采暖热计量的节能率研究及经济性分析
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摘要
鉴于我国在热计量与温控方面研究处于起步阶段,并且研究中出现了一些问题和争议,采暖系统实现热计量收费后,节能比例有多大?实行热计量后的节能收益是否大于热计量设备的投资问题,是国内争论的热点问题。本文针对这些问题进行了以下研究。
根据热价制定的基本原则,分析了热价构成,并以本溪和营口为例,基于基本热费占总热费的比例,得出目前以及预测的热量热价和面积热价。
当热作为商品,节能建筑安装热计量设备与温控装置后,用户可以充分利用自由热,自行调控室内温度,调动了用热和供热两个方面的积极性,进而促进节能。本研究对建筑物在不同情况下的节能率进行详细分解,给出了围护结构节能率η_1、自由热节能率η_2、行为节能率η_3,以及相对不节能建筑的总节能率η和节能建筑的总节能率η'的定义及计算公式,并得出它们之间的关系式。应用EnergyPlus能耗分析软件,对气候区内几个典型城市的不节能建筑,节能50%建筑以及第三步节能目标下的节能建筑进行能耗模拟分析,得出一系列的节能率η_1、η_2、η_3、η和η'。
从全寿命分析的角度,根据不同热计量方案的投资和目前热价下热计量收益,确定不同热计量方案资金的投资回收期。
Due to the research of heating meter and temperature control in our country at the first stage, some issues and problems has come out. The questions are how much the energy efficiency for heating meter system is, and whether energy saving profit is more than the investment of the epuipment. These are hot issues. This thesis makes reseach on the following.
Based on the principle of heating tariff constitute, the structure of heating tariff was analysed. Take Yingkou and Benxi as example, the present and forecast heating tariff are obtained.
When heat is as commodity, and heat measurement and temperature control are installed, residents can filledly use free heat. Adjusting temperature by residents encourage enthusiasm of users and heating company to enhance energy efficiency. This thesis devides the energy efficiency. The energy efficiency envelope insulationη_1, the energy efficiency of free heatη_2 , the energy efficiency of behaviorη_3, the total energy efficiencyηrelative to the building without energy saving, and the total energy efficiencyη'relative to the building with energy saving are defined in the thesis, what’s more ,the relation among them are also given. By the energy simulation software EnergyPlus, the thesis give the simulation result of energy consumed for heating by the building without energy saving ,the building with 50% energy saving and the building with 65% energy saving in typical cities in different climate zone. On this basis, the thesis analyse the proportion of the energy consumed by the envelope, infiltration and free heat and achieve a series of energy efficiency such asη_1,η_2,η_3,ηandη'.
The thesis ascertain the callback period according to the investment of meter and the energy saving profit at the actual heating tariff on the condition of different manner of heating meter.
根据热价制定的基本原则,分析了热价构成,并以本溪和营口为例,基于基本热费占总热费的比例,得出目前以及预测的热量热价和面积热价。
当热作为商品,节能建筑安装热计量设备与温控装置后,用户可以充分利用自由热,自行调控室内温度,调动了用热和供热两个方面的积极性,进而促进节能。本研究对建筑物在不同情况下的节能率进行详细分解,给出了围护结构节能率η_1、自由热节能率η_2、行为节能率η_3,以及相对不节能建筑的总节能率η和节能建筑的总节能率η'的定义及计算公式,并得出它们之间的关系式。应用EnergyPlus能耗分析软件,对气候区内几个典型城市的不节能建筑,节能50%建筑以及第三步节能目标下的节能建筑进行能耗模拟分析,得出一系列的节能率η_1、η_2、η_3、η和η'。
从全寿命分析的角度,根据不同热计量方案的投资和目前热价下热计量收益,确定不同热计量方案资金的投资回收期。
Due to the research of heating meter and temperature control in our country at the first stage, some issues and problems has come out. The questions are how much the energy efficiency for heating meter system is, and whether energy saving profit is more than the investment of the epuipment. These are hot issues. This thesis makes reseach on the following.
