无线传感器网络通用节点的开发
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摘要
传感器技术、微机电系统、现代网络和无线通信等技术的进步孕育了无线传感器网络。无线传感器网络由部署在监测区域内大量廉价微型传感器节点构成,通过无线通信的方式形成一个多跳自组织网络。无线传感器网络扩展了人们的信息获取能力,将客观世界的物理信息同传输网络连接在一起,为人们提供最直接、最有效、最真实的信息,具有十分广阔的应用前景。不同的传感器网络应用关心不同的物理量,对系统的要求也不同,其硬件平台、软件系统和网络协议有很大的差别,这就要求节点上的系统必须具备很好的通用性、移植性和较低开发难度,以满足不用的应用要求,引入嵌入式实时操作系统可以很好地解决这一问题。
本文以实验室开发的基于Microchip公司的PIC24系列微处理器的嵌入式实时操作系统为软件开发平台,以无线传感器网络通用节点系统的设计为主要内容,阐述了其具体的技术和相关实现的方法。
首先,研究了嵌入式实时操作系统的源代码,对操作系统中消息机制进行了优化。
其次,由于PIC24系列微处理器内部闪程序存储器的特殊读写性能,在操作系统中加入了内存管理优化方案,方便用户直接读写闪程序存储器。
再次,在优化了的嵌入式实时操作系统的基础上,结合无线传感器网络的体系结构以及操作系统任务划分和消息传递机制,根据协议栈的划分,采用分层设计的思想,以屏蔽各层的内部实现,提供通用接口为目标,提出了无线传感器网络通用节点系统的设计方案。
最后,针对工程应用中的两个实例,结合具体的软件设计过程,充分阐述了如何方便快捷的在无线传感器网络通用节点系统平台上进行软件的设计和实现。
通过两个工程应用系统的成功运行,验证了无线传感器网络通用节点系统具有良好的稳定性和可靠性。可以看出,在无线传感器网络系统中引入嵌入式实时操作系统,将系统做成通用的平台,大大降低了应用程序的开发难度,加快了开发速度,降低了成本,并有效地提高了系统的稳定性、可靠性、可移植性和可扩展性。
Sensor technology, micro-electromechanical system, modern network and wireless communication technology are integrated into the Wireless Sensor Network(WSN). The WSN, which is constructed of massive miniature sensors deployed in the monitoring region, is a self-organizing network using the wireless jumps relaying way conmmunication. The WSN expands people's ability of accessing to information, and makes the physical information of the objective world and the transmission network together, which provides people with real information of most direct and effective. So it has a very broad application prospect. With the different applications, the WSN has different hardware platforms, software systems and network protocols. Thus, the nodes system must have good generality, transportability, and low developing difficulty to meet the different requirements. And the embedded real-time operating system can solve this problem well.
In this thesis, using an embedded real-time operating system based on PIC24 family microprocessor which is developed by Microchip company as the software platform, a WSN general nodes system is designed, which has the characteristics of generality, transportability and expandability.
Firstly, the source code of the embedded real-time operating system is studied, and the optimization about the message mechanism is put forward.
Secondly, because of the internal flash program memory's special read and write performance of the PIC24 family microprocessor, an optimized scheme about the memory management is developed in the operating system, which contributes to operate the flash program memory.
Thirdly, based on the optimized embedded real-time operating system, the WSN general nodes system is established, which is conbination of the WSN architecture and the task and message mechanism of the operating system. Referring to the WSN protocol satck, adopting layered srtucture design, the designed WSN system is aim for shielding the software realization of each layer and providing interfaces for them.
Finally, taking two projects as examples, the convenient and efficient programming based on the WSN general nodes system platform is illustrated by giving the detailed software code.
The successful running of the two projects shows that the designed WSN general nodes system is of good stability and reliability. It is observed that developing WSN system based on the embedded real-time operating system can greatly reduces the difficulty of designing application program, accelerates development speed, lowers the cost and enhances the system's stability, reliability, transportability and expandability effectively.
