电子提单若干法律问题研究
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摘要
经过几百年来的实践与改良，提单已经成为国际贸易与航运的基石，因此提单的电子化将直接关系到整个运输服务业乃至贸易领域电子商务的发展进程。电子提单是EDI技术与传统提单相结合的产物，它的出现给人们带来了引导提单走出困境的希望。经过近20年的努力，国际社会为电子提单的应用搭建了一个良好的平台，取得了Bolero计划等一系列商业实践的初步成功，并制定了《CMI电子提单规则》等相关的法律制度对其进行约束和保护。虽然电子提单从产生到现在只有短短的20年，但却对沿袭了几百年的传统提单法律制度产生了巨大的冲击, 要想使它完全被各国法律所接受，仍然存在许多障碍，主要集中在电子提单是否具备传统提单的各项功能及其证据效力等方面。本文从实体法和证据法的角度，分别对电子提单的功能和法律效力进行分析，结果表明，电子提单具有传统提单的运输合同证明、货物权利凭证等功能，并且从转移的方式和速度上来看，比传统提单更加安全、快捷，从而肯定了电子提单在实体法上的效力。同时从各国的立法和实践来看，电子提单并非与现有的证据规则背道而驰，只要对现行法律规定做扩大解释或稍加修改，电子提单的证据效力是可以得到承认的。种种迹象表明，使用电子提单将是国际贸易的大势所趋。最后，本文针对我国电子提单立法的现状，提出了法律调整的几点建议，主要包括赋予电子提单合法地位、禁止使用不记名电子提单、肯定国际通行的电子提单转让方式和承认电子提单证据效力等。
Through the practice and development in hundred years, the Bill of Lading (B/L) has become the basis of cargo shipping and international trade. Thus, the electronicalization of B/L will play an important role in the development of the whole transport services and international trade. The Electronic Bill of Lading is a combination of the traditional B/L and EDI technology. With efforts in recent 20 years, a good desktop has been established for the usage of Electronic B/L and a lot of commercial practices such as “Bolero Project” are more and more successful, as well some legal regulations also enacted to protect and restrict the usage of Electronic B/L. However, since the Electronic B/L is a new idea, it’s really difficult to be accepted by laws in all countries soon. The main issues are the Electronic Bill of Lading’s function and its evidential value. In the view of substantive law and procedure law, this paper analyzes the function and legal validity of the Electronic Bill of Lading respectively. The result shows that the Electronic Bill of Lading is able to be the document of title and evidence of the contract of carriage. At the same time, from the legislation and practice in different countries, we found that the evidential value of Electronic B/L is possible to be accepted as long as the amendment of present regulations is made. In a word, using Electronic Bill of Lading is the trend of international trade. Finally, the author made some suggestions on adjustment and amendment of present law, which include admitting the legal status of Electronic B/L, prohibiting using Bearer Electronic B/L, accepting international usual way to transmit the Electronic B/L and admitting the Electronic B/L’s evidential validity, .etc.
Through the practice and development in hundred years, the Bill of Lading (B/L) has become the basis of cargo shipping and international trade. Thus, the electronicalization of B/L will play an important role in the development of the whole transport services and international trade. The Electronic Bill of Lading is a combination of the traditional B/L and EDI technology. With efforts in recent 20 years, a good desktop has been established for the usage of Electronic B/L and a lot of commercial practices such as “Bolero Project” are more and more successful, as well some legal regulations also enacted to protect and restrict the usage of Electronic B/L. However, since the Electronic B/L is a new idea, it’s really difficult to be accepted by laws in all countries soon. The main issues are the Electronic Bill of Lading’s function and its evidential value. In the view of substantive law and procedure law, this paper analyzes the function and legal validity of the Electronic Bill of Lading respectively. The result shows that the Electronic Bill of Lading is able to be the document of title and evidence of the contract of carriage. At the same time, from the legislation and practice in different countries, we found that the evidential value of Electronic B/L is possible to be accepted as long as the amendment of present regulations is made. In a word, using Electronic Bill of Lading is the trend of international trade. Finally, the author made some suggestions on adjustment and amendment of present law, which include admitting the legal status of Electronic B/L, prohibiting using Bearer Electronic B/L, accepting international usual way to transmit the Electronic B/L and admitting the Electronic B/L’s evidential validity, .etc.