Based on the principle of heating tariff constitute, the structure of heating tariff was analysed. Take Yingkou and Benxi as example, the present and forecast heating tariff are obtained.
When heat is as commodity, and heat measurement and temperature control are installed, residents can filledly use free heat. Adjusting temperature by residents encourage enthusiasm of users and heating company to enhance energy efficiency. This thesis devides the energy efficiency. The energy efficiency envelope insulationη_1, the energy efficiency of free heatη_2 , the energy efficiency of behaviorη_3, the total energy efficiencyηrelative to the building without energy saving, and the total energy efficiencyη'relative to the building with energy saving are defined in the thesis, what’s more ,the relation among them are also given. By the energy simulation software EnergyPlus, the thesis give the simulation result of energy consumed for heating by the building without energy saving ,the building with 50% energy saving and the building with 65% energy saving in typical cities in different climate zone. On this basis, the thesis analyse the proportion of the energy consumed by the envelope, infiltration and free heat and achieve a series of energy efficiency such asη_1,η_2,η_3,ηandη'.
The thesis ascertain the callback period according to the investment of meter and the energy saving profit at the actual heating tariff on the condition of different manner of heating meter.
引文
1 涂逢祥. 建筑节能技术. 中国计划出版社, 1996: 1~18
2 李德英, 郝斌. 建筑节能热量按热收费关键问题探析. 热点关注之“建筑节能”. 2005, (6):16~20
3 建筑节能标准汇编(编号 HQG2002——001). 哈尔滨市墙体材料改革建筑节能领导小组办公室. 2002:24~28
4 裴秀英, 胡宝平. 对热量计量收费供暖实施问题的探讨. 包钢科技. 2002, 28(4): 91~93
5 丰国红. 试论供热计量收费和节能. 煤炭现代化. 2002, (3): 25~26
6 http://www.realestate.gov.cn
7 http://news3.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2005-12/19/content_3939291.htm
8 徐伟, 黄纬, 邹瑜. 供暖系统按户计量技术的进展与评述. 建筑节能. 2002, (1):29~35
9 郭海新, 王建. 住宅供热单户计量的几种方式. 暖通空调. 1998,(1): 24~26
10 温 丽 . 对 推 进 我 国 供 热 系 统 节 能 的 看 法 和 建 议 . 暖 通 空 调 , 1998,(1):1~7
11 刘卫民, 陈续祥, 盛晓文. 对热费体制改革的经济学思考. 观察思考. 2003, (9):21~22
12 亲贫的市区供暖费用改革中期报告. 亚洲发展银行. 2003.11
13 Kristin E. Heinemerier, PH.D, P.E., HashemAkbare, Ph.D., JohnS. Kromer, P.E. Monitoring Savings in Energy Savings Performance Contracts Using Energy Management and Control Systems. ASHRAE Transaction, Vol.96.562~751.
