枞酸热力学特性及其热分解动力学
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摘要
松香是松脂经蒸馏获得的天然可再生资源,松香的主要成分枞酸具有生物活性,它在表面活性剂、医药、农药和其它精细化学品的制备中具有广泛的用途。但由于枞酸是以同分异构体的形式存在于松香中,采用传统的方法单离枞酸存在选择性低、步骤多、成本高等缺点而无法实现工业上的应用,因此需要开发新的生产方法,以提高枞酸单离纯度和得率。然而枞酸的单离需要进行结晶操作以获得高纯度的产品,作为结晶过程基础数据之一—枞酸的溶解度数据鲜有文献报道。因此需要测定枞酸在相关溶剂中的溶解度数据,采用合适的分子热力学模型对数据进行关联,获得其模型参数,为枞酸分离纯化过程开发提供基础数据和理论依据。本论文采用超声波强化异构和胺化反应-结晶耦合的方法单离枞酸并对其热力学特性和热分解动力学进行研究。主要获得了以下几个方面的研究结果。
     采用本课题组开发的超声波强化异构和胺化反应-结晶耦合单离松香树脂酸的方法单离枞酸。以异构松香和乙醇胺为原料,95%乙醇为重结晶剂,考察了反应温度、反应时间、搅拌速度、超声波功率、重结晶次数对枞酸单离纯度和得率的影响,获得枞酸单离的适宜条件为:反应温度30℃,反应时间40min,搅拌速度400rpm,超声波强度300W,胺盐冷冻结晶3次。按照此条件进行试验,枞酸单离纯度和得率分别为98.52%和54.93%。测定了枞酸产品的熔点和比旋光度,并经GC、GC-MS、UV、FTIR、NMR进行分析与鉴定,证实所得产品为高纯度枞酸,为进行枞酸热力学特性和热分解动力学研究提供了高纯度和足够量的枞酸产品。
     研究了枞酸的热力学特性及其热分解动力学。采用氧弹式量热计测定了枞酸的恒容燃烧热为-11441.46kJ·mol-1,获得其标准摩尔燃烧焓和标准摩尔生成焓分别为-11457.57kJ·mol-1和-701.85kJ·mol-1。采用差示扫描量热仪测定了枞酸的摩尔熔化焓为19.44kJ·mol-1,获得其摩尔熔化熵为43.11J·mol-1·k-1。分别研究了枞酸在空气和氩气气氛中的热分解过程,枞酸在两种气氛中均为一步分解。采用微分法和积分相结合对枞酸非等温热分解过程进行研究,获得动力学三因子,并推断了相应的热分解机理。其中在空气气氛中枞酸的热分解反应机理为随机成核和随后生长,机理函数的微分形式为f(a)=2(1-a)[-ln(1-a)]1/2,积分形式为G(a)=[-ln(1-a)]1/2.在氩气气氛中枞酸的热分解机理服从反应级数为3/2的Mampel Power法则,机理函数的微分形式和积分形式分别为f(a)=2/3a-1/2和G(a)=a3/2。
     采用激光监视法测定了常压下枞酸在异丙醇、异丁醇、戊醇、异戊醇四种醇类溶剂中的溶解度,温度范围为288.57K~328.43K,为枞酸的分离纯化过程开发提供了基础数据。分别采用简化模型(两参数方程和三参数方程)、Wilson、NRTL、λh方程关联了所测定的溶解度数据,结果表明,各模型均可以用于关联枞酸在实验温度和浓度范围内上述溶剂中的溶解度数据,关联结果令人满意。各模型总平均相对误差分别为1.02%、0.59%、0.88%、0.93%和0.94%。
     采用激光监视法测定了常压下枞酸常压下在不同乙醇水溶液中的溶解度,温度范围为286.65K~323.85K。分别使用简化模型和λh方程对溶解度数据进行关联。结果显示各模型的平均相对误差都较小,均可以用来关联枞酸在实验温度和浓度范围内乙醇水溶液的溶解度数据,各模型总的平均相对误差分别为1.67%、1.02%和1.74%;同时,基于拟一元的思想,将乙醇水二元混合溶剂作拟一元溶剂处理,使用二元活度系数模型Wilson和NRTL方程研究枞酸在乙醇水混合溶剂中的固液相平衡,关联结果令人满意,计算值与实验值非常吻合。总平均相对误差分别为1.16%和1.42%。使用λh方程的h参数对实验体系的溶解热进行了预测,为枞酸的分离纯化过程开发提供了热力学基础数据。
Rosin is a natural renewable product which is obtained directly by the distillation of pine oleoresin. Abietic acid, one of the primary components of rosin, is a substance with biological activity, and can be widely used in many industries such as surfactants, medicine, pesticide, and finechemicals. However, due to the fact that abietic acid is contained in rosin as the mixture of isomers, the traditional method for preparation of abietic acid exists some disadvantages, such as low selectivity, longer process flow, and high cost etc., which restrict its application in industry on large scale. So, it is vital to develop a new production method to increase the purity and yield of abietic acid. The isolation of abietic acid from rosin involves preparation of derivatives of abietic acid in the crude mixture, purification of these derivatives by crystallization procedures and regeneration of the acid. Pure abietic acid can be obtained after further purification by means of crystallization. Unfortunately, the solubility of abietic acid is scarce. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the solubility of abietic acid in certain solvents. And then correlated the solubility data with suitable molecular thermodynamic models, obtained their model parameter. The results might provide important basic data and theoretical support for the development of purification processes of abietic acid. In this thesis, abietic acid was isolated by means of isomerization and amination reaction-crystallization coupled with ultrasonic wave, and its thermodynamic properties and thermal decomposition kinetics have been investigated systematically. The main results are as follow.
