中国文化环境中的知情同意：理论与实践
|
摘要
知情同意是生命伦理学的基本原则,它被视为保护病人和受试者的有效途径。然而,在生物医学临床和研究实践中,知情同意原则的贯彻未尽如人意,它不能有效地起到保护病人和受试者的作用。因此,知情同意原则在理论上受到质疑:一是知情同意原则在一般意义上是否具有理论的合理性;二是,当知情同意原则在特定的文化环境中贯彻时,其理论基础能否与所运用的文化环境相适应。在中国,知情同意原则的贯彻也面临同样的问题。许多学者把它归结为文化的原因,认为知情同意原则是以西方个体论为理论基础,而不适合中国强调和谐和社会本位的文化背景。
本论文分析了知情同意原则所面临的困境,系统阐述知情同意的理论合理性,并从三个方面发展论文的观点:第一,中国在知情同意原则贯彻中遇到的问题,不是文化特有的,而是普遍的问题。第二,以个体论为基础的西方知情同意的理论基础,并不与中国的文化完全对立。中国文化并不否认个人的作用。第三,中西方在知情同意问题上的困惑,实质都是如何在强调医生和研究者保护病人或受试者的义务和主张病人和受试者的自主权利之间找到平衡。
最后,论文得出结论:知情同意原则在非西方情境中遇到的挑战,其根本原因不在于文化根源上的差异,其实质仍在于对知情同意的理论辩护存在着偏差。无论是西方还是中国,对知情同意原则的理论辩护仍应以个体论为基础。因而,知情同意原则在中国这样的非西方国家中的运用,没有必要对其理论基础进行重新的构建,其文化的敏感性更应该着眼于操作层面。
论文分七个部分来论证以上观点。
第一章将着重论述知情同意的历史、概念和构成的要素。指出西方知情同意的历史一条由家长主义向要求个人自主性和权利的历史。同时,分析知情同意的含义,以及构成知情同意内容的四个要素。
第二章主要分析来源于西方的知情同意的道德基础。主要论述西方哲学对知情同意理论的不同解释。着重分析契约论、义务论、功利主义的观点在对知情同意的解释上的共同点、不足及相互间的矛盾;证明自主性对构成知情同意理论内涵的必要性和重要性。
第三章主要论述知情同意在中国所面临的困惑,对目前国内研究中的一些观点作梳理总结,并进行批判性的论证。对是否可以不要个人的自主性、是否可以家长主义和自主性之间找到平衡、知情同意原则是否可以在家长主义面前妥协,进行分析和论证。提出临床和研究中的根本问题是个人自主性的不足。
第四章主要阐述知情同意在中国的发展历史和现状。说明中国的历史也从经历家长主义到强调病人、受试者的权利和自主性的过程,并因此与西方的发展相类似。但在如何保护病人和受试者利益的问题上,中国与西方在决策模式上的不同。
第五章分析在中国文化中的个人与自主性的表现。本章通过对儒家文化中的个人、个体本位还是社会本位,以及医学文化情景中的人与人的关系(医生、病人和家庭)的论述,来论证中国文化并非是否定个人及其自主性的文化;中国儒家文化以独特的方式表达处于一定社会关系中的个人与社会。
第六章是基于以上各章的分析得出结论:知情同意是一个合作的过程,它需要参与合作和协调的人具有自主的地位,还需要达到同意的结果----一个协议或盟约。知情同意的实现,既要具有自主性的前提,又要有协商的过程,还要有达到协议或作决定的结果。
第七章主要从国内外有关知情同意法规着手,分析国内目前在知情同意法规上存在的不足和问题,并提出建设性的政策建议。
Informed consent, one of the fundamental principles in bioethics, is long considered an effective means in protecting the best interest of both patients and human subjects. However, the role of informed consent in real situation, whether at the level of biomedical research or clinical practice, is far from being satisfacory. Hence doubts have been raised concerning the application of informed consent. Some critics begin to challenge the theoretical support of informed consent. Others tend to draw attention to the incompatibility between theory and practice when informed consent is carried out in the context of a non-Western culture. In China we are faced with similar problems in this respect. For many professionals, these problems are caused by the cultural difference. They argue that the principle of informed consent is built on individualism which is the quintessential element of the Western philosophy. But the core value for the Chinese culture is harmony which is in conflict with the Western culture.
