采煤塌陷对生态环境的影响及恢复研究
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摘要
神府-东胜矿区地处毛乌素沙地边缘的晋陕蒙接壤区,是我国目前已探明的煤炭储量最丰富的地区。随着近年来采煤规模的扩大,地表发生大面积塌陷,水资源大量流失,植被由于缺水而枯萎死亡,风沙活动加剧,使本来十分脆弱的生态环境进一步恶化。为了对采煤塌陷与土壤、水分、植被等变化的响应关系进行系统研究,运用野外调查、室内分析等手段,结合前人研究的相关资料,以2004a塌陷区、2005a塌陷区以及2006a塌陷区为研究的基准对象,深入研究了该地区生态环境演化规律和驱动机制,针对区域内不同自然条件和受损生态系统类型,找出关键的限制性因子,科学合理地构建了适宜的采煤塌陷区生态恢复技术。得出以下结论：
(1)经过野外观测和调查,神东矿区采煤后地表塌陷形式主要为连续变形塌陷和非连续变形塌陷2种类型,并在采煤过程中,2种类型的塌陷形式会同时交替出现,直接加剧了地表环境的变化。通过对塌陷裂缝的调查与分析,认为采煤塌陷形成的裂缝容易使沙丘活化,地表塌陷1年后,裂缝的偏移距离(L)与塌陷落差(H)和裂缝宽度(W)的比值(H/W)的关系为多项式函数,地表塌陷2a后由于塌陷裂缝基本愈合,并发育成新的小地貌,所以其多项式函数相关性并不是很明显,证明塌陷裂缝的形成导致了沙丘的活化。
(2)塌陷区土壤物理性质变化方面：在坡面部位,各塌陷区的土壤容积含水量均显著低于未塌陷区相应坡位(P<0.05)；在丘间低地部位,2004a塌陷区的土壤容积含水量显著低于未塌陷区相应坡位(P<0.05)。在坡面部位,2005a塌陷区的土壤体积质量显著低于未塌陷区坡面(P<0.05)；在丘间低地部位,各塌陷区的土壤体积质量均与未塌陷区无显著差异(P>0.05)；坡面部位,2005a塌陷区的土壤孔隙度显著高于未塌陷区坡面(P<0.05)；在丘间低地部位,各塌陷区的土壤孔隙度均与未塌陷区无显著差异(P>0.05)。2005a塌陷区坡面与丘间低地部位的土壤硬度均显著低于未塌陷区坡面(P<0.05)；而2004a塌陷区2个坡位的土壤硬度均与未塌陷区无显著差异(P>0.05)。入渗实验表明2005a塌陷区丘间低地未裂处样点55 mmin后入渗深度显著超过未塌陷区(P<0.05),各塌陷区的坡面样点入渗深度均与未塌陷区无显著差异(P>0.05)。多因素方差分析表明,采煤塌陷对塌陷初期风沙区错落裂缝相对出露侧孔隙扰动更大,并且这种扰动在1-2a内有显著恢复。
(3)塌陷区土壤养分化学性质的变化方面：2004a塌陷区丘间低地部位未裂测点组的pH值显著高于未塌陷区(P<0.05)丘间低地；2004a塌陷区坡面部位未裂测点组pH值显著低于未塌陷区坡面(P<0.05)。2004a塌陷区坡面未裂测点全氮含量显著低于未塌陷区坡面(P<0.05)。2004a塌陷区坡面裂缝测点碱解氮含量较未塌陷区坡面显著升高(P<0.05)。2004a塌陷区坡面未裂测点组与裂缝测点组全磷含量较未塌陷区坡面显著降低(P<0.05)。未塌陷区与各塌陷区各坡位速磷含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。2005a塌陷区在坡面未裂样点组的全钾含量显著超出未塌陷区(P<0.05)。2004a塌陷区坡面裂缝、未裂样点组速钾含量显著低于未塌陷区(P<0.05)。未塌陷区与各塌陷区各坡位土壤有机质含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
(4)塌陷区地表植被情况变化方面,3个调查区物种数和植被盖度的变化在6个矿中有相同的趋势,即塌陷区较未塌陷区物种数多而植被盖度大,2004a塌陷区较2005a塌陷区物种数多而植被盖度大。相关分析表明,塌陷年限之间、塌陷与未塌陷之间,植物种数的相关系数在0.85以上,而植被盖度的相关系数在0.9以上,均表现出明显的相关性,表明塌陷在一定程度上影响了地表的植被。塌陷对地表植被盖度没有显著影响,对该区植物群落的主要建群种的生长也无显著影响。植物种数及植被盖度与塌陷及塌陷年限有关,植物种类的丰富程度及植被盖度与塌陷有一定的相关性。
(5)采用试验和调研相结合的方法,在定性和定量分析的基础上,构建了矿区采前生态功能圈建设技术,并诊断了区域生态退化的基本特征、原因、过程、类型、程度等。结合采煤塌陷区自然条件,确定生态恢复的实现目标。引入文冠果,并在实地进行选种抗逆性试验,取得了成功。在现有工作基础上,集成适宜的生态修复技术,建立生态修复区并预测恢复轨迹、评价修复效果,为矿区建立良好的生态循环利用体系和增加经济效益提供了技术与实践依据。
Shenfu-dongsheng mining area located in the contiguous area of Shanxi, Shaanxi province and Inner Mongolia of southeast Mu Us sandy land. With the increasing coal mining scale in recent years, coal mining subsidence happened with large area in local place and led to loss of water resource, fade and death of vegetation caused by lack of soil moisture, aggravation of wind-sand activity and deterioration of the originally tender ecological environment. In order to research the response relationship between coal mining subsidence and soil-water-vegetation systematically, the technique of field investigation and laboratory analysis and previous reference was used. In this study, subsidence areas subsided in 2004a,2005a and 2006a was selected as references to research the evolution law of local ecological environment and driving mechanism, find out the key restrictive factors aiming at different natural conditions and damaged ecosystems, and to construct suitable ecological recovery technology scientifically. The results were as follows:
