采动破坏研究与病害加固技术
摘要
堤防是我国防洪工程体系的重要组成部分，在筑堤材料、堤体分区、堤体稳
定、渗流、沉降及应力应变分析、基础处理、填筑标准、施工机具等一系列关键
技术上，已经积累了丰富的经验。但由于许多堤防经过几十年的运行或经济发展
的需要，自然或人为地对大堤造成了很大的坡坏，影响了大堤的正常使用，给人
民的生命财产安全造成了极大的威胁。本文结合南四湖湖西大堤地下采煤的具体
情况，利用数值分析理论及堤防加固技术，在深入分析研究的基础上，提出相应
有效，可行的加固措施。
本文主要作了以下工作：
(1)回顾总结我国堤防发展的基本状况及运行现状，对堤防病害的种类及
评判方法进行归纳。
(2)综述堤防加固技术及方法，并对各种防渗，滑坡等加固措施进行分析
比较，提出了适合于湖西大堤的加固措施。
(3)对三维快速拉格郎日有限差分法进行了介绍，三维快速拉格朗日法是
一种基于三维显式有限差分法的数值分析方法，它可以模拟岩石或土体及其它材
料的三维力学行为，可以准确模拟材料的屈服、塑性流动、软化直至大变形，尤
其在材料的弹塑性分析、大变形分析以及模拟施工过程等领域有其独到的优点。
(4)对湖西大堤姚桥矿段由于地下采煤而引起的不均匀沉降以及由此产生
的裂缝进行了数值分析，确定了沉降的大小以及裂缝分布的范围。与观测资料作
了比较，计算结果与实际情况较为接近，并对后继沉降进行了预测，最后进行了
参数敏感性分析。
(5)针对湖西大堤的实际情况，经过方案比较，提出了相应的加固措施，
对土工膜的选择进行了计算，并对各种工况进行了校核，结果表明，加固措施可
以满足大堤的滑坡稳定和渗透稳定要求。
Bank is an important part in Chinese system of controlling flood. It has accumulated much experience in the choice of bank's material, division of bank's body, stabilization of dam, seepage, settlement, analysis of stress and strain, treatment of foundation, criterion of reclamation and machine of construction and so on. But after many years running or for satisfying the need of economic development, many bank and its foundation has much disease, its normally use and benefit are naturally or man-madly influenced. According to status of HUXI Bank in XuZhou,JIANGSU province, using numerical value analysis theory and technique of dam construction, this paper put forward efficiency strengthen method in the base of study and analysis .
The main work this paper do are these like below:
(1) this paper reviewed and summarized the development and actuality of bank in china, induced the variety of bank's disease and the measure of judge etc.
(2) The commonly used technology and method in bank's strengthen was summarized. Through analysis and compare, the measure fitting for HUXI bank was put forward.
(3) Introduced Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua .FLAC3D is a three-dimensional explicit finite-difference program.. It can simulate the behavior of three-dimensional structures built or soil ,rock or other material and can simulate plastic collapse ,flow and large-strain accurately. In this it has its inimitable virtue.
(4) Analysed the asymmetry settlement and thereout the crack because of excavating coal undergroundly oh HUXI Bank., then ascertained the magnitude of settlement and the distributing of the crack. Contrast to the observation data, the numeration is approach to the fact.
(5) Through studying the real instance of HUXI Bank, put forward to corresponding reinforcement project. The result indicates that the reinforcement can satisfy the request of coast and penetrating stabilization.