This doctoral dissertation, based on a detailed analysis of the problems involved in the implemntation of the principle of informed consent in China, attempts to prove its theoretical justifiability. The author is to approach the issue from three perspectives. In the first place, she will point out that the problems China encounters in the process of applying informed consent is not a China-only phenomenon but problems with universal meaning. Secondly, she will further discuss that individualism which is the theoretical basis of informed consent, is not entirely in conflict with the Chinese culture because the Chinese culture also lays emphasis on the importance of individuals. Finally, she will conclude that the nature of all these problems related to the application of informed consent is actually about how to balance the physician/researcher's obligation for safeguarding the interest of the patient/subject with the patient/subject's autonomous right for protecting itself.
To sum up, the author presents her major points as follows: 1) The problems resulting from the application of informed consent in a non -Western cultural situation are caused not by the cultural differences between the West and the East but by misunderstanding of the theoretical support of informed consent. 2) Whether in the West or in the East, the theoretical support of informed consent is always the focus on individualism. 3) In China what is needed is not a restructuring of the theoretical basis of informed consent but more attention to the operational details.
The dissertation is made up of seven chapters altogether. Chapter one is about the origin, historical development and content of informed consent. Chapter two is a detailed discussion of the theoretical support of informed consent. After studying the representative philosophical interpretations of the principle of informed consent in the West, the author emphasizes that autonomy or autonomous choice constitutes the essence of informed consent. Chapter three mainly touches upon the problems involved in the application of informed consent in China. The author in this section tries to address issues related to individualism, paternalism and autonomy. She declares that the major concern in the application of informed consent is the lack of respect for autonomy. Chapter four is a comparative study between China and the Western culture. While emphasizing similarities in the application of informed consent in both cultures, the author also points out that the major difference is in the mode of decision-making. Chapter five introduces the topic of individuality or autonomy in the context of the Chinese culture. The author holds that the Chinese culture is not one that negates autonomy. Chapter six summarizes all the major points covered in the previous chapters. In chapter seven the author proposes some suggestions concerning the legalization of informed consent in China.
本论文分析了知情同意原则所面临的困境,系统阐述知情同意的理论合理性,并从三个方面发展论文的观点:第一,中国在知情同意原则贯彻中遇到的问题,不是文化特有的,而是普遍的问题。第二,以个体论为基础的西方知情同意的理论基础,并不与中国的文化完全对立。中国文化并不否认个人的作用。第三,中西方在知情同意问题上的困惑,实质都是如何在强调医生和研究者保护病人或受试者的义务和主张病人和受试者的自主权利之间找到平衡。
最后,论文得出结论:知情同意原则在非西方情境中遇到的挑战,其根本原因不在于文化根源上的差异,其实质仍在于对知情同意的理论辩护存在着偏差。无论是西方还是中国,对知情同意原则的理论辩护仍应以个体论为基础。因而,知情同意原则在中国这样的非西方国家中的运用,没有必要对其理论基础进行重新的构建,其文化的敏感性更应该着眼于操作层面。
论文分七个部分来论证以上观点。
第一章将着重论述知情同意的历史、概念和构成的要素。指出西方知情同意的历史一条由家长主义向要求个人自主性和权利的历史。同时,分析知情同意的含义,以及构成知情同意内容的四个要素。
第二章主要分析来源于西方的知情同意的道德基础。主要论述西方哲学对知情同意理论的不同解释。着重分析契约论、义务论、功利主义的观点在对知情同意的解释上的共同点、不足及相互间的矛盾;证明自主性对构成知情同意理论内涵的必要性和重要性。
第三章主要论述知情同意在中国所面临的困惑,对目前国内研究中的一些观点作梳理总结,并进行批判性的论证。对是否可以不要个人的自主性、是否可以家长主义和自主性之间找到平衡、知情同意原则是否可以在家长主义面前妥协,进行分析和论证。提出临床和研究中的根本问题是个人自主性的不足。
第四章主要阐述知情同意在中国的发展历史和现状。说明中国的历史也从经历家长主义到强调病人、受试者的权利和自主性的过程,并因此与西方的发展相类似。但在如何保护病人和受试者利益的问题上,中国与西方在决策模式上的不同。
第五章分析在中国文化中的个人与自主性的表现。本章通过对儒家文化中的个人、个体本位还是社会本位,以及医学文化情景中的人与人的关系(医生、病人和家庭)的论述,来论证中国文化并非是否定个人及其自主性的文化;中国儒家文化以独特的方式表达处于一定社会关系中的个人与社会。
第六章是基于以上各章的分析得出结论:知情同意是一个合作的过程,它需要参与合作和协调的人具有自主的地位,还需要达到同意的结果----一个协议或盟约。知情同意的实现,既要具有自主性的前提,又要有协商的过程,还要有达到协议或作决定的结果。