14 R.A.Hegberg,P.E.Monitoring Systems for Heating and Cooling Energy Allocation Multiple Occupancy Buildings. AHSHAE Transaction, Vol.98.798~804
15 高鹏. 节能 65%指标分配与温度法采暖热计量分配系统试验研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文. 2005: 9~15
16 于瑾, 方修睦. 欧洲采暖热计量述评. 节能. 2005, (5): 54~56
17 中国城镇供热协会. 热量计量收费——欧洲经验汇编. 1998
18 田雨辰,王光荣.国外供热计量收费政策的评估与借鉴.供热制冷, 2004(6)
19 D.R.Goettling,J.R.Zaworski. Heating Cost Allocation In Multi-family Housing. ASHRAE Transaction, Vo2.84.124~136
20 R.A.Hegber,P.E. Monitoring System for Heating and Cooling Energy Allocation in Mutiple Occupancy Buildings. ASHRAE Transaction, Vo2.89.798~804
21 M.J.Hewett,H.L. Emslander. Heating Cost Allocation in Muti-family Buildings: Energy Savings and Implementation Standards. ASHRAE Transaction, Vol.89.789~796
22 H.L. Emslander. Heating Cost Allocation in Multi-family Building Energy Savings and Implementation Standards. ASHRAE Transaction, Vol.95. 792~793
23 Witold Cherubin. District Heating System Management Guide. 2002:45~55
24 方修睦, 张旭, 郭永斌. 热价对热用户与热力公司利益影响. 煤气与热力. 2005, 25(3):58~61
25 供热计量与收费的技术方案及政策法规报告. 世界银行项目报告. 2002.11:5~10
26 徐中堂. 节能建筑与供热计量. 区域供热. 2005
27 龙惟定. 国内建筑合理用能的现状及展望. 能源工程. 2001,(2):1~6
28 徐伟, 邹瑜, 黄纬, 刘向东.按热量计费的住宅供热采暖技术研究(上).建筑科学. 1999(4): 1~9
29 D.R.Goettling, J.R. Zaworski. Heating Cost Allocation In Multi-family Housing. ASHRAE Transaction, Vo2.84.126~136
30 R.A.Hegberg,P.E. Monitoring Systems for Heating and Cooling Energy Allocation in Multiple Occupancy Buildings. ASHRAE Transaction, Vo2.89.789~804
31 M.J.Hewett, H.L.Emslander. Heating Cost Allocation in Multifamily Buildings: Energy Savings and Implementation Standards. ASHRAE Transaction, Vol.89.789~796
32 王智超, 狄洪发. 供暖计量收费的现状与问题. 区域供热. 2002(3): 1~5
33 郑维民, 徐桂聪, 王连褀等. 供热计量收费的试验研究. 煤气与热力. 1998,18(5):13~17
34 杨丹, 方修睦, 扈晓庆. 热源热价对热用户的热费影响分析. 中国建设信息供热制冷. 2005, (1): 13~15
35 杨丹. 综合修正系数及基本热费的份额对用户热费影响的研究. 哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文. 2005.3: 50~64
36 方修睦 , 王思平 . 计量供暖收费的框架设计 . 煤气与热力 .2005, 25(4):21~23
37 陈华, 涂光备, 陈红兵. 建筑能耗模拟的研究和进展. 洁净与空调技术. 2003(3):5~9
38 Busch Robert D. Method of energy analysis. Fundamentals of Building Energy Dynamics[J]. Cambridge, The MIT Press. 1996:107～145
39 Druury.B.Crawley, etc, Energyplus: Creating A New-Generation Building Energy Simulation Program, Energy and Building,Vol.33(4): 443～457
40 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, university of Illinois,university of California, EnergyPlus 1.1.0 Manual [M], April 2003,LBNL in Berkeley, California
41 Druury.B.Crawley, etc, Energyplus: Creating A New-Generation Building Energy Simulation Program, Energy and Building,Vol.33(4): 443～457
42 Ceylan,H.T, and G. E. Myers. 1980. Long-time Solutions to Heat Conduction Transients with Time-Dependent Inputs. ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, Volume 102, No. 1: 115~120