引文
杨良宜：《提单及其付运单证》，中国政法大学出版社2001
齐爱民：《电子合同的民法原理》，武汉大学出版社，2002
邢海宝：《海商提单法》，法律出版社 ，1999 年 6 月 第 1 版
张楚：《电子商务法》，中国人民大学出版社2001年6月 第一版
郭瑜：《提单法律制度研究》，北京大学出版社，1997年11月出版
(美)简.考夫蔓.温,本杰明.赖特:《电子商务法 Law of Electronic Commerce》，4th edition，北京邮电大学出版社，2001
朱清：《新编海商法学参考资料选编》，大连海运学院出版社，1991年。
司玉琢等：《海商法详论》，大连海事大学出版社，1995。
姚立新：《新世纪商务――电子商务的知识、发展与运作》，中国发展出版社，1999
尹东年、郭瑜：《海上货物运输法》，人民法院出版社 2000
齐爱民，徐亮：《电子商务法原理与实务》，武汉大学出版社 2001
[美]金温著，张楚译：《开放系统、自由市场与因特网商务规范》，法律出版社， 2001
Alexander von Ziegler著，郭雪莹等译：《国际海上运输领域统一法律的必要性以及对CMI和UNCITRAL的挑战》，《中国海商法年刊》第11卷 大连海事大学出版社 2001
李宇宁：《提单电子化法律问题研究》，《海商法研究》2000年第一辑，法律出版社，2000
傅廷中：《关于电子提单的业务与法律问题》，《世界海运》，1998年第6期
上海港航EDI中心：《中外港航EDI应用范围的比较研究》，见航港中心网站
林春雨：《电子提单法律问题研究》，《集装箱化》杂志，2000年第11期
高起：《Bolero工程：迈向提单的电子化》，《黑龙江对外经贸》杂志，
1996年第6期
《联合国国际货物销售合同公约 1980》
《UNICTRAL电子商务示范法》
The Impact of Internet Technologies in the Freight Transport Market, Transport technology Publishing, 1999
WTO Seminar on Electronic Commerce and Development, 23 March 1999
The future of electronic commerce in international trade，Bond，R T.J., ,ITLQ
Benjamin Wright、Jane Winn ：The Law of Electronic Commerce. New York: Aspen Law & Business? 1998
World Trade Organization ：Electronic Commerce and the Role of WTO. Geneva: WTO? 1998
MIQUEL ROCA LOPE：Electronic Bill of Lading，University of Wales Cardiff，2000
Chris Reed: Digital Information Law Book, Queen Mary and Westfield College，1st edition，1996
Interpretation Act，1978
Economic Commission for Europe Model Interchange Agreement
The Land Registration Act
The Finance Act 1993
www.unece.org
http://www.bolero.net/
www. Zal .es
齐爱民：《电子合同的民法原理》，武汉大学出版社，2002
邢海宝：《海商提单法》，法律出版社 ，1999 年 6 月 第 1 版
张楚：《电子商务法》，中国人民大学出版社2001年6月 第一版
郭瑜：《提单法律制度研究》，北京大学出版社，1997年11月出版
(美)简.考夫蔓.温,本杰明.赖特:《电子商务法 Law of Electronic Commerce》，4th edition，北京邮电大学出版社，2001
朱清：《新编海商法学参考资料选编》，大连海运学院出版社，1991年。
司玉琢等：《海商法详论》，大连海事大学出版社，1995。
姚立新：《新世纪商务――电子商务的知识、发展与运作》，中国发展出版社，1999
尹东年、郭瑜：《海上货物运输法》，人民法院出版社 2000
齐爱民，徐亮：《电子商务法原理与实务》，武汉大学出版社 2001
[美]金温著，张楚译：《开放系统、自由市场与因特网商务规范》，法律出版社， 2001
Alexander von Ziegler著，郭雪莹等译：《国际海上运输领域统一法律的必要性以及对CMI和UNCITRAL的挑战》，《中国海商法年刊》第11卷 大连海事大学出版社 2001
李宇宁：《提单电子化法律问题研究》，《海商法研究》2000年第一辑，法律出版社，2000
傅廷中：《关于电子提单的业务与法律问题》，《世界海运》，1998年第6期
上海港航EDI中心：《中外港航EDI应用范围的比较研究》，见航港中心网站
林春雨：《电子提单法律问题研究》，《集装箱化》杂志，2000年第11期
高起：《Bolero工程：迈向提单的电子化》，《黑龙江对外经贸》杂志，
1996年第6期
《联合国国际货物销售合同公约 1980》
《UNICTRAL电子商务示范法》
The Impact of Internet Technologies in the Freight Transport Market, Transport technology Publishing, 1999
WTO Seminar on Electronic Commerce and Development, 23 March 1999
The future of electronic commerce in international trade，Bond，R T.J., ,ITLQ
Benjamin Wright、Jane Winn ：The Law of Electronic Commerce. New York: Aspen Law & Business? 1998
World Trade Organization ：Electronic Commerce and the Role of WTO. Geneva: WTO? 1998
MIQUEL ROCA LOPE：Electronic Bill of Lading，University of Wales Cardiff，2000
Chris Reed: Digital Information Law Book, Queen Mary and Westfield College，1st edition，1996
Interpretation Act，1978
Economic Commission for Europe Model Interchange Agreement
The Land Registration Act
The Finance Act 1993
www.unece.org
http://www.bolero.net/
www. Zal .es