第七章主要从国内外有关知情同意法规着手,分析国内目前在知情同意法规上存在的不足和问题,并提出建设性的政策建议。
Informed consent, one of the fundamental principles in bioethics, is long considered an effective means in protecting the best interest of both patients and human subjects. However, the role of informed consent in real situation, whether at the level of biomedical research or clinical practice, is far from being satisfacory. Hence doubts have been raised concerning the application of informed consent. Some critics begin to challenge the theoretical support of informed consent. Others tend to draw attention to the incompatibility between theory and practice when informed consent is carried out in the context of a non-Western culture. In China we are faced with similar problems in this respect. For many professionals, these problems are caused by the cultural difference. They argue that the principle of informed consent is built on individualism which is the quintessential element of the Western philosophy. But the core value for the Chinese culture is harmony which is in conflict with the Western culture.
This doctoral dissertation, based on a detailed analysis of the problems involved in the implemntation of the principle of informed consent in China, attempts to prove its theoretical justifiability. The author is to approach the issue from three perspectives. In the first place, she will point out that the problems China encounters in the process of applying informed consent is not a China-only phenomenon but problems with universal meaning. Secondly, she will further discuss that individualism which is the theoretical basis of informed consent, is not entirely in conflict with the Chinese culture because the Chinese culture also lays emphasis on the importance of individuals. Finally, she will conclude that the nature of all these problems related to the application of informed consent is actually about how to balance the physician/researcher's obligation for safeguarding the interest of the patient/subject with the patient/subject's autonomous right for protecting itself.
To sum up, the author presents her major points as follows: 1) The problems resulting from the application of informed consent in a non -Western cultural situation are caused not by the cultural differences between the West and the East but by misunderstanding of the theoretical support of informed consent. 2) Whether in the West or in the East, the theoretical support of informed consent is always the focus on individualism. 3) In China what is needed is not a restructuring of the theoretical basis of informed consent but more attention to the operational details.
The dissertation is made up of seven chapters altogether. Chapter one is about the origin, historical development and content of informed consent. Chapter two is a detailed discussion of the theoretical support of informed consent. After studying the representative philosophical interpretations of the principle of informed consent in the West, the author emphasizes that autonomy or autonomous choice constitutes the essence of informed consent. Chapter three mainly touches upon the problems involved in the application of informed consent in China. The author in this section tries to address issues related to individualism, paternalism and autonomy. She declares that the major concern in the application of informed consent is the lack of respect for autonomy. Chapter four is a comparative study between China and the Western culture. While emphasizing similarities in the application of informed consent in both cultures, the author also points out that the major difference is in the mode of decision-making. Chapter five introduces the topic of individuality or autonomy in the context of the Chinese culture. The author holds that the Chinese culture is not one that negates autonomy. Chapter six summarizes all the major points covered in the previous chapters. In chapter seven the author proposes some suggestions concerning the legalization of informed consent in China.
