重庆市办公建筑能耗特性及节能策略研究
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摘要
我国乃至世界的能源形势日趋紧张,而建筑能耗比重也在逐渐增加,其中大部分用于采暖、通风与空调。为了降低这部分能耗,可以对此类建筑进行实际测试和调查,找出存在节能潜力之处,有针对性的实施相应的节能策略。节能策略的提出是建立在数据实测和调查的基础上的,而且随着地区的气象特征不同而不同。因此,我国各地区进行关于公共建筑空调系统能耗状况以及节能技术在公共建筑空调系统中节能潜力的研究是十分必要的。
本文通过实际测试和调查对重庆市的某些校内办公建筑和政府办公建筑进行了分析和研究。根据实际测试所得的建筑热工性能数据和设备运行数据,分析了这些办公建筑的能耗特性,找出了存在节能潜力的地方,结合能耗模拟,提出了有针对性的节能策略。
主要内容包括:①本文对重庆市的几座办公建筑进行了调研,并对其中一座进行了重点测试。提出对改办公建筑的热工特性的测试方法,包括对建筑内部平均温度、外墙传热系数和外窗的传热系数的测试等。同时,也提出了对空调系统运行状况的测试方案,得到了冷机的蒸发器进出口温度,冷凝器进出口温度,冷水流量等,并得到了冷机的COP。指出了该建筑运行管理过程中存在的问题和空调系统能耗特点;②本文以EnergyPlus为模拟工具,以重庆市某办公建筑为基础,建立建筑模型,模拟分析了该办公建筑全年能耗情况及。探讨了冬、夏两季不同的室内设定温度对建筑能耗的影响,并对其不同水平的窗墙比、照明能耗、人员密度、遮阳情况等进行模拟,找出该办公建筑的节能潜力。并利用正交表和方差分析找出对影响办公建筑能耗因素进行显著性排序;③分析重庆地区的气候特征,结合测试和调查时发现的问题以及能耗模拟的结果,提出夜间冷却、设置外遮阳、利用太阳能、减少照明能耗以及加强能源管理等建筑节能策略。
The energy situation in the world and China is becoming urgency, and the energy consumed in buildings is gradually increasing, and the most of the energy is used for heating, ventilation and air-conditioning. To reduce this part, the energy-saving strategies must be formed and carried out on purpose. In order to achieve this object we could test and investigate the buildings and identify where the potential of energy-saving exists. The region and climate character can also influence the process of strategy making, so it is necessary to discuss the energy efficiency potential and strategy according to different climate and location. In a word, it is very necessary to research the level of energy consumption of the air-conditioning system in commercial buildings and energy efficiency technology in central air conditioning of commercial buildings. Based on testing and investigation, some office buildings in Chongqing were analyzed in this paper. The characters of office buildings are acquired by analyzing the testing data of the HVAC system and building envelop. The energy saving potential was found out and the characters of the tested buildings were obtained. Based on these conclusions and energy consumption simulation, energy saving strategy was summarized.
The main contents include:①The plans for testing were proposed, the thermal characteristics of the office building, including the average temperature within the building, heat transfer coefficient of the external walls and windows were measured. At the same time, the scheme of testing the operational data of the chiller and other components of the HVAC system was proposed too. The inlet and outlet temperature of the evaporator and condenser were tested and the flow of the chilled water was also tested. And the COP of the chiller was acquired by calculation;②A modeler has been established based on an office building in Chongqing by the simulation tool EnergyPlus. The annual energy consumption of the office buildings has been acquired by simulation. A smaller modeler was established and the cases on different design indoor temperature of the smaller modeler in winter and summer were analyzed, and its window wall ratio, lighting energy consumption, staff density, exterior shading type and the HVAC type have been changed and different results of energy consumption were acquired. The energy saving potential of the office building in Chongqing was found out by analyzing these simulation results. And the significance of each factor was identified by orthogonal tables and variance analysis. And the factors that affect the building energy consumption were ranged based on their significance;③The climate and region character of Chongqing was analyzed. Integrated with the investigation and simulation, the energy efficiecy strategies that include using night cooling, using exterior shading, using solar energy and implementing more reasonable energy managements for office building in Chongqing were proposed.