定、渗流、沉降及应力应变分析、基础处理、填筑标准、施工机具等一系列关键
技术上，已经积累了丰富的经验。但由于许多堤防经过几十年的运行或经济发展
的需要，自然或人为地对大堤造成了很大的坡坏，影响了大堤的正常使用，给人
民的生命财产安全造成了极大的威胁。本文结合南四湖湖西大堤地下采煤的具体
情况，利用数值分析理论及堤防加固技术，在深入分析研究的基础上，提出相应
有效，可行的加固措施。
本文主要作了以下工作：
(1)回顾总结我国堤防发展的基本状况及运行现状，对堤防病害的种类及
评判方法进行归纳。
(2)综述堤防加固技术及方法，并对各种防渗，滑坡等加固措施进行分析
比较，提出了适合于湖西大堤的加固措施。
(3)对三维快速拉格郎日有限差分法进行了介绍，三维快速拉格朗日法是
一种基于三维显式有限差分法的数值分析方法，它可以模拟岩石或土体及其它材
料的三维力学行为，可以准确模拟材料的屈服、塑性流动、软化直至大变形，尤
其在材料的弹塑性分析、大变形分析以及模拟施工过程等领域有其独到的优点。
(4)对湖西大堤姚桥矿段由于地下采煤而引起的不均匀沉降以及由此产生
的裂缝进行了数值分析，确定了沉降的大小以及裂缝分布的范围。与观测资料作
了比较，计算结果与实际情况较为接近，并对后继沉降进行了预测，最后进行了
参数敏感性分析。
(5)针对湖西大堤的实际情况，经过方案比较，提出了相应的加固措施，
对土工膜的选择进行了计算，并对各种工况进行了校核，结果表明，加固措施可
以满足大堤的滑坡稳定和渗透稳定要求。
Bank is an important part in Chinese system of controlling flood. It has accumulated much experience in the choice of bank's material, division of bank's body, stabilization of dam, seepage, settlement, analysis of stress and strain, treatment of foundation, criterion of reclamation and machine of construction and so on. But after many years running or for satisfying the need of economic development, many bank and its foundation has much disease, its normally use and benefit are naturally or man-madly influenced. According to status of HUXI Bank in XuZhou,JIANGSU province, using numerical value analysis theory and technique of dam construction, this paper put forward efficiency strengthen method in the base of study and analysis .
The main work this paper do are these like below:
(1) this paper reviewed and summarized the development and actuality of bank in china, induced the variety of bank's disease and the measure of judge etc.
(2) The commonly used technology and method in bank's strengthen was summarized. Through analysis and compare, the measure fitting for HUXI bank was put forward.
(3) Introduced Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua .FLAC3D is a three-dimensional explicit finite-difference program.. It can simulate the behavior of three-dimensional structures built or soil ,rock or other material and can simulate plastic collapse ,flow and large-strain accurately. In this it has its inimitable virtue.
(4) Analysed the asymmetry settlement and thereout the crack because of excavating coal undergroundly oh HUXI Bank., then ascertained the magnitude of settlement and the distributing of the crack. Contrast to the observation data, the numeration is approach to the fact.
(5) Through studying the real instance of HUXI Bank, put forward to corresponding reinforcement project. The result indicates that the reinforcement can satisfy the request of coast and penetrating stabilization.
引文
[1]钱家欢，殷宗泽，土工原理与计算，中国水利水电出版社，1996；
[2]束一鸣等，受采动影响淮堤的安全论证与加固，水利水电科技进展，1998，VOL．18，NO．6，P28；
[3]束一鸣等，堆石坝变形监控的统计、混合模型与反演分析，河海大学学报，1996，VOL．24，NO．5，P1；
[4]束一鸣等，软硬岩相间地基上面板坝二、三维计算比较，河海大学学报，1996，VOL．24，NO．6，P96；
[5]黄文熙主编，土的工程性质，水利水电出版社，1983；
[6]王世夏编著，水工设计的理论和方法，中国水利水电出版社；
[7]顾淦臣，堆石的工程性质，水利水电工程学院，2001．4；
[8]高钟璞等编著，大坝基础防渗墙，中国电力出版社；
[9]束一鸣等，长江三峡二期围堰土工膜防渗结构前期研究，河海大学学报，1997，VOL．25，NO．5，P71；