本文以实验室开发的基于Microchip公司的PIC24系列微处理器的嵌入式实时操作系统为软件开发平台,以无线传感器网络通用节点系统的设计为主要内容,阐述了其具体的技术和相关实现的方法。
首先,研究了嵌入式实时操作系统的源代码,对操作系统中消息机制进行了优化。
其次,由于PIC24系列微处理器内部闪程序存储器的特殊读写性能,在操作系统中加入了内存管理优化方案,方便用户直接读写闪程序存储器。
再次,在优化了的嵌入式实时操作系统的基础上,结合无线传感器网络的体系结构以及操作系统任务划分和消息传递机制,根据协议栈的划分,采用分层设计的思想,以屏蔽各层的内部实现,提供通用接口为目标,提出了无线传感器网络通用节点系统的设计方案。
最后,针对工程应用中的两个实例,结合具体的软件设计过程,充分阐述了如何方便快捷的在无线传感器网络通用节点系统平台上进行软件的设计和实现。
通过两个工程应用系统的成功运行,验证了无线传感器网络通用节点系统具有良好的稳定性和可靠性。可以看出,在无线传感器网络系统中引入嵌入式实时操作系统,将系统做成通用的平台,大大降低了应用程序的开发难度,加快了开发速度,降低了成本,并有效地提高了系统的稳定性、可靠性、可移植性和可扩展性。
Sensor technology, micro-electromechanical system, modern network and wireless communication technology are integrated into the Wireless Sensor Network(WSN). The WSN, which is constructed of massive miniature sensors deployed in the monitoring region, is a self-organizing network using the wireless jumps relaying way conmmunication. The WSN expands people's ability of accessing to information, and makes the physical information of the objective world and the transmission network together, which provides people with real information of most direct and effective. So it has a very broad application prospect. With the different applications, the WSN has different hardware platforms, software systems and network protocols. Thus, the nodes system must have good generality, transportability, and low developing difficulty to meet the different requirements. And the embedded real-time operating system can solve this problem well.
In this thesis, using an embedded real-time operating system based on PIC24 family microprocessor which is developed by Microchip company as the software platform, a WSN general nodes system is designed, which has the characteristics of generality, transportability and expandability.
Firstly, the source code of the embedded real-time operating system is studied, and the optimization about the message mechanism is put forward.
Secondly, because of the internal flash program memory's special read and write performance of the PIC24 family microprocessor, an optimized scheme about the memory management is developed in the operating system, which contributes to operate the flash program memory.
Thirdly, based on the optimized embedded real-time operating system, the WSN general nodes system is established, which is conbination of the WSN architecture and the task and message mechanism of the operating system. Referring to the WSN protocol satck, adopting layered srtucture design, the designed WSN system is aim for shielding the software realization of each layer and providing interfaces for them.
Finally, taking two projects as examples, the convenient and efficient programming based on the WSN general nodes system platform is illustrated by giving the detailed software code.
The successful running of the two projects shows that the designed WSN general nodes system is of good stability and reliability. It is observed that developing WSN system based on the embedded real-time operating system can greatly reduces the difficulty of designing application program, accelerates development speed, lowers the cost and enhances the system's stability, reliability, transportability and expandability effectively.
引文
[1]张亮,张认成.基于μC/OS-Ⅱ的无线传感器网络节点设计[J].信息技术,2009,(10).
[2]宋文,王兵,周应宾.无线传感器网络技术与应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2007.
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[4]张磊.基于PIC24系列微控制器的嵌入式实时操作系统的设计与实现[D].山东大学,2008.
[5]罗国庆VxWorks与嵌入式软件开发[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2003.
[6]赵磊.QNX实时操作系统及其应用分析[J].软件导刊,2009,8(5).
[7]安波pSOS实时操作系统IPC机制的分析与实现[J].黑龙剑工程学院学报,2001,(2).
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[9]赵飞.基于嵌入式操作系统的无线传感器网络研究[D].大连理工大学,2009.
[10]卢彬,王玉,邹洲.无线传感器网络中的安全[J].电信快报,2007,(10).
[11]Werneke B, Last M, Liebowitz B, Pister KSJ. Smart dust:Communicating with a cubic-millimeter computer. IEEE Computer Magazine,2001,34(1):44-51.
[12]任丰源,黄海宁,林闯.无线传感器网络[J].软件学报,2003,14(7)：1282-1290.
[13]http://www.na.assoc.tron.org/,2004.
[14]Shih E, Cho S, Ickes N, Min R, Sinha A, Wang, A, Chandrakasan A. Physical layer driven protocol and algorithm design for enerfy-efficient wireless sensor networks. In:Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom 2001. Rome:ACM Press,2001.272-286.
[15]Sensor Webs, http://sensorwebs.jpl.nasa.gov/,2004.