引文
①《赫尔辛基宣言》自1964年发表后,先后修改并发表了6次。最近一次的修改是2004年。
①陈元方,邱仁宗.生物医学研究伦理学.附录.北京:中国协和医科大学出版社,2003,313-31
②Levine, Robert J. Informed consent: some challenges to the universal validity of the western model. Law, Medicine and Health Care, 1991, 19: 207-213.
①O’Neill, Onora. Some limits of informed consent. J Med. Ethics, 2003, 29:4-7
②Kegley, Jacquelyn AK. Challenges to Informed Consent. EMBO Report. 2004, 9: 832-836
①杨平.知情同意的表现形式问题研究.中国卫生事业管理,2003,186(2):736-738
①Thomson, Judith J.The Realm of Rights. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990.
②Faden, Ruth R, Beauchamp, Tom L. A history and Theory of Informed Consent. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986
③Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork of the Metaphysics. H. J. Paton (tr.), New York: Harper & Row,1964
①Dworkin, Gerald.The Theory and Practice of Autonomy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
②Blackhall LJ, Murphy ST, Frank G, etc. Ethnicity and attitudes toward patient autonomy. JAMA, 1995, 274(10):820–5.
③Craemer, W. DE:A ross-cultural perspective on personhood, Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 61: 19-34, Winter 1983, quote from Levine, Robert J. Informed Consent: Some Challengers to the Universal Validity of the Western Model.
①Veatch, Robert M. Abandoning Informed Consent. Hastings Center Report, 1995, 25(2): 5–12
③O’Neill, Onora. Some Limits of Informed Consent. Journal of Medical Ethics, 2003, 29:4-7
④Nelson HL, Nelson JL. The Patient in the Family: An Ethics of Medicine and Families. New York: Routledge, 1995.
①O’Neill, Onora. Autonomy and Trust in Bioethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, 82-83.
②Dickenson D. Consent, Commodification and Benefit-Sharing in Genetic Research. Developing World Bioethics, 2004, 4: 110-124
③邱仁宗,卓小勤,冯建妹.病人的权利.北京:北京医科大学、中国协和医科大学联合出版社,1996
①王德彦.知情同意与人体试验.自然辩证法通讯,2004,26(1):15-21
②陈树林,李凌江.知情同意中病人自主权和传统父权的冲突.医学与哲学,2003, 265(6):45-48
③孙福川.知情同意――《中国医学伦理学》条目选载.医学与哲学,2001,22(7):39-40
①陈发俊,樊加禄. Z知情同意的临床实践存在的问题.医学与哲学,2003,24(1):11-13
②陈树林,李凌江.知情同意中病人自主权和传统父权的冲突.医学与哲学,2003, 265(6):45-48
③Fan, Ruiping. Self-Determination VS. Two Incommensurable Principles of Autonomy. Bioethics, 1997, 38(11):4
②MacIntyre, A:“patients as agents”, In: Philosophical Medical Ethics ---- Its Nature and Significance, ed. S. Spicker and H. Englehardt, Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1977.
①Beecher, Henry K: Experimentation in Man, Springfield, Ill., Thomas, 1959, P50, 52, 58.
②Beecher, Henry K: Ethics and clinical research, New England Journal of medicine 274, 1966, P1354-60.
①Faden, Ruth &Beauchamp, Tom: A History of Informed Consent, New York: Oxford University Press, 1986
①Katz, Jay: Disclosure and Consent, in A. Milunsky and G. Annas, Eds., Genetics and the Law II, New York: Plenum Press, 1980, P122, P128.
③Katz, Jay: The Silent World of Doctor and Patient, New York: The Free Press, A Division of Macmillan Inc., 1984, P85.
①邱仁宗、翟晓梅:《生命伦理学导论》,中国协和医科大学出版社,2003年。
②http://www.zbfzb.gov.cn/lawfwshow.asp:什么是公民的民事行为能力?
①Beauchamp, TL & Childress, JF: Principle of Biomedical Ethics, 5th, New York: Oxford University Press, 2001, P73.
②Abernethy, V: Compassion, control, and decisions about competency, American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, P57, 1984.
①White, BC: Competence to Consent, Washington: Georgetown University Press, 1994, P63.