43 Ouyang, K., and F. Haghighat. 1991. A Procedure for Calculating Thermal Response Factors of Multi-layered Walls--State Space mMethod. Building and Environment, Vol. 26, No. 2: 173~177
44 F.C.Winkelmann,Modeling Windows in EnergyPlus in proceedings of building simulation’2001. Seventh international IBPSA conference, Rio De Janeiro (Brazil), 457~466
45 EnergyPlus Engineering Document: The Reference of EnergyPlus Calculations. 2003: 8~15
46 彦启森, 赵庆珠. 建筑热过程. 中国建筑工业出版社, 1994:118~120
47 International Weather of Energy Calculation. http://www.eere.engrgy.gov/ buildings/energyplus/
48 刘洋. 居住建筑能耗动态模拟研究与能耗计算软件的开发刘洋的论文. 天津大学论文. 2004: 35~45
49 龙惟定.建筑节能与建筑能效管理.中国建筑工业出版社,2005: 40~43
50 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, university of Illinois,university of California, EnergyPlus 1.1.0 Manual [M], April 2003,LBNL in Berkeley, California:156~167
51 宋芳婷, 诸群飞, 燕达, 江亿.影响建筑热过程各种外界因素的取值方法. 2004,34(11): 52~65
52 刘晓君, 毛鹤琴. 建筑技术经济学. 中国建筑出版社, 2000:56~58
53 TopEnergy 建筑节能论坛. http://www.topenergy.org/show.php?newsid=250
2 李德英, 郝斌. 建筑节能热量按热收费关键问题探析. 热点关注之“建筑节能”. 2005, (6):16~20
3 建筑节能标准汇编(编号 HQG2002——001). 哈尔滨市墙体材料改革建筑节能领导小组办公室. 2002:24~28
4 裴秀英, 胡宝平. 对热量计量收费供暖实施问题的探讨. 包钢科技. 2002, 28(4): 91~93
5 丰国红. 试论供热计量收费和节能. 煤炭现代化. 2002, (3): 25~26
6 http://www.realestate.gov.cn
7 http://news3.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2005-12/19/content_3939291.htm
8 徐伟, 黄纬, 邹瑜. 供暖系统按户计量技术的进展与评述. 建筑节能. 2002, (1):29~35
9 郭海新, 王建. 住宅供热单户计量的几种方式. 暖通空调. 1998,(1): 24~26
10 温 丽 . 对 推 进 我 国 供 热 系 统 节 能 的 看 法 和 建 议 . 暖 通 空 调 , 1998,(1):1~7
11 刘卫民, 陈续祥, 盛晓文. 对热费体制改革的经济学思考. 观察思考. 2003, (9):21~22
12 亲贫的市区供暖费用改革中期报告. 亚洲发展银行. 2003.11
13 Kristin E. Heinemerier, PH.D, P.E., HashemAkbare, Ph.D., JohnS. Kromer, P.E. Monitoring Savings in Energy Savings Performance Contracts Using Energy Management and Control Systems. ASHRAE Transaction, Vol.96.562~751.
14 R.A.Hegberg,P.E.Monitoring Systems for Heating and Cooling Energy Allocation Multiple Occupancy Buildings. AHSHAE Transaction, Vol.98.798~804
15 高鹏. 节能 65%指标分配与温度法采暖热计量分配系统试验研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文. 2005: 9~15
16 于瑾, 方修睦. 欧洲采暖热计量述评. 节能. 2005, (5): 54~56
17 中国城镇供热协会. 热量计量收费——欧洲经验汇编. 1998
18 田雨辰,王光荣.国外供热计量收费政策的评估与借鉴.供热制冷, 2004(6)
19 D.R.Goettling,J.R.Zaworski. Heating Cost Allocation In Multi-family Housing. ASHRAE Transaction, Vo2.84.124~136
20 R.A.Hegber,P.E. Monitoring System for Heating and Cooling Energy Allocation in Mutiple Occupancy Buildings. ASHRAE Transaction, Vo2.89.798~804
21 M.J.Hewett,H.L. Emslander. Heating Cost Allocation in Muti-family Buildings: Energy Savings and Implementation Standards. ASHRAE Transaction, Vol.89.789~796
22 H.L. Emslander. Heating Cost Allocation in Multi-family Building Energy Savings and Implementation Standards. ASHRAE Transaction, Vol.95. 792~793
23 Witold Cherubin. District Heating System Management Guide. 2002:45~55