     Abietic acid was isolated by means of isomerization and amination reaction-crystallization coupled with ultrasonic wave, which is a novel method developed by our research group. Isomerization rosin and ethanolamine were used as raw materials,95%ethanol as recrystallization solvent, the effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, agitating velocity, ultrasound intensity and recrystallization times on the purity and yield of abietic acid were investigated. The suitable isolation conditions were obtained as follow:reaction temperature30℃, reaction time40min, agitating velocity400rpm, ultrasound intensity300W and freeze crystallization of amine salt three times. The purity and yield of abietic acid were98.52%and54.93%when the suitable conditions was used. And it was then characterization by its melting point, specific rotation, GC, GC-MS, UV, FTIR and NMR, all evidence indicated that the purification product was abietic acid which provided high purity and enough abietic acid for the investigation of thermodynamic properties and thermal decomposition kinetics.
     The thermodynamic property and thermal decomposition kinetics of abietic acid have been studied. The constant-volume combustion heat of abietic acid was determined as-11441.46kJ·mol-1by means of oxygen bomb calorimeter, and the standard molar combustion enthalpy and standard molar enthalpy of formation have been calculated as-11457.57kJ·mol-1and-701.85kJ·mol-1based on the thermodynamic principle. The molar fusion enthalpy of abietic acid was determined as19.44kJ·mol-1via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the molar fusion entropy of abietic acid was calculated as43.11J·mol-1·K-1according to thermodynamic principle. The thermal decomposition of abietic acid in static state air and argon were investigated, and the results showed that decomposition occurs in a single step in these two atmospheres. The non-isothermal decomposition kinetics of abietic acid was studied by using the differential method combined with integral method, kinetic triplets and the corresponding thermal decomposition mechanisms were obtained as well. And the results show that the thermal decomposition mechanism of abietic acid in air is nucleation and growth, the differential and integral forms of mechanism function are f(a)=2(1-a)[-ln(1-a)1/2and G (a)=[-In (1-a)]1/2. For argon atmosphere, the thermal decomposition mechanism follows Mampel Power law with n=3/2, whose differential and integral forms are f(a)=-2/3a-1/2and G(a)=a3/2.
     Using the laser monitoring observation technique, the solubility of abietic acid in alcohols (isopropanol, isobutanol,1-pentanol, isopentanol) have been measured by a synthetic method in the temperature range of288.57K-328.43K at atmospheric pressure, which can be employed in the development of purification processes of abietic acid. Experimental solubility data were correlated by means of the simplified models (two-parameter and three-parameter equations), Wilson, NRTL and λh equations. And the results show that the above models are suitable for description of the solubility data of abietic acid in the investigated solvents under the experimental temperature and concentration. The average relative standard deviations are1.02%,0.59%,0.88%,0.93%and0.94%, for the two-parameter, three-parameter, Wilson, NRTL and λh equations, respectively.
     Using the laser monitoring observation technique, the solubility of abietic acid in ethanol and water mixtures was measured at the temperatures ranging from286.65K-323.85K by a synthetic method at atmospheric pressure. The solubility data were correlated by means of the simplified models (two-parameter and three-parameter equations) and λh equations, the results show that average relative deviations of three models are all small, which indicates that these models are suitable for description of the solubility data of abietic acid in the investigated solvents under the experimental temperature and concentration. And the average relative standard deviations are1.72%、1.12%and1.84%, for the two-parameter, three-parameter, and λh equations, respectively. Based on the quasi-unitary idea, the mixtures of ethanol+water was considered as one new solvent, the experimental solubility has been also correlated by the Wilson and NRTL equations, the calculated values are in good agreement with the experimental values. And the average relative standard deviations are1.19%and1.43%for the Wilson and NRTL equations, respectively. The excess enthalpy of abietic acid in the experimental systems have been forcasted by λh equations, which can be regarded as basic thermodynamic data for the development of isolation process.
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