[10]黎军锋，病险库大坝加固理论及技术研究，河海大学硕士论文，2002．3；
[11]董哲仁；堤防加固除险实用技术，中国水利水电出版社；
[12]包承刚：堤防工程土工合成材料应用技术，中国水利水电出版社；
[13]吴中如，老坝病变和机理探讨，中国水利，2000．9；
[14]徐田春，刘保平，孔俐丽，水泥土薄墙截渗技术在长江干堤截渗工程中的应用，中国水利，2000．3；
[15]厉志海，李雪，复合土工膜在永定新河防渗处理工程中的应用，中国水利，2000．3；
[16]束一鸣，土工膜连接和缺陷渗漏量计算与缺陷渗流影响，人民长江，2002，VOL．33，NO．3，P26；
[17]束一鸣，防渗土工膜工程特性的探讨，河海大学学报，1993，VOL．21，NO．4，P1；
[18]束一鸣，用复合土工膜完善土坝防渗的实践，人民长江，2002，VOL．33，NO．9，P27；
[19]魏岩峰，LZY成型工艺在嫩江堤防护坡中的应用，中国水利，2001．4；
[20]土石坝养护修理规程，中华人民共和国行业标准，SL210-98；
[21]德国赛德拉．迅博格特种地下工程建筑公司(Sidla & Schnberger
Spezialtiefbau GmbH)，高速构筑堤坝防渗连续墙FMI挖掘-混合-喷射灌浆连续施工法介绍；
[22] Layered analysis of embankment dams D. J. Naylor and D. Mattar, Jr.
[23] 王运辉主编，防汛抢险技术，武汉水利电力大学出版社；
[24] 束一鸣，土工膜施工及其经验教训，水利水电技术，2002，VOL．33，NO．4，P19；
[25] 束一鸣等，西汤土坝安全监测设置与自动化管理，河海大学学报，1996，VOL．25，水电专辑，P80。
[26] Barton, N. (1976) "The Shear Strength of Rock and Rock Joints," Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. &Geotech. Abstr. 13, 255-279.
[27] Brady, B.H.G., and E. T. Brown. (1985) Rock Mechanics for Underground Mining. London:George Allen & Unwin.
[28] Shu YiMing(1993)"Study of the Displacement and Stress of the Earth-Rockfill dam with Geotextile", Proceedings of International Symposium on High-Rockfill Dams,Sponsored by CSHH&ICOLD,VOL.2,P691
[29] Coetzee, M. J., R. D. Hart, P. M. Varona and P. A. Cundall. (1995) FLAC Basics. Minneapolis:Itasca Consulting Group, Inc.
[30] Cundall, P. A. (1987) "Distinct Element Models of Rock and Soil Structure," in Analytical andComputational Methods in Engineering Rock Mechanics, Ch. 4, pp. 129-163, E. T. Brown, Ed.London: Allen & Unwin.
[31] Cundall, P. A. (1989) "Numerical Experiments on Localization in Frictional Material," Ingenieur-Archiv, 59, 148-159.
[32] Cundall, P. A. (1990) "Numerical Modelling of Jointed and Faulted Rock," in Mechanics of Jointed and Faulted Rock, pp. 11-18. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema.
[33] Cundall, P. A. (1991) "Shear Band Initiation and Evolution in Frictional Materials," in MechanicsComputing in 1990s and Beyond (Proceedings of the Conference, Columbus, Ohio, May 1991),Vol. 2: Structural and Material Mechanics, pp. 1279-1289. New York: ASME.
[34] Fossum, A. F. (1985) "Technical Note: Effective Elastic Properties for a Randomly Jointed RockMass," Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr.22(6), 467-470.
[35] Gerrard, C. M. (1982a) "Equivalent Elastic Moduli of a Rock Mass Consisting of OrthorhombicLayers," Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. &
Geomech. Abstr. 19, 9-14.
[36] Gerrard, C. M. (1982b) "Elastic Models of Rock Masses Having One, Two and Three Sets of Joints," Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr.19, 15-23.
[37] Hock, E. (1990) "Estimating Mohr-Coulomb Friction and Cohesion Values from the Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion," Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr. 27(3), 227-229.
[38] Hock, E., and E. T. Brown. (1980) Underground Excavations in Rock. London: IMM.
