高速公路计重收费关键问题研究
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摘要
计重收费是我国高速公路收费历程上一次成功的变革,从首次提出到国内全面铺开不到十年的时间里,计重收费正发挥着越来越重要的作用。但是,计重收费的理论远落后于实践,国内外相关研究大多局限于定性和局部分析。因此,对计重收费的基础理论进行系统而深入的研究显得十分重要。
本文利用经济学、运筹学、管理学等理论,从系统的角度研究并解决计重收费实施过程中所面临的一系列关键问题。在高速公路计重收费价格形成机制分析的基础上,从宏观和微观层面分别分析计重收费的作用机理,划分并评价了计重收费的三种实施模式；分别对正常车辆和超限车辆建立计重收费定价模型,构建包含额定总重法、实测总重法和对比分析法在内的正常装载车辆计重收费基本费率的定价方法,并依托调研数据对进行了实证分析；提出高速公路超限运输外部成本与外部收益构成体系的概念并构建相应的测算模型,同时,对超限车辆补偿费率结构进行构造并改进,在此基础上,以社会福利最大化为目标建立超限车辆补偿费率的定价模型,在实证分析中验证其合理性；从系统的观点,兼顾货物需求对价格的弹性,分析路网货物运输业主的运输收益和运输成本,设计货物运输弹性需求函数,建立货运需求的网络均衡配流模型,以社会效用最大化为上层规划目标,用户盈余最大化为下层规划目标构建超限车辆补偿费率双层规划定价模型,并设计相应的模拟退火求解算法；对计重收费标准的调整依据、调整时机、调整方式以及调整的实施策略等计重收费标准调整相关问题进行分析；将遗传算法和神经网络有机结合起来对高速公路短期流量进行预测,构建符合高速公路短期流量特点的预测模型,在此基础上采用排队论模拟高速公路收费过程,结合短期流量预测及收费站排队模型,建立收费员动态最优配置模型。
论文为我国高速公路计重收费的实施提供科学依据,完善了计重收费的定价和调整方法体系,对高速公路收费理论特别是补偿收费理论进行了有效的拓展,有利于最大限度地发挥计重收费在治理超限运输中的经济杠杆作用,引导货物运输业主合理的使用道路资源,减轻超限运输给高速公路系统所带来的负外部性。同时,本文的研究有助于提高计重收费的实施效率,引导和规范我国高速公路的计重收费实践,为计重收费在我国高速公路进一步科学实施提供政策参考。
The execution of toll-by-weight policy is a successful reform in the course of tolls in our country's expressways. Toll-by-weight has been playing an increasingly important role in less than ten years from the period of introducing the theory to the time of fully carrying out. But the theory of toll-by-weight lags behind its practice. The relevant researches at home and abroad are mostly limited to the qualitative and local analyses. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a systematic and in-depth research into the basic theories of toll-by-weight.
This dissertation deals with a series of key issues on the process of implementing toll-by-weight by way of the theories of economics, operational research, management, etc from a systematic perspective. On the basis of analyzing the pricing formation of expressways' toll-by-weight, the mechanisms of toll-by-weight are analyzed and three kinds of implementation patterns of toll-by-weight are divided and evaluated from the macro and micro angle. Pricing methods of toll-by-weight on normal load vehicles and overload vehicles have been respectively built, and the pricing methods of the basic rate of toll-by-weight on normal load vehicles have been constructed including rated gross method, actual measurement gross weight method, and contrast analysis method, all of which are given empirical analysis based on various market data. The concepts of external cost and external benefit of expressway's overload transportation and its corresponding estimate models have been proposed. At the same time, the construction of reimbursement rate on overload vehicles has been formed and improved. On this basis, the pricing method on overload vehicle's reimbursement rate has been put forth with the aim of maximizing social welfare, and its reasonability has been tested in empirical analysis. Taking systematic point and price elasticity of freight demand into account in this dissertation, the road network freight carriers' benefit and cost have been analyzed, and the elastic demand function of freight has been designed, also freight demand of traffic assignment model of network equilibrium and bi-level design on pricing model of overload vehicles' reimbursement rate have been constructed which make effort to get the aim of the upper planning to maximize social utility and to get the aim of the underclass planning to maximize user surplus, thus the corresponding simulated annealing algorithm has been designed. The relevant adjustments of toll-by-weight standards such as adjustment basis, adjustment timing, adjustment methods and implementation strategies have been analyzed. The forecasting model of expressway's short-term traffic has been set forth by combining genetic algorithm and neural networks. On this basis, combined the short-term traffic prediction and the toll station queuing model, the queuing theory of simulating expressway's toll process is used to construct the dynamic optimal allocation for toll collectors.
The dissertation is to provide a scientific theory basis for toll-by-weight in expressways. The pricing methods and adjustment systems of toll-by-weight have been improved. It effectively extends the expressway's toll theory especially the reimbursement toll theory, thus the role of toll-by-weight as economic leverage in dealing with overload transportation can be utilized to its limit, and the freight carriers are guided to reasonably use road resources, also the burden of negative externalities brought by overload transportation on expressways' systems has been reduced. At the same time, the researches in the dissertation are to improve the execution efficiency of toll-by-weight, to guide and standardize the execution of toll-by-weight in our country's expressways, and to provide decision references on the further scientific execution of toll-by-weight in our country's expressways.
