个方向；最后，提出了对民居保护的几点建议，试图在民居的保护和开发上寻找一个平衡点。
本文通过对湘南民居的建筑形式的精华及其精神内涵的研究，提出“岭北民居”的新概念，并试图把传统引向创新，从而在思想上发掘出传统民居对于现代建筑设计的影响，创造出根植于当地传统文化的建筑，以自己的方式走向世界。
Research of traditional folk residences has a big appeal to us. They are very dramatic for their large amounts, wide distributions, rich forms, unique local feature and deep connotation of folk culture. Chinese traditional folk residences spread all over the north and south of Yangtse River, and they have all kinds of forms that have distinct styles.
As part of Chinese traditional folk residences, the traditional folk residences of southern Hunan have their own characteristics because of their particular geographic environment. Their functions are economic and reasonable, their sculpt are flexible and unadorned, and they are closely linked with the nature. So research of them has specific values and practical significance in aesthetics, geographic environment, folk culture and regional culture, and so on. After a mass of fieldwork and survey, with abundant photograph information and hand-drawing information, this thesis attempts to start with the relationship between the traditional folk residences of southern Hunan and Chinese traditional culture, then make a study to the planar format, spatial disposal, decoration of small parts, ecological technology and protection of the traditional folk residences.
On the one hand, through the research of the graceful artistic sculpts, decorations and conformations of the folk residences of southern Hunan, the commutative combination and unity can be fully comprehended; on the other hand, with the rapid development of the science and technology, applications of the high & new technologies and material slowly make us to neglect the effect which environment has on the architectural designs, consequently, the problems of resource waste and environment pollution get worse increasingly, while the research to the traditional folk residences of southern Hunan brings us illuminations, and points out a way of how to use and conform environments smartly; finally, several suggestions on the protection of the folk residences were given in this thesis, which tries to find a poising point between the protection and development to the folk
residences.
It is hoped that through the research of the soul of the architectural forms and the spiritual connotation of the traditional folk residences of southern Hunan, traditions could be directed to creations, and the influence on modern architectural designs by the traditional folk residences could be disinterred in our minds, then the new architecture rooted in local traditional cultures could be created and march forward to the world level in its own way.
作为中国传统民居的一部分，湘南民居由于其独特的地理环境有着自己的特色。其使用功能经济合理、造型灵活朴实、紧密结合自然环境，同时在美学、环境地理学、民俗文化、地域文化等方面都有着特殊的研究价值和实际意义。本文经过大量的实地考察和测绘，运用丰富的图片资料及手绘资料，试图从湘南民居与中国传统文化的关系着手，对民居的平面形制、空间处理、细部装饰、生态技术以及民居的保护等方面进行研究。
一方面，通过湘南民居优美的艺术造型和装饰构造的研究，充分理解传统民居技术与艺术之间的互相结合、互相统一；另一方面，随着科学技术不断发展，高新技术及材料的运用使得人们渐渐忽略了自然环境对建筑设计的影响，从而造成的资源浪费及环境污染问题日益严重，而研究湘南民居给我们带来了启示，为我们在如何巧妙地利用和顺应自然方面指出了一个方向；最后，提出了对民居保护的几点建议，试图在民居的保护和开发上寻找一个平衡点。
本文通过对湘南民居的建筑形式的精华及其精神内涵的研究，提出“岭北民居”的新概念，并试图把传统引向创新，从而在思想上发掘出传统民居对于现代建筑设计的影响，创造出根植于当地传统文化的建筑，以自己的方式走向世界。
Research of traditional folk residences has a big appeal to us. They are very dramatic for their large amounts, wide distributions, rich forms, unique local feature and deep connotation of folk culture. Chinese traditional folk residences spread all over the north and south of Yangtse River, and they have all kinds of forms that have distinct styles.
As part of Chinese traditional folk residences, the traditional folk residences of southern Hunan have their own characteristics because of their particular geographic environment. Their functions are economic and reasonable, their sculpt are flexible and unadorned, and they are closely linked with the nature. So research of them has specific values and practical significance in aesthetics, geographic environment, folk culture and regional culture, and so on. After a mass of fieldwork and survey, with abundant photograph information and hand-drawing information, this thesis attempts to start with the relationship between the traditional folk residences of southern Hunan and Chinese traditional culture, then make a study to the planar format, spatial disposal, decoration of small parts, ecological technology and protection of the traditional folk residences.