[39] Hock, E., and E. T. Brown. (1988) "The Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion—a 1988 Update," inRock Engineering for Underground Excavation (Proceedings of 15th Canadian Rock MeehaniesSymposium, Toronto, October 1988), pp. 31-38. Toronto: University of Toronto.
[40] S erafim, J. L., and J. P. Pereira. (1983) "Considerations of the Geomechanical Classificationof Bieniawski," in Proceeding of the International Symposium on Engineering Geology and Underground Construction (Lisbon, 1983), Vol. 1, pp. Ⅱ.33-42. Lisbon: SPG/LNEC.
[41] Singh, B. (1973) "Continuum Characterization of Jointed Rock Masses: Part Ⅰ—The Constitutive Equations," Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr., 10, 311-335.
[42] Starfield, A. M., and P. A. Cundall. (1988) "Towards a Methodology for Rock Mechanics Modelling,"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr. 25(3), 99-106.
[43] Vardoulakis, I. (1980) "Shear Band Inclination and Shear Modulus of Sand in Biaxial Tests," Int.J. Numer. Anal. Meth. in Geomech.4, 103-119.
[44] Vermeer, P. A., and R. de Borst. (1984) "Non-Associated Plasticity for Soils, Concrete and Rock,"Heron, 29(3), 1-64.
[45] Wood, D. M. (1990) Soil Behaviour and Critical State Soil Mechanics. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.
[46] 王淑云等，数值分析，河海大学出版社，；
[47] 土工试验规程，水利水电出版社，SDS01-79上册；
[48] 土工合成材料工程应用手册，中国建筑工业出版社，2000．10。
[49] 李凤华，AUTOCAD2000，清华大学出版社；
[50]陈明致等，堆石坝设计，水利出版社，1982．6；
[51]钱家欢主编，土力学，河海大学出版社，第二版；
[52]左东启、林益才等，水工建筑物，河海大学出版社；
[53]赵振兴，水力学，河海大学出版社；
[54]Scott C R. An Introduction to Soil Mechanics. Third Ed, Applied Science Publishers. 1980(8).
[55]顾淦臣，土石坝地震工程，河海大学出版社；
[56]张启岳，土石坝加固技术，中国水利水电出版社；
[57]Giroud J P. Designing with Geotextiles. Materiaux et constructions. 1981,14(82).
[58]湖西大堤杨屯河至二级坝段塌坡除险工程，江苏省水利勘测设计研究院；
[59]湖西大堤大屯煤电公司开采塌陷段堤防应急工程设计，江苏省水利勘测设计研究院；
[60]南四湖湖腰段湖西大堤加固工程初步设计报告，水利部淮委规划设计研究院
[2]束一鸣等，受采动影响淮堤的安全论证与加固，水利水电科技进展，1998，VOL．18，NO．6，P28；
[3]束一鸣等，堆石坝变形监控的统计、混合模型与反演分析，河海大学学报，1996，VOL．24，NO．5，P1；
[4]束一鸣等，软硬岩相间地基上面板坝二、三维计算比较，河海大学学报，1996，VOL．24，NO．6，P96；
[5]黄文熙主编，土的工程性质，水利水电出版社，1983；
[6]王世夏编著，水工设计的理论和方法，中国水利水电出版社；
[7]顾淦臣，堆石的工程性质，水利水电工程学院，2001．4；
[8]高钟璞等编著，大坝基础防渗墙，中国电力出版社；
[9]束一鸣等，长江三峡二期围堰土工膜防渗结构前期研究，河海大学学报，1997，VOL．25，NO．5，P71；
[10]黎军锋，病险库大坝加固理论及技术研究，河海大学硕士论文，2002．3；
[11]董哲仁；堤防加固除险实用技术，中国水利水电出版社；
[12]包承刚：堤防工程土工合成材料应用技术，中国水利水电出版社；
[13]吴中如，老坝病变和机理探讨，中国水利，2000．9；
[14]徐田春，刘保平，孔俐丽，水泥土薄墙截渗技术在长江干堤截渗工程中的应用，中国水利，2000．3；
[15]厉志海，李雪，复合土工膜在永定新河防渗处理工程中的应用，中国水利，2000．3；
[16]束一鸣，土工膜连接和缺陷渗漏量计算与缺陷渗流影响，人民长江，2002，VOL．33，NO．3，P26；
[17]束一鸣，防渗土工膜工程特性的探讨，河海大学学报，1993，VOL．21，NO．4，P1；
[18]束一鸣，用复合土工膜完善土坝防渗的实践，人民长江，2002，VOL．33，NO．9，P27；
[19]魏岩峰，LZY成型工艺在嫩江堤防护坡中的应用，中国水利，2001．4；
[20]土石坝养护修理规程，中华人民共和国行业标准，SL210-98；
[21]德国赛德拉．迅博格特种地下工程建筑公司(Sidla & Schnberger
Spezialtiefbau GmbH)，高速构筑堤坝防渗连续墙FMI挖掘-混合-喷射灌浆连续施工法介绍；
[22] Layered analysis of embankment dams D. J. Naylor and D. Mattar, Jr.