(1) On the basis of field observation and investigation, the surface collapse form of Shendong mining area after mining was mainly "concave" continuous collapse, "step" continuous collapse and "funnel" discontinuous collapse. The three types appeared meanwhile alternating so that it exacerbated the change of surface environment in the mining process. Based on the investigation and analysis of subsidence crack, the crack formed after mining subsidence activated the dune. One year later, the relation of migration distance of crack and ratio of subsidence fall head and crack width was polynomial function. Two year later, due to the healing of subsidence crack and the formation of new landform, the correction of polynomial function was not obvious. This is means that the formation of subsidence crack lead to the activation of the dune.
(2) At the aspect of variation of soil physical properties in coal mining subsidence area:slope of sand dune position, soil moisture of subsidence areas was significantly lower than the corresponding slope position of non-subsidence area, while at lowland position, soil moisture of 2004a subsidence area was significantly lower than the corresponding slope position of non-subsidence area. At the slope position, volume mass of 2005a subsidence area was significantly lower than the corresponding slope position of non-subsidence area, while at lowland position there was no remarkable difference between subsidence areas and non-subsidence area. At the slope position, soil porosity of 2005a subsidence area was significantly higher than the corresponding slope position of non-subsidence area, while no significant'difference was found at lowland position. Hardness of 2005a subsidence area was significantly lower than non-subsidence area at both slope and lowland position, and hardness of 2004a subsidence area showed no remarkable difference compared with non-subsidence area. Infiltration experiment showed that infiltration depth after 55 min at no-crack plot of lowland exceeded non-subsidence area significantly, while infiltration depth at slope position of subsidence areas showed no significant difference compared with non-subsidence area. Multi-factor variance analysis showed that coal mining subsidence caused larger disturbance to relatively exposure side, and this kinds of disturbance recovered at 1-2 a.
