基于WSN的配电柜温度监测系统的研制
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摘要
无线传感器网络可以将客观世界的物理信息同公共或私有传输网络连接在一起。本文设计并实现了一种基于无线传感器网络的配电柜温度监测系统,具有操作简便、稳定性高、系统待机时间长等特点。
首先,本文讲述了系统的主要架构。本系统主要由中央控制器、温度探测器组成。在配电柜的工作现场,用户可以通过中央控制器来方便的查看温度探测器的数据,配置温度探测器的状态；同时,用户可以连接以太网/Wi-Fi或GPRS模块,通过中央控制器将数据传送至本地或者远程服务器,并且接收来自本地或者远程服务器的指令。
其次,本文详细介绍了中央控制器的硬件设计和驱动程序设计。中央控制器基于友善之臂公司生产的mini2440核心板制作,外围扩展电源模块、GPRS模块、DM9000网络接口模块、LCD显示及驱动模块、USB接口模块、串口/485/SPI模块、通用IO模块等。同时,还以CC2500为例,介绍了基于Linux的中央控制器驱动层程序设计。
第三,本文介绍了基于Qt的中央控制器用户空间程序设计,重点介绍了中央控制器的数据处理流程、伪时间同步机制、控制系统通信接口、GPRS及以太网发送接收机制、报警短信发送流程、UI设计及美化等。
最后,本文介绍了温度探测器的硬件和软件设计。硬件设计主要包括射频模块、主控芯片以及温度检测、欠压检测等部分；软件设计主要包括数据采集模块、通信格式、通信处理模块、数据缓冲机制、Flash的使用等。温度探测器采用了类似于LwIP协议栈中的pbuf结构,当数据在层与层之间传输时效率较高。同时,由于温度探测器需要具有较低的功耗,本文从软硬件两方面讨论了温度探测器的低功耗设计。
本系统在软硬件设计时均考虑了较高的通用性,不仅仅可以用于温度网络检测系统中。通过更改传感器模块,也可用于其它参数的测控网络中,具有较高的实用价值。
The physical world and the public or private networks can be connected using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) with corresponding network interfaces, which is widely used in various realms. We implemented a distributed cabinet temperature monitoring system based on WSN, which has the feature of easier operation, high stability as well as long standby time.
Firstly, we describe the main architecture of this system. It is composed by central controllers and the temperature detectors. In the work site, users can view the historical temperature data as well as configure the state of temperature detectors easily with central controllers. At the same time, users can transmit the data to local/remote servers through the Ethernet/Wi-Fi or GPRS module in central controllers, while receiving the instructions from local/remote servers.
Secondly, we describe the hardware design and the driver design of central controllers. The central controllers are based on the mini2440of FriendlyARM, which has expansion of power module. GPRS module, DM9000NIC module, LCD module, USB module, RS232/RS485/SPI module, etc. We also describe the driver design of central controllers based on Linux.
Thirdly, we introduce the user space program based on Qt on central controllers, mainly focus on the data flow, pseudo-time synchronization algorithm, networking interface of the control systems, GPRS/Ethernet data transmission, alarm message sending as well as the UI design.
Finally, we describe the hardware and the software of the temperature detectors. As to the hardware design, we focus on the RF module,microcontroller module, temperature detection and the low-voltage detection. For the software design, we focus on data collection module, the data format, the data buffer mechanism and the use of inner Flash. Most importantly, the temperature detector should have lower power consumption, so we also discuss the low power consumption design from both hardware and software separately.
In this design, we take the versatility of system into consideration, so we can apply this monitoring system to other field, thus having a relatively high application value.
首先,本文讲述了系统的主要架构。本系统主要由中央控制器、温度探测器组成。在配电柜的工作现场,用户可以通过中央控制器来方便的查看温度探测器的数据,配置温度探测器的状态；同时,用户可以连接以太网/Wi-Fi或GPRS模块,通过中央控制器将数据传送至本地或者远程服务器,并且接收来自本地或者远程服务器的指令。
其次,本文详细介绍了中央控制器的硬件设计和驱动程序设计。中央控制器基于友善之臂公司生产的mini2440核心板制作,外围扩展电源模块、GPRS模块、DM9000网络接口模块、LCD显示及驱动模块、USB接口模块、串口/485/SPI模块、通用IO模块等。同时,还以CC2500为例,介绍了基于Linux的中央控制器驱动层程序设计。
第三,本文介绍了基于Qt的中央控制器用户空间程序设计,重点介绍了中央控制器的数据处理流程、伪时间同步机制、控制系统通信接口、GPRS及以太网发送接收机制、报警短信发送流程、UI设计及美化等。
最后,本文介绍了温度探测器的硬件和软件设计。硬件设计主要包括射频模块、主控芯片以及温度检测、欠压检测等部分；软件设计主要包括数据采集模块、通信格式、通信处理模块、数据缓冲机制、Flash的使用等。温度探测器采用了类似于LwIP协议栈中的pbuf结构,当数据在层与层之间传输时效率较高。同时,由于温度探测器需要具有较低的功耗,本文从软硬件两方面讨论了温度探测器的低功耗设计。
本系统在软硬件设计时均考虑了较高的通用性,不仅仅可以用于温度网络检测系统中。通过更改传感器模块,也可用于其它参数的测控网络中,具有较高的实用价值。
The physical world and the public or private networks can be connected using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) with corresponding network interfaces, which is widely used in various realms. We implemented a distributed cabinet temperature monitoring system based on WSN, which has the feature of easier operation, high stability as well as long standby time.