[23] 王运辉主编，防汛抢险技术，武汉水利电力大学出版社；
[24] 束一鸣，土工膜施工及其经验教训，水利水电技术，2002，VOL．33，NO．4，P19；
[25] 束一鸣等，西汤土坝安全监测设置与自动化管理，河海大学学报，1996，VOL．25，水电专辑，P80。
[26] Barton, N. (1976) "The Shear Strength of Rock and Rock Joints," Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. &Geotech. Abstr. 13, 255-279.
[27] Brady, B.H.G., and E. T. Brown. (1985) Rock Mechanics for Underground Mining. London:George Allen & Unwin.
[28] Shu YiMing(1993)"Study of the Displacement and Stress of the Earth-Rockfill dam with Geotextile", Proceedings of International Symposium on High-Rockfill Dams,Sponsored by CSHH&ICOLD,VOL.2,P691
[29] Coetzee, M. J., R. D. Hart, P. M. Varona and P. A. Cundall. (1995) FLAC Basics. Minneapolis:Itasca Consulting Group, Inc.
[30] Cundall, P. A. (1987) "Distinct Element Models of Rock and Soil Structure," in Analytical andComputational Methods in Engineering Rock Mechanics, Ch. 4, pp. 129-163, E. T. Brown, Ed.London: Allen & Unwin.
[31] Cundall, P. A. (1989) "Numerical Experiments on Localization in Frictional Material," Ingenieur-Archiv, 59, 148-159.
[32] Cundall, P. A. (1990) "Numerical Modelling of Jointed and Faulted Rock," in Mechanics of Jointed and Faulted Rock, pp. 11-18. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema.
[33] Cundall, P. A. (1991) "Shear Band Initiation and Evolution in Frictional Materials," in MechanicsComputing in 1990s and Beyond (Proceedings of the Conference, Columbus, Ohio, May 1991),Vol. 2: Structural and Material Mechanics, pp. 1279-1289. New York: ASME.
[34] Fossum, A. F. (1985) "Technical Note: Effective Elastic Properties for a Randomly Jointed RockMass," Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr.22(6), 467-470.
[35] Gerrard, C. M. (1982a) "Equivalent Elastic Moduli of a Rock Mass Consisting of OrthorhombicLayers," Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. &
Geomech. Abstr. 19, 9-14.
[36] Gerrard, C. M. (1982b) "Elastic Models of Rock Masses Having One, Two and Three Sets of Joints," Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr.19, 15-23.
[37] Hock, E. (1990) "Estimating Mohr-Coulomb Friction and Cohesion Values from the Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion," Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr. 27(3), 227-229.
[38] Hock, E., and E. T. Brown. (1980) Underground Excavations in Rock. London: IMM.
[39] Hock, E., and E. T. Brown. (1988) "The Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion—a 1988 Update," inRock Engineering for Underground Excavation (Proceedings of 15th Canadian Rock MeehaniesSymposium, Toronto, October 1988), pp. 31-38. Toronto: University of Toronto.
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