①Grisso, T & Appelbaum, PS: Assessing Competence to Consent to Treatment: A Guide for Physicians and Other Health Professionals, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, P139.
②Gqylin, W: The competence of children: no longer all or none, Hasting Center Report 12, April 1982, P33-38.
②http://www.hd315.gov.cn/gcs/19qu/pinggu/flfg/law_xfzbhf.htm。
①http://www.moh.gov.cn/news/more_index.aspx?tp_class=A601&url_addr=/news/sub_index.aspx。
①President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research: Making Health Care Decision --- A report on the ethical and legal implications of informed consent in patient-practitioner relationship, Vo. 1, October 1982, P93.
②朱伟.急诊医疗中的知情同意问题.医学与哲学, 2006, 27(2):60-62.
①Emanuel, Ezekiel. Ending Concerns about Undue Inducement. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 2004, 32:100-105.
①解灵芝,张秀章.柏拉图对话录――克利托篇.长春:吉林人民出版社, 2003
②Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. ed. Michael Oakeshott, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1946, 105-106.
④袁华.西方社会政治思想史.南开:南开大学出版社,1988年.199
①洛克:《政府论下篇》,叶启芳,瞿菊农译,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第95段,第59页。
②霍布斯:《利维坦》,商务印书馆,1985年,第20章。
①洛克:《政府论下篇》,叶启芳,瞿菊农译,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第186段,第115页。
②Colby, Jacqueline L.: Consent and its consequences: Understanding the moral significance of consent and its importance in medical practice and malpractice law, PHD Thesis, 1993.
④Hart, Compare H.L.A.:“Bentham on legal rights”, in Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence, 2nd series, ed. A. W. Simpson, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973, pp. 171-98; quote from Tom Beauchamp & James Childress: Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 5th ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, 357.
①顾肃.自由主义的基本理念.北京:中央编译出版社,2003. 100.
②罗纳德.德沃金.认真对待权利.中译本.中国大百科全书出版社,1998. P6.
①Thomos, Judith Jarvis: The Realm of Rights, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990, P348.
②Brock, Dan W.: Life and Death, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993, P105.
①康德.实践理性批判.北京:商务印书馆,1960年,P62。转引自罗国杰、宋希仁的《西方伦理思想史下》,第415-416页,中国人民大学出版社,1988年。
②罗国杰、宋希仁.西方伦理思想史(下).北京:中国人民大学出版社,1988. 415-416。
③田海平.康德伦理学的人学向度.学海.2000(1):98-103
①康德.道德形而上学原理. (中译本),苗力田译,上海:上海世纪出版集团,2005. 13-14;同时参阅李泽厚:《批判哲学的批判――康德述评》,天津:天津社会科学院出版社,2003年,第272页。
②康德.道德形而上学原理.(中译本),苗力田译.上海:上海世纪出版集团,2005年.17-18,39,48,53,51
①Mappes, Thomas A & DeGrazia David: Biomedical Ethics, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill Inc. 1996, P19.
②翟晓梅、邱仁宗.生命伦理学导论.北京:清华大学出版社,2005. P25
②约翰.密尔.论自由.北京:商务印书社,1982. P10.
①Appelbaum, Paul S, Lidz, Charles W. & Meisel, Alan : Informed Consent : Legal Theory and Clinical Practice, New York : Oxford University Press, 1987, P23.
③Dworkin, Gerald: The theory and Practice of Autonomy, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988, P6.
①陈发俊,樊嘉□.知情同意的临床实践存在的问题.医学与哲学,2003,24(1):11-13
②杨芳.病人知情同意权的伦理和法律问题.中国医学伦理学,2001,14(4):15-17
③土丽艳,郭照江.知情同意原则与文化背景——中美生命伦理学比较研究之一.中国医学伦理学,2001,14(5):30-31
④Fan, Ruiping. Self-Determination VS. Two Incommensurable Principles of Autonomy. Bioethics, 1997, 11(4)
⑤陈树林,李凌江.知情同意中病人自主权和传统父权的冲突.医学与哲学,2003, 24(6):45-48
⑥王德彦.知情同意与人体试验.自然辩证法通讯,2004,26(1):15-21
①Wellman, C. H. The paradox of group autonomy., Social Philosophy & Policy Foundation, 2003
①陈树林、李凌江:知情同意中病人自主权和传统父权的冲突,医学与哲学,2003年第6期,第45-48页。
①Beauchamp, TL., Childress, JF.: Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 5th, Oxford: Oxford University, 2001, P178.