(3) At the aspect of variation of soil nutrient chemical properties in coal mining subsidence area: pH of no-crack plot groups in lowland of 2004a subsidence area was significantly higher than the lowland of non-subsidence area (P<0.05), and pH of no-crack plot groups in slope of 2004a subsidence area was significantly lower than the slope of non-subsidence area (P<0.05). Total N of no-crack plot groups in 2004a subsidence area was significantly lower than the slope of non-subsidence area (P<0.05). Alkaline hydrolytic N of crack plot groups at slope of non-subsidence area significantly increased compared with slope of non-subsidence area (P<0.05). Total P of no-crack plot group and crack plot group in slope of 2004a subsidence area was significantly lower than slope of non-subsidence area (P<0.05). Total K of no-crack plot groups in slope of 2005a subsidence area exceeded slope of non-subsidence area significantly (P<0.05). Available K of no-crack plot group and crack plot group in slope of 2004a subsidence area was significantly lower than slope of non-subsidence area (P<0.05). Available P and Organic matter showed no significant difference at each slope position (P>0.05).
(4) At the aspect of variation of vegetation in coal mining subsidence area:species number and vegetation coverage of 3 survey areas in 6 mines showed same tendency that is subsidence area had more kinds of plant species and larger vegetation coverage compared with non-subsidence area.2005a subsidence area had more kinds of plant species and larger vegetation coverage compared with 2004a subsidence area. Correlation analysis showed that, correlation coefficient of subsidence age limits, subsidence and non-subsidence, and plant species exceeded 0.85, and correlation coefficient of vegetation coverage exceeded 0.9, which showed obvious correlation and showed that affect vegetation in some degree. Subsidence caused no significant effect to vegetation coverage and the growth of constructive species. Species number and vegetation coverage showed correlation to subsidence and subsidence age limits. Rich degree of plant species and vegetation coverage exhibits some correlation to subsidence.
(5) Base on qualitative and quantitative analysis, method that mixed with experiment and investigation was used to establish construction technique of ecological function cycle before mining, diagnosis essential feature, reason, process, type and degree and so on of regional ecological degradation, and to ensure the realize target of ecological restoration according to the natural condition of coal mining subsidence area. Base on current work, proper ecological rehabilitation technologies were integrated, ecological rehabilitation zone was established, ecological rehabilitation path was forecasted and repair effect was evaluated to offer technical and practical basis for constructing favorable ecological cyclic utilization system and increasing economic benefit.
(1)经过野外观测和调查,神东矿区采煤后地表塌陷形式主要为连续变形塌陷和非连续变形塌陷2种类型,并在采煤过程中,2种类型的塌陷形式会同时交替出现,直接加剧了地表环境的变化。通过对塌陷裂缝的调查与分析,认为采煤塌陷形成的裂缝容易使沙丘活化,地表塌陷1年后,裂缝的偏移距离(L)与塌陷落差(H)和裂缝宽度(W)的比值(H/W)的关系为多项式函数,地表塌陷2a后由于塌陷裂缝基本愈合,并发育成新的小地貌,所以其多项式函数相关性并不是很明显,证明塌陷裂缝的形成导致了沙丘的活化。