[16]Joseph Robert Polastre. Design and implementation of wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring, Master thesis. the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley,2003.
[17]ALERT, http://www.altersystem.org.2004.
[18]Bonnet P, Gehrke J, Seshadri P. Querying the physical world. IEEE Personal Communication,2007,7(5):10-15.
[19]杜晓通.无线传感器网络技术与工程应用[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2010.
[20]张国斌,潘金贵.基于优先级的抢占式并行调度算法设计与分析[J].计算机科学,2007,34(07).
[21]Jean J.Labrosse嵌入式实时操作系统μC\OS-Ⅱ(第二版)[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2003.
[22]张娜.PIC24F系列微控制器实时操作系统的设计[D].山东大学,2009.
[23]姜立东,王寿武,陆晓鹏.嵌入式系统原理与应用[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2006.
[24]蒋旬平.嵌入式可配置实时操作系统eCos开发与应用[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2004.
[25]陈明计,周立功.嵌入式实时操作系统Small RTOS51原理及应用[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2004.
[26]钟伟胜,钱光明.基于实时优先级的队列调度策略研究与验证[J].电脑知识与技术,2009,(01).
[27]Microchip Technology Incorporated.PIC24FJ64GA002 Family Data Sheet. Microchip Technology Incorporated,2007.
[28]Microchip Technology Incorporated.Bootloader for dsPIC30F/33F and PIC24F/24H Devices. Microchip Technology Incorporated,2007.
[29]赵洪飞.基于WSNs的智能建筑能量管理系统研究与实现[D].山东大学,2009.
[30]李迎春,朱诗兵,陈刚.无线传感器网络体系结构研究[R].山西电子技术,2009.
[31]802.15.4—2006 IEEE Standard for Information Technology—Part 15.4:Wireless Medium Access Control(MAC)and Physical Layer(PHY)specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks(LR-WPANS)[S].2006.
[32]Texas Instruments Incorporated. Low-Cost Low-Power 2.4 GHzRF Transceiver(Rev. B)[EB/OL].http://www.ti.com.September 13.2007.
[33]常大为,刘万梅,万晓榆.基于802.15.4的CSMA/CA性能分析与研究[J].电子工程技术与标准化,2006,(01).
[34]21IC电子网.http://www.21ic.com/app/control/200912/51067.htm.2009.
[35]杨宁,田辉,张平,李立宏.无线传感器网络拓扑结构研究[J].无线电工程,2006,36(02).
[36]孟庆辉.基于WSN的路灯精细化管理系统[D].山东大学,2010.
[37]秦念庆.基于RSSI的无线传感器网络多边定位算法研究[D].山东大学,2009.
[38]郑力明,杨木文.基于WSN的路灯监控管理系统[J].微计算机信息,2009,(13).
[39]孙艳,陈健,陈惠民,金彦亮.基于功率控制的带状无线传感网连通性[J].上海大学学报(自然科学版),2008,(01).
[40]Xiao Chen, Xingde Jia. Energy Balancing Routing Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks Connected as Grids. International Conference on Wireless Algorithms[J], Systems and Applications. June 2007.
[41]于洁潇,孙雨耕,胡东华,杨挺.新型网络规划中的多目标静态路由算法[J].计算机工程与应用,2005,(06).
[42]汪晓洁,杨扬,徐明伟,王俊.低负载、可靠的链路状态路由协议泛红算法ERSN[J]计算机应用研究,2008,(01).
[43]王漫,何宁,裴俊、冯改玲,刘海涛.面向无线传感器网络应用的嵌入式操作系统概述[J].计算机应用与研究,2007,24(6).
[2]宋文,王兵,周应宾.无线传感器网络技术与应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2007.
[3]李晓维.无线传感器网络技术[M].北京：北京理工出版社,2007.
[4]张磊.基于PIC24系列微控制器的嵌入式实时操作系统的设计与实现[D].山东大学,2008.
[5]罗国庆VxWorks与嵌入式软件开发[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2003.
[6]赵磊.QNX实时操作系统及其应用分析[J].软件导刊,2009,8(5).
[7]安波pSOS实时操作系统IPC机制的分析与实现[J].黑龙剑工程学院学报,2001,(2).
[8]杨宗德,张兵μC/OS-Ⅱ标准教程[M].北京：北京邮电出版社,2009.
[9]赵飞.基于嵌入式操作系统的无线传感器网络研究[D].大连理工大学,2009.