②邱仁宗、翟晓梅:《生命伦理学导论》,P43.
①Loewy, EH: In defense of paternalism, Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 26: 445-468, 2005.
①聂精葆:知情同意在中国适用吗――“文化差异论”的认知错误,《医学与哲学》,2002年第6期,第18-22页。
①Novack D, Detering B, Arnold R, Forrow L etc. Physicians’attitudes toward using deception to resolve difficult ethical problems,JAMA 1989,261(20):2980–5.
①罗国杰.中国传统道德.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1995,14。
②《论语.泰伯》.
③《孟子》.《孟子.公孙丑上》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999,58。
①《礼记.曲礼下》.长沙:岳麓书社,2001,48。
②何兆雄.中国医德史.上海:上海医科大学出版社,1988.88-89。
③《孟子.滕文公下》.
④徐天民、程之范、李传俊等.中西方医学伦理比较研究.北京:北京医科大学、中国协和医科大学联合出版社,1998,130-131。
⑤http://darkbag.nease.net/hrzg/other13.htm.
①孙思邈.《大医精诚》.东方医讯. http://www.medizone.com.cn/html/859.htm.
②《黄帝内经》.《灵枢.师传第二十九》.http://www.wujue.com/guji/lingshu_29.htm
④《黄帝内经》.《灵枢.师传第二十九》.http://www.wujue.com/guji/lingshu_29.htm
⑤《孟子.梁惠王上》.太原:山西古籍出版社, 1999年.第12页.
①《周礼.天官冢宰第一》.中国儒学网. http://www.confuchina.com/11%20wenxian/01%20jingbu/04%20zhouli/1%20tianguan.htm
②范仲淹和左元丰的话都转引自徐天民、程之范、李传俊等所著的《中西方医学伦理比较研究》,第74页。
①李海燕.儒家伦理与传统医德.武汉科技大学学报(社会科学版).2003(4):34-38.
①甄志亚,傅维康.中国医学史.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1984年.第114-115页.
①有关中西医贯通的观点及引述,引自甄志亚,傅维康所著《中国医学史》,第118-119页。
②何兆雄.《中国医德史》.226-227。
③引用来自网站――http://www.yangtse.com/gb/content/2004-06/21/content_564458.htm
①金观涛,刘青峰.近代中国「权利」观念的意义演变——从晚清到《新青年》.《世纪中国》网. http://www.cc.org.cn/newcc/browwenzhang.php?articleid=1655.
②张之洞.劝学篇.郑州:中州古籍出版社,1997.P70.
③何启,胡礼垣.《劝学篇》书后.《新政真诠——何启、胡礼垣集》.沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,1994年.第412页.
②金观涛,刘青峰.近代中国「权利」观念的意义演变——从晚清到《新青年》.《世纪中国》网. http://www.cc.org.cn/newcc/browwenzhang.php?articleid=1655.
①李泽厚.《李泽厚哲学文存》(下).安徽文艺出版社,1999年.第619、629页.
②赵修义.主体觉醒和个人权利意识的增长-当代中国社会思潮的观念史考察.华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版).2003(4):7-12.
③《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》. 1993年10月. http://www.hd315.gov.cn/gcs/19qu/pinggu/flfg/law_xfzbhf.htm
①《病人的权利》一书由邱仁宗、卓小勤、冯建妹著,1996年出版。
②http://www.ylshg.com/type.asp?news_id=210
②张新华.医疗纠纷的成因分析与防控.现代医院.2005(5):127-128.
①http://english.hanban.edu.cn/chinese/2002/Feb/110040.htm.