(2)塌陷区土壤物理性质变化方面：在坡面部位,各塌陷区的土壤容积含水量均显著低于未塌陷区相应坡位(P<0.05)；在丘间低地部位,2004a塌陷区的土壤容积含水量显著低于未塌陷区相应坡位(P<0.05)。在坡面部位,2005a塌陷区的土壤体积质量显著低于未塌陷区坡面(P<0.05)；在丘间低地部位,各塌陷区的土壤体积质量均与未塌陷区无显著差异(P>0.05)；坡面部位,2005a塌陷区的土壤孔隙度显著高于未塌陷区坡面(P<0.05)；在丘间低地部位,各塌陷区的土壤孔隙度均与未塌陷区无显著差异(P>0.05)。2005a塌陷区坡面与丘间低地部位的土壤硬度均显著低于未塌陷区坡面(P<0.05)；而2004a塌陷区2个坡位的土壤硬度均与未塌陷区无显著差异(P>0.05)。入渗实验表明2005a塌陷区丘间低地未裂处样点55 mmin后入渗深度显著超过未塌陷区(P<0.05),各塌陷区的坡面样点入渗深度均与未塌陷区无显著差异(P>0.05)。多因素方差分析表明,采煤塌陷对塌陷初期风沙区错落裂缝相对出露侧孔隙扰动更大,并且这种扰动在1-2a内有显著恢复。
(3)塌陷区土壤养分化学性质的变化方面：2004a塌陷区丘间低地部位未裂测点组的pH值显著高于未塌陷区(P<0.05)丘间低地；2004a塌陷区坡面部位未裂测点组pH值显著低于未塌陷区坡面(P<0.05)。2004a塌陷区坡面未裂测点全氮含量显著低于未塌陷区坡面(P<0.05)。2004a塌陷区坡面裂缝测点碱解氮含量较未塌陷区坡面显著升高(P<0.05)。2004a塌陷区坡面未裂测点组与裂缝测点组全磷含量较未塌陷区坡面显著降低(P<0.05)。未塌陷区与各塌陷区各坡位速磷含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。2005a塌陷区在坡面未裂样点组的全钾含量显著超出未塌陷区(P<0.05)。2004a塌陷区坡面裂缝、未裂样点组速钾含量显著低于未塌陷区(P<0.05)。未塌陷区与各塌陷区各坡位土壤有机质含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
(4)塌陷区地表植被情况变化方面,3个调查区物种数和植被盖度的变化在6个矿中有相同的趋势,即塌陷区较未塌陷区物种数多而植被盖度大,2004a塌陷区较2005a塌陷区物种数多而植被盖度大。相关分析表明,塌陷年限之间、塌陷与未塌陷之间,植物种数的相关系数在0.85以上,而植被盖度的相关系数在0.9以上,均表现出明显的相关性,表明塌陷在一定程度上影响了地表的植被。塌陷对地表植被盖度没有显著影响,对该区植物群落的主要建群种的生长也无显著影响。植物种数及植被盖度与塌陷及塌陷年限有关,植物种类的丰富程度及植被盖度与塌陷有一定的相关性。
(5)采用试验和调研相结合的方法,在定性和定量分析的基础上,构建了矿区采前生态功能圈建设技术,并诊断了区域生态退化的基本特征、原因、过程、类型、程度等。结合采煤塌陷区自然条件,确定生态恢复的实现目标。引入文冠果,并在实地进行选种抗逆性试验,取得了成功。在现有工作基础上,集成适宜的生态修复技术,建立生态修复区并预测恢复轨迹、评价修复效果,为矿区建立良好的生态循环利用体系和增加经济效益提供了技术与实践依据。
Shenfu-dongsheng mining area located in the contiguous area of Shanxi, Shaanxi province and Inner Mongolia of southeast Mu Us sandy land. With the increasing coal mining scale in recent years, coal mining subsidence happened with large area in local place and led to loss of water resource, fade and death of vegetation caused by lack of soil moisture, aggravation of wind-sand activity and deterioration of the originally tender ecological environment. In order to research the response relationship between coal mining subsidence and soil-water-vegetation systematically, the technique of field investigation and laboratory analysis and previous reference was used. In this study, subsidence areas subsided in 2004a,2005a and 2006a was selected as references to research the evolution law of local ecological environment and driving mechanism, find out the key restrictive factors aiming at different natural conditions and damaged ecosystems, and to construct suitable ecological recovery technology scientifically. The results were as follows:
(1) On the basis of field observation and investigation, the surface collapse form of Shendong mining area after mining was mainly "concave" continuous collapse, "step" continuous collapse and "funnel" discontinuous collapse. The three types appeared meanwhile alternating so that it exacerbated the change of surface environment in the mining process. Based on the investigation and analysis of subsidence crack, the crack formed after mining subsidence activated the dune. One year later, the relation of migration distance of crack and ratio of subsidence fall head and crack width was polynomial function. Two year later, due to the healing of subsidence crack and the formation of new landform, the correction of polynomial function was not obvious. This is means that the formation of subsidence crack lead to the activation of the dune.