On the one hand, through the research of the graceful artistic sculpts, decorations and conformations of the folk residences of southern Hunan, the commutative combination and unity can be fully comprehended; on the other hand, with the rapid development of the science and technology, applications of the high & new technologies and material slowly make us to neglect the effect which environment has on the architectural designs, consequently, the problems of resource waste and environment pollution get worse increasingly, while the research to the traditional folk residences of southern Hunan brings us illuminations, and points out a way of how to use and conform environments smartly; finally, several suggestions on the protection of the folk residences were given in this thesis, which tries to find a poising point between the protection and development to the folk
residences.
It is hoped that through the research of the soul of the architectural forms and the spiritual connotation of the traditional folk residences of southern Hunan, traditions could be directed to creations, and the influence on modern architectural designs by the traditional folk residences could be disinterred in our minds, then the new architecture rooted in local traditional cultures could be created and march forward to the world level in its own way.
引文
[1] 郴州地区地方志编篆委员会．郴州地区志．中国社会出版社，1996
[2] 湖南省地方志编篡委员会．湖南省志第十二卷．气象出版社，1995
[3] 马国馨．日本建筑文化浅析—吸收与创新．见：日本建筑论稿．中国建筑工业出版社，
[4] E·Shils. Tradition . Chicago. The University of Chicago Press,1981
[5] 郑炜．中国传统建筑的技术观．建筑．2002，04：P74-75
[6] 顾孟潮．当代建筑文化与美学．天津科学技术出版社，1989
[7] A·Rapoport. House form and Culture. Pergamon Press, 1976
[8] 韩增禄，何重义．建筑·文化·人生．北京大学出版社，1997年
[9] 田广林．中国传统文化概论．高等教育出版社，1994
[10] 姜晓萍．中国传统建筑艺术．西南师范大学出版社，1998
[11] 赖德劭，黄中和．传统民居装饰与儒家文化．小城镇建设．2001，9：P62-64
[12] 刘先觉．现代建筑理论．中国建筑工业出版社，1999
[13] Peter B·Jones. Function and Character. Archutectural Review, July 1980
[14] 黑格尔．美学 第三卷下册．朱光潜译．商务出版社，1984
[15] 李长杰，张克俭．物境·心境·意境---传统民居美学探讨．见：中国传统民居与文化．中国建筑工业出版社
[16] 中国科学院自然科学史研究所．中国古代建筑技术史，1985
[17] 马炳坚．中国古建筑木作营造技术．科学出版社，1991
[18] 陆琦．传统民居装饰的文化内涵．华中建筑，1998，2：P120-124
[19] 汪之力．中国传统民居建筑．山东科技出版社，1994
[20] 楼度西．中国传统装饰艺术．中国建筑工业出版社，1999
[21] 陆元鼎．中国传统民居与文化．中国建筑工业出版社，1991
[22] 谭刚毅．民居符号学浅述及其他．华中建筑，1996，04：P27-29
[23] Edmund N·Bacon. Design of Cities. Thames and Hudson, London, Revised edition, 1974
[24] Terence Hawkes. Structuralism and semiotics. University of California Press, 1977
[25] 杨大禹．中国传统民居的技术骨架．华中建筑，1997，01
[26] 荆其敏，张丽安．世界传统居民—生态家屋，1996
[27] [日]．真锅恒博．建筑节能概论．中国建筑工业出版社，1987
[28] 陈玉峰．生态建筑．http://e-info.org.tw/reviewer/yufeng/2001/re-yufeng01042401.htm
[29] 王治平．试论徽州传统民居及其民居．中国传统民居与文化．中国建筑工业出版社