24 方修睦, 张旭, 郭永斌. 热价对热用户与热力公司利益影响. 煤气与热力. 2005, 25(3):58~61
25 供热计量与收费的技术方案及政策法规报告. 世界银行项目报告. 2002.11:5~10
26 徐中堂. 节能建筑与供热计量. 区域供热. 2005
27 龙惟定. 国内建筑合理用能的现状及展望. 能源工程. 2001,(2):1~6
28 徐伟, 邹瑜, 黄纬, 刘向东.按热量计费的住宅供热采暖技术研究(上).建筑科学. 1999(4): 1~9
29 D.R.Goettling, J.R. Zaworski. Heating Cost Allocation In Multi-family Housing. ASHRAE Transaction, Vo2.84.126~136
30 R.A.Hegberg,P.E. Monitoring Systems for Heating and Cooling Energy Allocation in Multiple Occupancy Buildings. ASHRAE Transaction, Vo2.89.789~804
31 M.J.Hewett, H.L.Emslander. Heating Cost Allocation in Multifamily Buildings: Energy Savings and Implementation Standards. ASHRAE Transaction, Vol.89.789~796
32 王智超, 狄洪发. 供暖计量收费的现状与问题. 区域供热. 2002(3): 1~5
33 郑维民, 徐桂聪, 王连褀等. 供热计量收费的试验研究. 煤气与热力. 1998,18(5):13~17
34 杨丹, 方修睦, 扈晓庆. 热源热价对热用户的热费影响分析. 中国建设信息供热制冷. 2005, (1): 13~15
35 杨丹. 综合修正系数及基本热费的份额对用户热费影响的研究. 哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文. 2005.3: 50~64
36 方修睦 , 王思平 . 计量供暖收费的框架设计 . 煤气与热力 .2005, 25(4):21~23
37 陈华, 涂光备, 陈红兵. 建筑能耗模拟的研究和进展. 洁净与空调技术. 2003(3):5~9
38 Busch Robert D. Method of energy analysis. Fundamentals of Building Energy Dynamics[J]. Cambridge, The MIT Press. 1996:107～145
39 Druury.B.Crawley, etc, Energyplus: Creating A New-Generation Building Energy Simulation Program, Energy and Building,Vol.33(4): 443～457
40 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, university of Illinois,university of California, EnergyPlus 1.1.0 Manual [M], April 2003,LBNL in Berkeley, California
41 Druury.B.Crawley, etc, Energyplus: Creating A New-Generation Building Energy Simulation Program, Energy and Building,Vol.33(4): 443～457
42 Ceylan,H.T, and G. E. Myers. 1980. Long-time Solutions to Heat Conduction Transients with Time-Dependent Inputs. ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, Volume 102, No. 1: 115~120
43 Ouyang, K., and F. Haghighat. 1991. A Procedure for Calculating Thermal Response Factors of Multi-layered Walls--State Space mMethod. Building and Environment, Vol. 26, No. 2: 173~177
44 F.C.Winkelmann,Modeling Windows in EnergyPlus in proceedings of building simulation’2001. Seventh international IBPSA conference, Rio De Janeiro (Brazil), 457~466
45 EnergyPlus Engineering Document: The Reference of EnergyPlus Calculations. 2003: 8~15
46 彦启森, 赵庆珠. 建筑热过程. 中国建筑工业出版社, 1994:118~120
47 International Weather of Energy Calculation. http://www.eere.engrgy.gov/ buildings/energyplus/
48 刘洋. 居住建筑能耗动态模拟研究与能耗计算软件的开发刘洋的论文. 天津大学论文. 2004: 35~45
49 龙惟定.建筑节能与建筑能效管理.中国建筑工业出版社,2005: 40~43
50 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, university of Illinois,university of California, EnergyPlus 1.1.0 Manual [M], April 2003,LBNL in Berkeley, California:156~167
51 宋芳婷, 诸群飞, 燕达, 江亿.影响建筑热过程各种外界因素的取值方法. 2004,34(11): 52~65
52 刘晓君, 毛鹤琴. 建筑技术经济学. 中国建筑出版社, 2000:56~58
53 TopEnergy 建筑节能论坛. http://www.topenergy.org/show.php?newsid=250