(2) At the aspect of variation of soil physical properties in coal mining subsidence area:slope of sand dune position, soil moisture of subsidence areas was significantly lower than the corresponding slope position of non-subsidence area, while at lowland position, soil moisture of 2004a subsidence area was significantly lower than the corresponding slope position of non-subsidence area. At the slope position, volume mass of 2005a subsidence area was significantly lower than the corresponding slope position of non-subsidence area, while at lowland position there was no remarkable difference between subsidence areas and non-subsidence area. At the slope position, soil porosity of 2005a subsidence area was significantly higher than the corresponding slope position of non-subsidence area, while no significant'difference was found at lowland position. Hardness of 2005a subsidence area was significantly lower than non-subsidence area at both slope and lowland position, and hardness of 2004a subsidence area showed no remarkable difference compared with non-subsidence area. Infiltration experiment showed that infiltration depth after 55 min at no-crack plot of lowland exceeded non-subsidence area significantly, while infiltration depth at slope position of subsidence areas showed no significant difference compared with non-subsidence area. Multi-factor variance analysis showed that coal mining subsidence caused larger disturbance to relatively exposure side, and this kinds of disturbance recovered at 1-2 a.
(3) At the aspect of variation of soil nutrient chemical properties in coal mining subsidence area: pH of no-crack plot groups in lowland of 2004a subsidence area was significantly higher than the lowland of non-subsidence area (P<0.05), and pH of no-crack plot groups in slope of 2004a subsidence area was significantly lower than the slope of non-subsidence area (P<0.05). Total N of no-crack plot groups in 2004a subsidence area was significantly lower than the slope of non-subsidence area (P<0.05). Alkaline hydrolytic N of crack plot groups at slope of non-subsidence area significantly increased compared with slope of non-subsidence area (P<0.05). Total P of no-crack plot group and crack plot group in slope of 2004a subsidence area was significantly lower than slope of non-subsidence area (P<0.05). Total K of no-crack plot groups in slope of 2005a subsidence area exceeded slope of non-subsidence area significantly (P<0.05). Available K of no-crack plot group and crack plot group in slope of 2004a subsidence area was significantly lower than slope of non-subsidence area (P<0.05). Available P and Organic matter showed no significant difference at each slope position (P>0.05).
(4) At the aspect of variation of vegetation in coal mining subsidence area:species number and vegetation coverage of 3 survey areas in 6 mines showed same tendency that is subsidence area had more kinds of plant species and larger vegetation coverage compared with non-subsidence area.2005a subsidence area had more kinds of plant species and larger vegetation coverage compared with 2004a subsidence area. Correlation analysis showed that, correlation coefficient of subsidence age limits, subsidence and non-subsidence, and plant species exceeded 0.85, and correlation coefficient of vegetation coverage exceeded 0.9, which showed obvious correlation and showed that affect vegetation in some degree. Subsidence caused no significant effect to vegetation coverage and the growth of constructive species. Species number and vegetation coverage showed correlation to subsidence and subsidence age limits. Rich degree of plant species and vegetation coverage exhibits some correlation to subsidence.
(5) Base on qualitative and quantitative analysis, method that mixed with experiment and investigation was used to establish construction technique of ecological function cycle before mining, diagnosis essential feature, reason, process, type and degree and so on of regional ecological degradation, and to ensure the realize target of ecological restoration according to the natural condition of coal mining subsidence area. Base on current work, proper ecological rehabilitation technologies were integrated, ecological rehabilitation zone was established, ecological rehabilitation path was forecasted and repair effect was evaluated to offer technical and practical basis for constructing favorable ecological cyclic utilization system and increasing economic benefit.
引文
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