[30] 林云峰，梁文杰．从传统民居村寨到城市住宅的可持续发展规划及设计策略．空间Space，2000，1
[31] 曹麻茹．构造技术简单合理、节能措施经济实用—湘西苗族传统民居介绍，建筑规划与设计，P33-34
[32] 李莉萍，樊建南．传统民居及其环境的持续发展和遵循生态原则的经验探索与生态家园模式思考．建筑，2002，01：P83-86
[33] 贾倍思，王微琼．居住空间适应性设计．东南大学出版社
[34] 林京．杨经文及其生物气候学在高层建筑中的运用．世界建筑，1996，4
[35] 周红卫．浅谈黑川纪章继承日本传统建筑文化的方法．苏州丝绸工学院学报，2001，04
[36] Kisho Kurokawa, Francois Chaslin. The Architecture of Symbiosis. Rizzoli, 1988, 10
[37] 罗哲文．中国古代建筑．上海古籍出版社，1990
[38] 贾倍思．传统民居保护的困境与出路．新加坡和香港的经验比较．华中建筑，1999，1：P140-142
[39] 谢浩，刘晓帆．湿热地区加强建筑物防潮措施的研究．室内设计，2002，3
[40] 李光逵．地中海巴尔干民居地域特色及其保护中的现代价值取向．见：中国传统文化与民居第四辑．中国建筑工业出版社
[41] 陆元鼎．中国民居的特征与借鉴．中国传统民居与文化．中国建筑工业出版社，1991
[43] Philip Jodidio. Tadao Ando. TASCHEN America Llc, 1998, 4
[42] 王卉．走出现代主义建筑的困惑．四川建筑，2002，05：P36-37
[2] 湖南省地方志编篡委员会．湖南省志第十二卷．气象出版社，1995
[3] 马国馨．日本建筑文化浅析—吸收与创新．见：日本建筑论稿．中国建筑工业出版社，
[4] E·Shils. Tradition . Chicago. The University of Chicago Press,1981
[5] 郑炜．中国传统建筑的技术观．建筑．2002，04：P74-75
[6] 顾孟潮．当代建筑文化与美学．天津科学技术出版社，1989
[7] A·Rapoport. House form and Culture. Pergamon Press, 1976
[8] 韩增禄，何重义．建筑·文化·人生．北京大学出版社，1997年
[9] 田广林．中国传统文化概论．高等教育出版社，1994
[10] 姜晓萍．中国传统建筑艺术．西南师范大学出版社，1998
[11] 赖德劭，黄中和．传统民居装饰与儒家文化．小城镇建设．2001，9：P62-64
[12] 刘先觉．现代建筑理论．中国建筑工业出版社，1999
[13] Peter B·Jones. Function and Character. Archutectural Review, July 1980
[14] 黑格尔．美学 第三卷下册．朱光潜译．商务出版社，1984
[15] 李长杰，张克俭．物境·心境·意境---传统民居美学探讨．见：中国传统民居与文化．中国建筑工业出版社
[16] 中国科学院自然科学史研究所．中国古代建筑技术史，1985
[17] 马炳坚．中国古建筑木作营造技术．科学出版社，1991
[18] 陆琦．传统民居装饰的文化内涵．华中建筑，1998，2：P120-124
[19] 汪之力．中国传统民居建筑．山东科技出版社，1994
[20] 楼度西．中国传统装饰艺术．中国建筑工业出版社，1999
[21] 陆元鼎．中国传统民居与文化．中国建筑工业出版社，1991
[22] 谭刚毅．民居符号学浅述及其他．华中建筑，1996，04：P27-29
[23] Edmund N·Bacon. Design of Cities. Thames and Hudson, London, Revised edition, 1974
[24] Terence Hawkes. Structuralism and semiotics. University of California Press, 1977
[25] 杨大禹．中国传统民居的技术骨架．华中建筑，1997，01
[26] 荆其敏，张丽安．世界传统居民—生态家屋，1996
[27] [日]．真锅恒博．建筑节能概论．中国建筑工业出版社，1987
[28] 陈玉峰．生态建筑．http://e-info.org.tw/reviewer/yufeng/2001/re-yufeng01042401.htm
[29] 王治平．试论徽州传统民居及其民居．中国传统民居与文化．中国建筑工业出版社
[30] 林云峰，梁文杰．从传统民居村寨到城市住宅的可持续发展规划及设计策略．空间Space，2000，1
[31] 曹麻茹．构造技术简单合理、节能措施经济实用—湘西苗族传统民居介绍，建筑规划与设计，P33-34
[32] 李莉萍，樊建南．传统民居及其环境的持续发展和遵循生态原则的经验探索与生态家园模式思考．建筑，2002，01：P83-86
[33] 贾倍思，王微琼．居住空间适应性设计．东南大学出版社
[34] 林京．杨经文及其生物气候学在高层建筑中的运用．世界建筑，1996，4
[35] 周红卫．浅谈黑川纪章继承日本传统建筑文化的方法．苏州丝绸工学院学报，2001，04
[36] Kisho Kurokawa, Francois Chaslin. The Architecture of Symbiosis. Rizzoli, 1988, 10
[37] 罗哲文．中国古代建筑．上海古籍出版社，1990
[38] 贾倍思．传统民居保护的困境与出路．新加坡和香港的经验比较．华中建筑，1999，1：P140-142
[39] 谢浩，刘晓帆．湿热地区加强建筑物防潮措施的研究．室内设计，2002，3
[40] 李光逵．地中海巴尔干民居地域特色及其保护中的现代价值取向．见：中国传统文化与民居第四辑．中国建筑工业出版社
[41] 陆元鼎．中国民居的特征与借鉴．中国传统民居与文化．中国建筑工业出版社，1991
[43] Philip Jodidio. Tadao Ando. TASCHEN America Llc, 1998, 4
[42] 王卉．走出现代主义建筑的困惑．四川建筑，2002，05：P36-37