[10]卢彬,王玉,邹洲.无线传感器网络中的安全[J].电信快报,2007,(10).
[11]Werneke B, Last M, Liebowitz B, Pister KSJ. Smart dust:Communicating with a cubic-millimeter computer. IEEE Computer Magazine,2001,34(1):44-51.
[12]任丰源,黄海宁,林闯.无线传感器网络[J].软件学报,2003,14(7)：1282-1290.
[13]http://www.na.assoc.tron.org/,2004.
[14]Shih E, Cho S, Ickes N, Min R, Sinha A, Wang, A, Chandrakasan A. Physical layer driven protocol and algorithm design for enerfy-efficient wireless sensor networks. In:Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom 2001. Rome:ACM Press,2001.272-286.
[15]Sensor Webs, http://sensorwebs.jpl.nasa.gov/,2004.
[16]Joseph Robert Polastre. Design and implementation of wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring, Master thesis. the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley,2003.
[17]ALERT, http://www.altersystem.org.2004.
[18]Bonnet P, Gehrke J, Seshadri P. Querying the physical world. IEEE Personal Communication,2007,7(5):10-15.
[19]杜晓通.无线传感器网络技术与工程应用[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2010.
[20]张国斌,潘金贵.基于优先级的抢占式并行调度算法设计与分析[J].计算机科学,2007,34(07).
[21]Jean J.Labrosse嵌入式实时操作系统μC\OS-Ⅱ(第二版)[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2003.
[22]张娜.PIC24F系列微控制器实时操作系统的设计[D].山东大学,2009.
[23]姜立东,王寿武,陆晓鹏.嵌入式系统原理与应用[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2006.
[24]蒋旬平.嵌入式可配置实时操作系统eCos开发与应用[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2004.
[25]陈明计,周立功.嵌入式实时操作系统Small RTOS51原理及应用[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2004.
[26]钟伟胜,钱光明.基于实时优先级的队列调度策略研究与验证[J].电脑知识与技术,2009,(01).
[27]Microchip Technology Incorporated.PIC24FJ64GA002 Family Data Sheet. Microchip Technology Incorporated,2007.
[28]Microchip Technology Incorporated.Bootloader for dsPIC30F/33F and PIC24F/24H Devices. Microchip Technology Incorporated,2007.
[29]赵洪飞.基于WSNs的智能建筑能量管理系统研究与实现[D].山东大学,2009.
[30]李迎春,朱诗兵,陈刚.无线传感器网络体系结构研究[R].山西电子技术,2009.
[31]802.15.4—2006 IEEE Standard for Information Technology—Part 15.4:Wireless Medium Access Control(MAC)and Physical Layer(PHY)specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks(LR-WPANS)[S].2006.
[32]Texas Instruments Incorporated. Low-Cost Low-Power 2.4 GHzRF Transceiver(Rev. B)[EB/OL].http://www.ti.com.September 13.2007.
[33]常大为,刘万梅,万晓榆.基于802.15.4的CSMA/CA性能分析与研究[J].电子工程技术与标准化,2006,(01).
[34]21IC电子网.http://www.21ic.com/app/control/200912/51067.htm.2009.
[35]杨宁,田辉,张平,李立宏.无线传感器网络拓扑结构研究[J].无线电工程,2006,36(02).
[36]孟庆辉.基于WSN的路灯精细化管理系统[D].山东大学,2010.
[37]秦念庆.基于RSSI的无线传感器网络多边定位算法研究[D].山东大学,2009.
[38]郑力明,杨木文.基于WSN的路灯监控管理系统[J].微计算机信息,2009,(13).
[39]孙艳,陈健,陈惠民,金彦亮.基于功率控制的带状无线传感网连通性[J].上海大学学报(自然科学版),2008,(01).
[40]Xiao Chen, Xingde Jia. Energy Balancing Routing Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks Connected as Grids. International Conference on Wireless Algorithms[J], Systems and Applications. June 2007.
[41]于洁潇,孙雨耕,胡东华,杨挺.新型网络规划中的多目标静态路由算法[J].计算机工程与应用,2005,(06).
[42]汪晓洁,杨扬,徐明伟,王俊.低负载、可靠的链路状态路由协议泛红算法ERSN[J]计算机应用研究,2008,(01).
[43]王漫,何宁,裴俊、冯改玲,刘海涛.面向无线传感器网络应用的嵌入式操作系统概述[J].计算机应用与研究,2007,24(6).