Firstly, we describe the main architecture of this system. It is composed by central controllers and the temperature detectors. In the work site, users can view the historical temperature data as well as configure the state of temperature detectors easily with central controllers. At the same time, users can transmit the data to local/remote servers through the Ethernet/Wi-Fi or GPRS module in central controllers, while receiving the instructions from local/remote servers.
Secondly, we describe the hardware design and the driver design of central controllers. The central controllers are based on the mini2440of FriendlyARM, which has expansion of power module. GPRS module, DM9000NIC module, LCD module, USB module, RS232/RS485/SPI module, etc. We also describe the driver design of central controllers based on Linux.
Thirdly, we introduce the user space program based on Qt on central controllers, mainly focus on the data flow, pseudo-time synchronization algorithm, networking interface of the control systems, GPRS/Ethernet data transmission, alarm message sending as well as the UI design.
Finally, we describe the hardware and the software of the temperature detectors. As to the hardware design, we focus on the RF module,microcontroller module, temperature detection and the low-voltage detection. For the software design, we focus on data collection module, the data format, the data buffer mechanism and the use of inner Flash. Most importantly, the temperature detector should have lower power consumption, so we also discuss the low power consumption design from both hardware and software separately.
In this design, we take the versatility of system into consideration, so we can apply this monitoring system to other field, thus having a relatively high application value.
引文
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[9]Mini2440之U-boot使用及移植详细手册[OL].友善之臂技术有限公司,2010.
[10]彭木根,王英杰,王文博.无线传感器网络体系结构和关键技术研究[J].中兴通讯技术,2005(06)：39-44.
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[12]韩旭东,张春业,李鹏.传感器无线互联标准及实现[J].电子应用技术, 2004,30(4)：44-46.
[13]郦亮.IEEE 802.15.4标准及其应用[J].电子设计应用,2003,22(1)：14-16.
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[22]王涛,张伟良.嵌入式实时系统及其在通信系统中的应用[J].电子技术应用,2001(11)：46-48.
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[24]李晓维.无线传感器网络技术[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社,2007.
[25]付晓军,夏应清,何轩.嵌入式LwlP协议栈的内存管理[J].嵌入式技术,2006年03期.
[26]赵洪飞.基丁WSNs的智能建筑能量管理系统研究与实现[D].山东大学.2009.
[27]Fitzek, F. H.. Mikkonen. T.,& Torp, T. (2010). Qt for Symbian. Wiley.
[28]YUAN, A. F.,& XIA, S. F. (2011). Design and Implementation of the DM9000 Network Device Driver Based on ARM and Linux. Computer Engineering & Science,2,005.
[29]于宏毅,李欧,张效义.无线传感器网络理论、技术与实现.北京：国防工业出版社,2008.
[30]Rubini, A.,& Corbet, J. (2001). Linux:device drivers. O'Reilly Media, Inc..
[31]Andrew ST.计算机网络[M].北京：清华大学出版社.1998.
[32]Deborah Estrin et al. Directed Diffusion for Wireless Sensor Networking[C]. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING, Februray 2003.
[33]Sinha A, Chandrakasan A. An dynamic power management in wireless sensor networks[J]. IEEE Design & TEX of Computers,2001,18(2):62-74.
[34]Hollabaugh, C. (2002). Embedded Linux:hardware, software, and interfacing. Addison-Wesley Professional.
[35]于海斌等.智能无线传感器网络系统.北京：科学出版社,2006.
[2]10 Emerging Technologies that Will Change the World.Technology Review, 2003,106(1):33-49.
[3]李晓维.无线传感器网络技术[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社,2007.