②http://www.jsrd.gov.cn/jsrdportal/portal/portalShow.html?siteNumber=1&classKey=1540&articleNo =13874
③医生成为“高危”职业.天使网. http://www.5-12.com.
④医生成为“高危”职业.天使网. http://www.5-12.com.
⑤胡晓华.石明智.儿科医疗纠纷30例分析.中国误诊学杂志.2005(5):1119.
①医患沟通不够仍是产生医疗纠纷的主因.《光明日报》.2005年2月8日.
②郝珍.刘克新.分析500份病案手术及诊断性操作知情同意填写的质量.《中国病案》.2005(7):24-25.
②朱贻庭.“权利”概念与当代中国道德问题研究. http://www.sssa.org.cn/allinfo/info_content.cfm?infoid=4357
③康德.道德形而上学原理.苗力田译.上海:上海世纪出版集团,2005.51.
④O’Neill认为,康德没有把自主性看作是个人的独立性或自我的表达,更不是什么个人偏好和愿望的表达。康德的自主性讲的是履行义务,并因此而尊重其他人或他们的权利。她认为把自主性看作是个人的自由和独立,是对康德思想的误解。O’Neill, Onora: Autonomy and Trust in Bioethics, P82, P83.
①金里卡,威尔.当代政治哲学(下).刘莘译.上海:上海三联书店,2004.394.
②Gauthier, Candace C. The Virtue of Moral Responsibility. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 2002, (11), 273-281.
①《论语.为政》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.11.
②《论语.尧日》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.220.
①《论语》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.72.
②《大学》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.22.
③《论语》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.158.
④杜维明.东亚价值与多元现代性.彭国泽译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2001. http://www.confucius2000.com/confucius/hwrjzd01.htm
⑤杜维明.中国传统文化中关于人的教育――修身.知识学术网. http://www.zisi.net/htm/ztzl/dyyj/2005-08-09-34208.htm.
①《大学》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.21-22.
②杜维明.中国传统文化中关于人的教育――修身.知识学术网. http://www.zisi.net/htm/ztzl/dyyj/2005-08-09-34208.htm.
③《论语.宪问第十四》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.153页.
④郝大维,安乐哲.通过孔子而思.北京:北京大学出版社,2005.134-135.
⑤《论语.微子第十八》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.202.
①郝大维,安乐哲.通过孔子而思.北京:北京大学出版社,2005.88-89.
②郝大维、安乐哲在《先贤的民主――杜威、孔子与中国民主之希望.》一书中在谈到个人与社会关系时,用焦点(focus)和场域(field)来说明。认为个人就是场域中的具体焦点,个人性在于人的关系已经获得了质素。一个人成为为人公认、杰出或知名,是由于他(或她)具有关系上的质素。场域就是指个人所处的环境、社会关系。以这种方式来理解个人与社会的关系,既突出个人的作用,又解决如何在强调个人独立时,不与社会相对立的难题。
③郝大维,安乐哲.通过孔子而思.北京:北京大学出版社,2005.136-140.
④《论语.子罕第九》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.第96页.
⑤《礼记.儒行》.北京:华龄出版社,2002.239.
⑥《孟子.滕文公章句下》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.93.
①徐克谦.论先秦儒家的个人主义精神.齐鲁学刊,2005(5).
②《孟子.公孙丑上》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.50.
③《孟子.尽心上》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.185.
①《论语.卫灵公第十五》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999. 175.
①涂可国.儒学的社会本位与个人本位悖论.哲学研究.2005,(1), 31-38.
②《论语.宪问第十四》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.149.
③涂可国.儒学的社会本位与个人本位悖论.哲学研究.2005,(1),31-38.
①郁达夫.中国新文学大系·散文二集·导言.上海:上海文艺出版社,1980年.
②黄新康.在个人本位价值观的光照下――浅论文化运动中鲁迅的文化批判.华南师范大学学报.2000,(3). 43-48.