本文利用经济学、运筹学、管理学等理论,从系统的角度研究并解决计重收费实施过程中所面临的一系列关键问题。在高速公路计重收费价格形成机制分析的基础上,从宏观和微观层面分别分析计重收费的作用机理,划分并评价了计重收费的三种实施模式；分别对正常车辆和超限车辆建立计重收费定价模型,构建包含额定总重法、实测总重法和对比分析法在内的正常装载车辆计重收费基本费率的定价方法,并依托调研数据对进行了实证分析；提出高速公路超限运输外部成本与外部收益构成体系的概念并构建相应的测算模型,同时,对超限车辆补偿费率结构进行构造并改进,在此基础上,以社会福利最大化为目标建立超限车辆补偿费率的定价模型,在实证分析中验证其合理性；从系统的观点,兼顾货物需求对价格的弹性,分析路网货物运输业主的运输收益和运输成本,设计货物运输弹性需求函数,建立货运需求的网络均衡配流模型,以社会效用最大化为上层规划目标,用户盈余最大化为下层规划目标构建超限车辆补偿费率双层规划定价模型,并设计相应的模拟退火求解算法；对计重收费标准的调整依据、调整时机、调整方式以及调整的实施策略等计重收费标准调整相关问题进行分析；将遗传算法和神经网络有机结合起来对高速公路短期流量进行预测,构建符合高速公路短期流量特点的预测模型,在此基础上采用排队论模拟高速公路收费过程,结合短期流量预测及收费站排队模型,建立收费员动态最优配置模型。
论文为我国高速公路计重收费的实施提供科学依据,完善了计重收费的定价和调整方法体系,对高速公路收费理论特别是补偿收费理论进行了有效的拓展,有利于最大限度地发挥计重收费在治理超限运输中的经济杠杆作用,引导货物运输业主合理的使用道路资源,减轻超限运输给高速公路系统所带来的负外部性。同时,本文的研究有助于提高计重收费的实施效率,引导和规范我国高速公路的计重收费实践,为计重收费在我国高速公路进一步科学实施提供政策参考。
The execution of toll-by-weight policy is a successful reform in the course of tolls in our country's expressways. Toll-by-weight has been playing an increasingly important role in less than ten years from the period of introducing the theory to the time of fully carrying out. But the theory of toll-by-weight lags behind its practice. The relevant researches at home and abroad are mostly limited to the qualitative and local analyses. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a systematic and in-depth research into the basic theories of toll-by-weight.
This dissertation deals with a series of key issues on the process of implementing toll-by-weight by way of the theories of economics, operational research, management, etc from a systematic perspective. On the basis of analyzing the pricing formation of expressways' toll-by-weight, the mechanisms of toll-by-weight are analyzed and three kinds of implementation patterns of toll-by-weight are divided and evaluated from the macro and micro angle. Pricing methods of toll-by-weight on normal load vehicles and overload vehicles have been respectively built, and the pricing methods of the basic rate of toll-by-weight on normal load vehicles have been constructed including rated gross method, actual measurement gross weight method, and contrast analysis method, all of which are given empirical analysis based on various market data. The concepts of external cost and external benefit of expressway's overload transportation and its corresponding estimate models have been proposed. At the same time, the construction of reimbursement rate on overload vehicles has been formed and improved. On this basis, the pricing method on overload vehicle's reimbursement rate has been put forth with the aim of maximizing social welfare, and its reasonability has been tested in empirical analysis. Taking systematic point and price elasticity of freight demand into account in this dissertation, the road network freight carriers' benefit and cost have been analyzed, and the elastic demand function of freight has been designed, also freight demand of traffic assignment model of network equilibrium and bi-level design on pricing model of overload vehicles' reimbursement rate have been constructed which make effort to get the aim of the upper planning to maximize social utility and to get the aim of the underclass planning to maximize user surplus, thus the corresponding simulated annealing algorithm has been designed. The relevant adjustments of toll-by-weight standards such as adjustment basis, adjustment timing, adjustment methods and implementation strategies have been analyzed. The forecasting model of expressway's short-term traffic has been set forth by combining genetic algorithm and neural networks. On this basis, combined the short-term traffic prediction and the toll station queuing model, the queuing theory of simulating expressway's toll process is used to construct the dynamic optimal allocation for toll collectors.
The dissertation is to provide a scientific theory basis for toll-by-weight in expressways. The pricing methods and adjustment systems of toll-by-weight have been improved. It effectively extends the expressway's toll theory especially the reimbursement toll theory, thus the role of toll-by-weight as economic leverage in dealing with overload transportation can be utilized to its limit, and the freight carriers are guided to reasonably use road resources, also the burden of negative externalities brought by overload transportation on expressways' systems has been reduced. At the same time, the researches in the dissertation are to improve the execution efficiency of toll-by-weight, to guide and standardize the execution of toll-by-weight in our country's expressways, and to provide decision references on the further scientific execution of toll-by-weight in our country's expressways.
引文
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