本文通过实际测试和调查对重庆市的某些校内办公建筑和政府办公建筑进行了分析和研究。根据实际测试所得的建筑热工性能数据和设备运行数据,分析了这些办公建筑的能耗特性,找出了存在节能潜力的地方,结合能耗模拟,提出了有针对性的节能策略。
主要内容包括:①本文对重庆市的几座办公建筑进行了调研,并对其中一座进行了重点测试。提出对改办公建筑的热工特性的测试方法,包括对建筑内部平均温度、外墙传热系数和外窗的传热系数的测试等。同时,也提出了对空调系统运行状况的测试方案,得到了冷机的蒸发器进出口温度,冷凝器进出口温度,冷水流量等,并得到了冷机的COP。指出了该建筑运行管理过程中存在的问题和空调系统能耗特点;②本文以EnergyPlus为模拟工具,以重庆市某办公建筑为基础,建立建筑模型,模拟分析了该办公建筑全年能耗情况及。探讨了冬、夏两季不同的室内设定温度对建筑能耗的影响,并对其不同水平的窗墙比、照明能耗、人员密度、遮阳情况等进行模拟,找出该办公建筑的节能潜力。并利用正交表和方差分析找出对影响办公建筑能耗因素进行显著性排序;③分析重庆地区的气候特征,结合测试和调查时发现的问题以及能耗模拟的结果,提出夜间冷却、设置外遮阳、利用太阳能、减少照明能耗以及加强能源管理等建筑节能策略。
The energy situation in the world and China is becoming urgency, and the energy consumed in buildings is gradually increasing, and the most of the energy is used for heating, ventilation and air-conditioning. To reduce this part, the energy-saving strategies must be formed and carried out on purpose. In order to achieve this object we could test and investigate the buildings and identify where the potential of energy-saving exists. The region and climate character can also influence the process of strategy making, so it is necessary to discuss the energy efficiency potential and strategy according to different climate and location. In a word, it is very necessary to research the level of energy consumption of the air-conditioning system in commercial buildings and energy efficiency technology in central air conditioning of commercial buildings. Based on testing and investigation, some office buildings in Chongqing were analyzed in this paper. The characters of office buildings are acquired by analyzing the testing data of the HVAC system and building envelop. The energy saving potential was found out and the characters of the tested buildings were obtained. Based on these conclusions and energy consumption simulation, energy saving strategy was summarized.
The main contents include:①The plans for testing were proposed, the thermal characteristics of the office building, including the average temperature within the building, heat transfer coefficient of the external walls and windows were measured. At the same time, the scheme of testing the operational data of the chiller and other components of the HVAC system was proposed too. The inlet and outlet temperature of the evaporator and condenser were tested and the flow of the chilled water was also tested. And the COP of the chiller was acquired by calculation;②A modeler has been established based on an office building in Chongqing by the simulation tool EnergyPlus. The annual energy consumption of the office buildings has been acquired by simulation. A smaller modeler was established and the cases on different design indoor temperature of the smaller modeler in winter and summer were analyzed, and its window wall ratio, lighting energy consumption, staff density, exterior shading type and the HVAC type have been changed and different results of energy consumption were acquired. The energy saving potential of the office building in Chongqing was found out by analyzing these simulation results. And the significance of each factor was identified by orthogonal tables and variance analysis. And the factors that affect the building energy consumption were ranged based on their significance;③The climate and region character of Chongqing was analyzed. Integrated with the investigation and simulation, the energy efficiecy strategies that include using night cooling, using exterior shading, using solar energy and implementing more reasonable energy managements for office building in Chongqing were proposed.
