基于WSNs的智能建筑能量管理系统研究与实现
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摘要
能源问题被世界公认为人类面临的四大生存问题之一。目前,世界能源形势极为严峻,节能降耗势在必行。建筑在使用过程中所消耗的能量在社会总能耗中占有相当大的比例,而且大部分既有建筑能耗不合理,存在较大的节能空间,因此建筑节能具有重大意义。目前,针对建筑的节能建设及既有建筑的节能改造,多采用基于有线网络的楼宇自动化系统(BAS),通过对空调系统、照明系统等的控制实现建筑节能。但是,BAS的子系统之间相互独立,难以从整体上分析和控制建筑能耗,而且有线网络存在布线复杂、成本高、容量小、功耗大等缺点,难以实现大规模部署和全面覆盖要求,因此无法全面检测建筑能量需求和能效状态,实现合理有效的节约能源。针对该问题,本文研发了一种基于无线传感器网络技术的建筑能量管理系统。
本文研究了智能建筑能量管理系统结构,分析了基于有线网络的能量管理系统存在的缺点和不足;测试了建筑内无线传输的信道衰落、穿墙能力等特性,研究了合理的节点部署及网络规划;在此基础上,设计了基于无线传感器网络的建筑能量管理系统,包括能量检测控制节点、汇聚节点的软硬件设计及通信网络协议的设计。本文设计了一种“两线平行带状”Mesh拓扑结构网络;采用了基于“滑动统计平均”丢包率(PLR)及接收信号强度(RSSI)的相结合的动态邻居发现策略;针对该应用背景提出一种新的基于局部信息的路由算法——“世代路由”;针对该路由算法,提出了一种新的数据结构——“交叉二叉树”。最后,对不同工况下节点的功耗、无线传感器网络建立时间、网络延迟、世代路由搜索复杂度及系统节能效果做了相应的实验、测试和评估。
结果表明,该系统具有如下特点:①功耗低,包含20个节点的网络平均功耗小于1瓦,远低于传统基于RS-485网络平均功耗;②网络性能满足应用需求,2.4kbps低速率下,10层网络自组织时间小于11秒,网络延迟小于1.7秒,路由搜索复杂度为O(N);③节能效果显著,平均可节约30%的能量;④成本低廉、无需布线、易扩展、方便维护。因此,该系统适用于智能建筑能量管理系统,尤其适用于既有建筑的节能改造。
Known to all, energy is one of the four survival problems that humanbeings face. Currently, energy situation is severe, so it's imperative to save energy and reduce consumption. The buildings energy consumption makes a considerable proportion in the total society energy consumption, most of which is unreasonable, so there is a big space for energy saving. Nowadays, most buildings adopt the Building Automation System (BAS) based on wired networks to save energy by controlling the HVAC system and lighting system. However, because of the mutually independence between the sub-systems of the BAS, it's hard to detect, analyze and control the overall building consumption. The wired network has the disadvantages of complex cabling, high-cost, small capacity, high-power, and so on. So it's difficult to realize the large-scale deployment and the complete coverage, and it's hard to comprehensively detect the energy requirement and the energy efficiency state and to achieve the practical and effective energy-saving goal. Especially for the energy-saving reconstruction of the existing buildings, it's especially unreasonable to adopt the wired networks. According to these problems, a building Energy Management System based on Wireless Sensor Networks is researched and developed in the thesis.
In the thesis, the architecture of the Intelligent Building Energy Management System is researched, the disadvantages of the IB-EMS based on wired networks is analyzed, the channel fading and the penetration capability of the electromagnetic wave are tested, and the nodes deployment and network planning are reasonably researched. Then an Intelligent Building Energy Management System based on Wireless Sensor Networks is designed, includes the hardware and software design of the Detecting and Controlling Nodes and the Sink Nodes and the design of the network communication protocols. In the thesis a kind of "Two Parallel-lines Zonal Mesh Network" is designed, a strategy of combining moving statistical average PLR with RSSI to find its neighbors dynamically is put forward, a new routing algorithm called "Generation Routing" is put forward, which is based on local information, and a new data structure called "Cross Binary-tree" for the algorithm is defined. At last, the experiments and tests on the node power consumption in different work state, the establishment time of the Wireless Sensor Network, the network delay, the routing searching complexity, and the energy-saving effect of the system are carried out.
The results show that, firstly, the designed network has low power consumption compared with the traditional RS-485 networks. The average power consumption of the network with 20 nodes is less than 1 watt. Secondly, the network performance meets the application demands. For a network with 10 generations at 2.4kbps transmission rate, the self-organization time is less than 11 seconds, the network delay is less than 1.7 seconds, and the routing searching complexity is O(N). Thirdly, the building energy-saving effect is obvious by using the system, which can save 30% energy on average. Fourthly, the system is low-cost, free of cabling, easy to extend, and convenient to maintain. To sum up, the designed system is suitable for the building energy-saving, especially for the energy-saving reconstruction of the existing buildings.