[4]Walrod J. Sensor Network Technology for Joint Undersea Warfare[A]. Proc. Of the NDIA Joint Undersea Warfare Technology Conference[C]. San Diego, 2002.
[5]乔晓军,张馨,王成等.无线传感器网络在农业中的应用[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(S)：232-234.
[6]Shamim N. Pakzad, Sukun Kim, Gregory L Fenves, Steven D. Glaser, David E.Culler, James W. Demmel. Multi-Purpose Wireless Accelerometers for Civil Infrastructure Monitoring. In:Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (IWSHM 2005), Stanford, CA, September 2005.
[7]李善仓,张克旺.无线传感器网络原理与应用.北京：机械工业出版社,2008.
[8]Akyildiz I F, SU W. Sankarasubramaniam Y, et al. A survey on sensor networks[J]. IEEE Communications Magazine,2002,40(8):102-114.
[9]Mini2440之U-boot使用及移植详细手册[OL].友善之臂技术有限公司,2010.
[10]彭木根,王英杰,王文博.无线传感器网络体系结构和关键技术研究[J].中兴通讯技术,2005(06)：39-44.
[11]Weilian Su, Tat L. Lim, Cross-Layer Design and Optimization for Wireless Sensor Networks[C], Proceedings of the seventh ACIS internation conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking, and Parallel/ Distributed Computing(SNDP 06),2006.
[12]韩旭东,张春业,李鹏.传感器无线互联标准及实现[J].电子应用技术, 2004,30(4)：44-46.
[13]郦亮.IEEE 802.15.4标准及其应用[J].电子设计应用,2003,22(1)：14-16.
[14]于海斌,曾鹏,王忠锋,梁英,尚志军.分布式无线传感器网络通信协议研究[.通信学报,2004,25(10)：102-110.
[15]Akyildiz L F, Su W, Sankarasubramaniam Y, Cayirci E. Wireless Sensor Networks:A Survey[J]. Computer Networks,2002,38(4):393-422.
[16]Tubaishat M. Madria S. Sensor Networks:An Overview[J]. IEEE Potentials. 2003,22(2):20-23.
[17]Vieria M A M, Silva D C, Coelho C N, Mata J M. Survey on Wireless Sensor Networks Devices[A]. Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA'03)[C],2003:16-19.
[18]Microchip Technology Inc. Microchip PIC24FJ64GA002 Family Data Sheet [EB/OL]. http://www.microchip.com, January 25,2008.
[19]Texas Instruments Incorporated. Low-Cost Low-Power 2.4 GHz RF Transceiver (Rev. B) [EB/OL]. http://www.ti.com. September 13,2007.
[20]Jean J, Labrosse. Embedded Real-Time Operating System[M], μC/OS-Ⅱ CMP 2001,ISBN:1-57820-108-X.
[21]杜晓通.无线传感器网络技术与工程应用.北京：机械工业出版社,2010.
[22]王涛,张伟良.嵌入式实时系统及其在通信系统中的应用[J].电子技术应用,2001(11)：46-48.
[23](德)卡勒,维西里著；邱天爽等译.无线传感器网络协议与体系结构.北京：电子工业出版社,2007.
[24]李晓维.无线传感器网络技术[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社,2007.
[25]付晓军,夏应清,何轩.嵌入式LwlP协议栈的内存管理[J].嵌入式技术,2006年03期.
[26]赵洪飞.基丁WSNs的智能建筑能量管理系统研究与实现[D].山东大学.2009.
[27]Fitzek, F. H.. Mikkonen. T.,& Torp, T. (2010). Qt for Symbian. Wiley.
[28]YUAN, A. F.,& XIA, S. F. (2011). Design and Implementation of the DM9000 Network Device Driver Based on ARM and Linux. Computer Engineering & Science,2,005.
[29]于宏毅,李欧,张效义.无线传感器网络理论、技术与实现.北京：国防工业出版社,2008.
[30]Rubini, A.,& Corbet, J. (2001). Linux:device drivers. O'Reilly Media, Inc..
[31]Andrew ST.计算机网络[M].北京：清华大学出版社.1998.
[32]Deborah Estrin et al. Directed Diffusion for Wireless Sensor Networking[C]. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING, Februray 2003.
[33]Sinha A, Chandrakasan A. An dynamic power management in wireless sensor networks[J]. IEEE Design & TEX of Computers,2001,18(2):62-74.
[34]Hollabaugh, C. (2002). Embedded Linux:hardware, software, and interfacing. Addison-Wesley Professional.
[35]于海斌等.智能无线传感器网络系统.北京：科学出版社,2006.