引文
[1] 唐祥忠,舒畅.建筑节能迫在眉睫.国外建材科技,2006,第 27 卷第 1 期:117-118
[2] 龙惟定.国内建筑合理用能的现状及展望.能源工程,2001,第 2 期:2-6
[3] 江亿.我国建筑能耗状况与节能重点.建筑科技,2007 年 05 期:26-29
[4] 赵哲身.公共建筑空调能耗分析和节能.上海建设科技.2007 年.第 2 期:37-39
[5] 杨洁等.天津神户公共建筑能耗调查及空调制冷系统节能分析.暖通空调,2002,32(1):40-42
[6] 王俊,徐伟,林海燕,曾捷.建筑能耗现状与节能途径.中国科技成果,2006 年 19 期
[7] 郑洁,彭鹏.暖通空调系统的节能措施.智能建筑与城市信息,2005,10:94-97
[8] 王长庆,龙惟定,黄治钟.上海公共建筑空调制冷系统的能耗测试与分析.暖通空调,2002,vol.32 (6):l-3
[9] 薛志峰,江亿.北京市大型公共建筑用能现状与节能潜力分析.暖通空调,2004,Vol.34(9):8-10
[10] 沈浩.长沙地区公共建筑的能耗评价及节能分析[学位论文].湖南:湖南大学,2005
[11] 王鑫,张伟荣,魏庆芃,江亿.大型公建节能会诊(五)——政府机构篇:政府办公建筑能耗分析与节能改造.建设科技,2007(2):23-25
[12] 杨晓敏.上海地区公共建筑能耗现状与节能分析[学位论文].上海:同济大学,2007
[13] K.H.YANG , R.L.HWANG . ENERGY CONSERVATION OF BUILDING IN TAIWAN.Pattern Recognition,1995,28(10):1483 一 1491
[14] 王远,魏庆芃,薛志峰,江亿.大型公建节能会诊(三)——调查分析篇 大型公共建筑能耗调查分析[J].建设科技,2007,(2),17-19
[15] EIA China country analysis brief.www.eia.doe.gov,2004-3
[16] Ibrahim Cakmanus.Renovation of existing office buildings in regard to energy economy: An example from Ankara,Turkey.Building and Environment,Volume 42,Issue 3,March 2007,Pages:1348-1357
[17] C. A. Balaras,E. Dascalaki,A. Gaglia and K. Droutsa.Energy conservation potential,HVAC installations and operational issues in Hellenic Airports.Energy and Buildings,Volume 35,Issue 11,December 2003,Pages:1105-1120
[18] Dodier R H,Kreider J F.Detecting whole building energy problems. In: ASHRAE Trans, 1999,105(1):579-592
[19] Paulo Filipe de Almeida Ferreira Tavares and António Manuel de Oliveira Gomes Martins.Energy efficient building design using sensitivity analysis—A case study.Energy andBuildings,Volume 39,Issue 1,January 2007,Pages:23-31
[20] R.P Mazzucchi.The Project on Restaurant Energy Performance End-use Monitoring and Analysis.ASHRAE Transactions,1986,92(2):328-349
[21] J. J. Pfeiffer.Energy Measurement Result.ASHRAE Transactions,1987,93 (2):2046-2054
[22] D.R. Dohrmann , M. Martinez D. Mort . End-use Metered Data for Commercial Buildings.ASHRAE Transactions,1990,96(1):1004-1010
[23] R. H. Hendrigan.Data for Specific End Use Customer/Marketing application.ASHRAE Transactions,1987,93 (2):2039-2045
[24] PG. Cleary.Which Types of Analysis Can Be Carried Out With EMS Data.An Examination of Data from an Apartment Building.ASHRAE Transactions,1987,93(2):2350-235
[25] IEA. Key world energy statistics from the IEA.www.iea.org,2002-12
[26] Energy Conservation Poliey & Measures in JaPan.Ageney for Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE)Ministry of Eeonomy.Trade and Industry(METI)
[27] 重庆市统计年鉴 2006
[28] 建设部.GB50411-2007.建筑节能工程施工质量验收规范.2007 年 10 月 1 日
[29] 李念平.长沙市住宅建筑夏季能源使用结构的调查与分析.暖通空调,2004,34(5):14-18