本文研究了智能建筑能量管理系统结构,分析了基于有线网络的能量管理系统存在的缺点和不足;测试了建筑内无线传输的信道衰落、穿墙能力等特性,研究了合理的节点部署及网络规划;在此基础上,设计了基于无线传感器网络的建筑能量管理系统,包括能量检测控制节点、汇聚节点的软硬件设计及通信网络协议的设计。本文设计了一种“两线平行带状”Mesh拓扑结构网络;采用了基于“滑动统计平均”丢包率(PLR)及接收信号强度(RSSI)的相结合的动态邻居发现策略;针对该应用背景提出一种新的基于局部信息的路由算法——“世代路由”;针对该路由算法,提出了一种新的数据结构——“交叉二叉树”。最后,对不同工况下节点的功耗、无线传感器网络建立时间、网络延迟、世代路由搜索复杂度及系统节能效果做了相应的实验、测试和评估。
结果表明,该系统具有如下特点:①功耗低,包含20个节点的网络平均功耗小于1瓦,远低于传统基于RS-485网络平均功耗;②网络性能满足应用需求,2.4kbps低速率下,10层网络自组织时间小于11秒,网络延迟小于1.7秒,路由搜索复杂度为O(N);③节能效果显著,平均可节约30%的能量;④成本低廉、无需布线、易扩展、方便维护。因此,该系统适用于智能建筑能量管理系统,尤其适用于既有建筑的节能改造。
Known to all, energy is one of the four survival problems that humanbeings face. Currently, energy situation is severe, so it's imperative to save energy and reduce consumption. The buildings energy consumption makes a considerable proportion in the total society energy consumption, most of which is unreasonable, so there is a big space for energy saving. Nowadays, most buildings adopt the Building Automation System (BAS) based on wired networks to save energy by controlling the HVAC system and lighting system. However, because of the mutually independence between the sub-systems of the BAS, it's hard to detect, analyze and control the overall building consumption. The wired network has the disadvantages of complex cabling, high-cost, small capacity, high-power, and so on. So it's difficult to realize the large-scale deployment and the complete coverage, and it's hard to comprehensively detect the energy requirement and the energy efficiency state and to achieve the practical and effective energy-saving goal. Especially for the energy-saving reconstruction of the existing buildings, it's especially unreasonable to adopt the wired networks. According to these problems, a building Energy Management System based on Wireless Sensor Networks is researched and developed in the thesis.
In the thesis, the architecture of the Intelligent Building Energy Management System is researched, the disadvantages of the IB-EMS based on wired networks is analyzed, the channel fading and the penetration capability of the electromagnetic wave are tested, and the nodes deployment and network planning are reasonably researched. Then an Intelligent Building Energy Management System based on Wireless Sensor Networks is designed, includes the hardware and software design of the Detecting and Controlling Nodes and the Sink Nodes and the design of the network communication protocols. In the thesis a kind of "Two Parallel-lines Zonal Mesh Network" is designed, a strategy of combining moving statistical average PLR with RSSI to find its neighbors dynamically is put forward, a new routing algorithm called "Generation Routing" is put forward, which is based on local information, and a new data structure called "Cross Binary-tree" for the algorithm is defined. At last, the experiments and tests on the node power consumption in different work state, the establishment time of the Wireless Sensor Network, the network delay, the routing searching complexity, and the energy-saving effect of the system are carried out.
The results show that, firstly, the designed network has low power consumption compared with the traditional RS-485 networks. The average power consumption of the network with 20 nodes is less than 1 watt. Secondly, the network performance meets the application demands. For a network with 10 generations at 2.4kbps transmission rate, the self-organization time is less than 11 seconds, the network delay is less than 1.7 seconds, and the routing searching complexity is O(N). Thirdly, the building energy-saving effect is obvious by using the system, which can save 30% energy on average. Fourthly, the system is low-cost, free of cabling, easy to extend, and convenient to maintain. To sum up, the designed system is suitable for the building energy-saving, especially for the energy-saving reconstruction of the existing buildings.
引文
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[18]Jafari R,Encarnacao A,Zahoory A,et al.Wireless sensor networks for health monitoring.MobiQuitous,2005:479-481.
[19]Edward Teaw,Guofeng Hou,Michael Gouzman,K.Wendy Tang.A Wireless Health Monitoring System[C].Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Information Acquisition,Hong Kong and Macau,China,June 27-July 3,2005 247-253.
[20]Stankovic J A,Cao Q,Doan T et al.Wireless sensor networks for in-home healthcare:potential and challenges[EB/OL],January 1,2005.
[21]Jia Xiangyu.Wang Chao.The Security Routing Research for WSN in the Application of Intelligent Transport System[C].Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Mechatrsonics and Automation,Luoyang,China,June,2006:25-28.
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