[30] 王荣光,沈天行.《可再生能源利用与建筑节能》.北京:机械工业出版社,2004:3-7
[31] 冀兆良,屈国伦.广州地区民用建筑节能技术研究与应用进展.建筑节能(33)
[32] 王晓松.暖通空调变流量水力系统的全面平衡.暖通空调,2005,35(7):77-81
[33] 孔成兴.暖通空调、照明技术与建筑节能.能源工程,1996,4:29-31
[34] 乔华,王景刚,刘靖等.暖通空调用调节阀流量特性研究.河北建筑科技学院学报,2001,18(1):4-8
[35] 杨金释.建筑节能的昨天、今天与明天.北京建筑工程学院学报,1997 (1):82-84
[36] Taylor,R. D..Pedersen.Simultaneous simulation of buildings and mechanical systems in heatbalance based energy analysis programs.Proceedings of The 3rd International Conference on System Simulation in Buildings,1990
[37] ZHAI Z Q,CHEN Q Y,Klems J H,et al.Strategies for coupling energy simulation and computational fluid dynamics programs [A] . Proceedings of Building Simulation’ 2001[C] .Rio De Janeiro (Brazil), Seventh international IBPSA conference,2001:59—66
[38] Y.P. Zhou,J.Y. Wu,R.Z. Wang,S. Shiochi and Y.M. Li.Simulation and experimental validation of the variable-refrigerant-volume (VRV) air-conditioning system in EnergyPlus.Energy and Buildings,In Press,Corrected Proof,Available online 15 September 2007
[39] 许旺发,张旭.办公建筑能耗动态模拟研究.建筑热能通风空调,第 25 卷第 1 期,2006年 2 月:15-18
[40] 孟峙.天然光的利用与方法的研究.[工学硕士论文]
[41] 陈友明,王盛卫.多层墙体瞬时热负荷计算新模型.上海理工大学学报,第 23 卷,第 3期:225-228
[42] 颜宏亮,龚娅.论玻璃幕墙遮阳设计的作用及效果.建筑科学,2004,03:8-12
[43] 陈少勇,董安详,陈添宇,安华银,祁连山总云量变化及其与气候变暖的关系.干旱区研究,2007,(01)
[44] 牛盛楠,王立雄,杨现国.玻璃幕墙建筑的遮阳采光与节能建筑,2007,(04):42-44
[2] 龙惟定.国内建筑合理用能的现状及展望.能源工程,2001,第 2 期:2-6
[3] 江亿.我国建筑能耗状况与节能重点.建筑科技,2007 年 05 期:26-29
[4] 赵哲身.公共建筑空调能耗分析和节能.上海建设科技.2007 年.第 2 期:37-39
[5] 杨洁等.天津神户公共建筑能耗调查及空调制冷系统节能分析.暖通空调,2002,32(1):40-42
[6] 王俊,徐伟,林海燕,曾捷.建筑能耗现状与节能途径.中国科技成果,2006 年 19 期
[7] 郑洁,彭鹏.暖通空调系统的节能措施.智能建筑与城市信息,2005,10:94-97
[8] 王长庆,龙惟定,黄治钟.上海公共建筑空调制冷系统的能耗测试与分析.暖通空调,2002,vol.32 (6):l-3
[9] 薛志峰,江亿.北京市大型公共建筑用能现状与节能潜力分析.暖通空调,2004,Vol.34(9):8-10
[10] 沈浩.长沙地区公共建筑的能耗评价及节能分析[学位论文].湖南:湖南大学,2005
[11] 王鑫,张伟荣,魏庆芃,江亿.大型公建节能会诊(五)——政府机构篇:政府办公建筑能耗分析与节能改造.建设科技,2007(2):23-25
[12] 杨晓敏.上海地区公共建筑能耗现状与节能分析[学位论文].上海:同济大学,2007
[13] K.H.YANG , R.L.HWANG . ENERGY CONSERVATION OF BUILDING IN TAIWAN.Pattern Recognition,1995,28(10):1483 一 1491
[14] 王远,魏庆芃,薛志峰,江亿.大型公建节能会诊(三)——调查分析篇 大型公共建筑能耗调查分析[J].建设科技,2007,(2),17-19
[15] EIA China country analysis brief.www.eia.doe.gov,2004-3
[16] Ibrahim Cakmanus.Renovation of existing office buildings in regard to energy economy: An example from Ankara,Turkey.Building and Environment,Volume 42,Issue 3,March 2007,Pages:1348-1357
[17] C. A. Balaras,E. Dascalaki,A. Gaglia and K. Droutsa.Energy conservation potential,HVAC installations and operational issues in Hellenic Airports.Energy and Buildings,Volume 35,Issue 11,December 2003,Pages:1105-1120
[18] Dodier R H,Kreider J F.Detecting whole building energy problems. In: ASHRAE Trans, 1999,105(1):579-592
[19] Paulo Filipe de Almeida Ferreira Tavares and António Manuel de Oliveira Gomes Martins.Energy efficient building design using sensitivity analysis—A case study.Energy andBuildings,Volume 39,Issue 1,January 2007,Pages:23-31
[20] R.P Mazzucchi.The Project on Restaurant Energy Performance End-use Monitoring and Analysis.ASHRAE Transactions,1986,92(2):328-349
[21] J. J. Pfeiffer.Energy Measurement Result.ASHRAE Transactions,1987,93 (2):2046-2054
[22] D.R. Dohrmann , M. Martinez D. Mort . End-use Metered Data for Commercial Buildings.ASHRAE Transactions,1990,96(1):1004-1010
[23] R. H. Hendrigan.Data for Specific End Use Customer/Marketing application.ASHRAE Transactions,1987,93 (2):2039-2045
[24] PG. Cleary.Which Types of Analysis Can Be Carried Out With EMS Data.An Examination of Data from an Apartment Building.ASHRAE Transactions,1987,93(2):2350-235
[25] IEA. Key world energy statistics from the IEA.www.iea.org,2002-12
[26] Energy Conservation Poliey & Measures in JaPan.Ageney for Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE)Ministry of Eeonomy.Trade and Industry(METI)
[27] 重庆市统计年鉴 2006
[28] 建设部.GB50411-2007.建筑节能工程施工质量验收规范.2007 年 10 月 1 日
[29] 李念平.长沙市住宅建筑夏季能源使用结构的调查与分析.暖通空调,2004,34(5):14-18
[30] 王荣光,沈天行.《可再生能源利用与建筑节能》.北京:机械工业出版社,2004:3-7
[31] 冀兆良,屈国伦.广州地区民用建筑节能技术研究与应用进展.建筑节能(33)
[32] 王晓松.暖通空调变流量水力系统的全面平衡.暖通空调,2005,35(7):77-81
[33] 孔成兴.暖通空调、照明技术与建筑节能.能源工程,1996,4:29-31
[34] 乔华,王景刚,刘靖等.暖通空调用调节阀流量特性研究.河北建筑科技学院学报,2001,18(1):4-8
[35] 杨金释.建筑节能的昨天、今天与明天.北京建筑工程学院学报,1997 (1):82-84
[36] Taylor,R. D..Pedersen.Simultaneous simulation of buildings and mechanical systems in heatbalance based energy analysis programs.Proceedings of The 3rd International Conference on System Simulation in Buildings,1990
[37] ZHAI Z Q,CHEN Q Y,Klems J H,et al.Strategies for coupling energy simulation and computational fluid dynamics programs [A] . Proceedings of Building Simulation’ 2001[C] .Rio De Janeiro (Brazil), Seventh international IBPSA conference,2001:59—66
[38] Y.P. Zhou,J.Y. Wu,R.Z. Wang,S. Shiochi and Y.M. Li.Simulation and experimental validation of the variable-refrigerant-volume (VRV) air-conditioning system in EnergyPlus.Energy and Buildings,In Press,Corrected Proof,Available online 15 September 2007
[39] 许旺发,张旭.办公建筑能耗动态模拟研究.建筑热能通风空调,第 25 卷第 1 期,2006年 2 月:15-18
[40] 孟峙.天然光的利用与方法的研究.[工学硕士论文]
[41] 陈友明,王盛卫.多层墙体瞬时热负荷计算新模型.上海理工大学学报,第 23 卷,第 3期:225-228
[42] 颜宏亮,龚娅.论玻璃幕墙遮阳设计的作用及效果.建筑科学,2004,03:8-12
[43] 陈少勇,董安详,陈添宇,安华银,祁连山总云量变化及其与气候变暖的关系.干旱区研究,2007,(01)
[44] 牛盛楠,王立雄,杨现国.玻璃幕墙建筑的遮阳采光与节能建筑,2007,(04):42-44