③陈独秀.孔子之道与现代生活.新青年. 1916,2(4). http://www.frchina.net/data/personArticle.php?id=2142
④胡适.易卜生主义.新青年.1918,4(6). http://www.talkskyland.com/Archive_view.asp?boardID=63&ID=6219
⑤王润生.现代化与现代伦理精神.南宁:广西人民出版社,1989年.31-32.
①翟学伟.个人地位:一个概念及其分析框架——中国日常社会的真实建构.中国社会科学,1999(4).
①许志伟.医患关系的本质:医生的专业视角及其伦理意蕴.医学与哲学.2005, 26(2).5-8.
①李蓓英.医患沟通的伦理清障.西南师范大学硕士学位论文.2003.第8页.
①Wear, Stephen. Informed Consent: Patient Autonmu and Clinician Beneficence within Health Care. 2th ed. Washington: Georgetown University Press, 1998.P35-39.
②恩格尔哈特.生命伦理学的道德基础.湖南科学技术出版社,1996年.
①郝大维,安乐哲.通过孔子而思.北京:北京大学出版社,2005.111
①Appelbaum, Paul S., Lidz, Charles W., Meisel, Alan. Informed Consent :Legal and Theory and Clinical Practice, New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.p152-153.
①Wortington, R. Clinical issues on consent: some philosophical concerns. Journal of Medical Ethics, 2002, 28: 377-380.
②Veatch, Robert. The Patient-Physician Relation: The patient as Partner, Part 2. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1991. P3.
①Miller, Franklin G, Brody, Howard. A critique of clinical equipoise: therapeutic misconception in the ethics of clinical trials. Hastings Cent Rep 2003, 33:19–28.
①Emanuel, Ezekiel J. Ending Concerns about Undue Inducement. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 2004, 32 (1): 101-105.
②de Castro LD. Human organs from prisoners: kidneys for life. Journal of Medical Ethics. 2003, 29:171–5.
①Dickenson D. Consent, Commodification and Benefit-Sharing in Genetic Research. [J]. Developing World Bioethics. 2004; 4: 110-124.
②Greely, Henry T. Informed Consent and other Ethical Issues in Human Population Genetics. [J]. Annual Reviews of Genetics. 2001; 35:785-800.
②Beauchamp, Tom, Faden, Ruth. The History and Theory of Informed Consent. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.P
③李大平.让患者知情同意的义务. http://www.med8th.com/humed/5/050515rhzzqtydyw.htm
④李燕.国外的患者自己决定权研究.医学8号楼,2003。
①Beauchamp, Tom, Faden, Ruth. The History and Theory of Informed Consent. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. P133-136
①陈元方,邱仁宗.生物医学研究伦理学.北京:中国协和医科大学出版社,2003
②赵宁.美国保护医学研究受试者法规及其发展过程.中华医院管理杂志,1999, 15(5).
①杨平.知情同意的表现形式问题研究.中国卫生事业管理.2003,186(2),736-738
②邱仁宗,翟晓梅.生命伦理学导论.中国协和医科大学出版社,2003年.第
①邱仁宗.翟晓梅.生命伦理学概论[M].北京:中国协和医科大学出版社,2003.27.
[1] Bnnett, Glaude, Pllum, Fred.医学是一门需要渊博知识和高尚职业.见: Bennett & Plum.西塞尔内科学.第20版.西安:世界图书出处西安公司. 1999. 4
[2]陈独秀.孔子之道与现代生活.新青年. 1916, 2(4)
[3]陈发俊,樊嘉□.知情同意的临床实践存在的问题.医学与哲学,2003,24(1): 11-13
[4]陈福民,胡永庆.对患者知情同意权的法律保护—对上海首例患者知情同意权纠纷案的评析.政治与法律. 2003(2): 146-149
[5]陈实功.医家五戒十要. http: //darkbag. nease. net/hrzg/other13. htm
[6]陈树林,李凌江.知情同意中病人自主权和传统父权的冲突.医学与哲学, 2003
[7]陈元方,邱仁宗.生物医学研究伦理学.附录.北京:中国协和医科大学出版社, 2003
[8]大学.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999
[9]杜维明.东亚价值与多元现代性.彭国泽译.北京:中国社会科学出版社, 2001
[10]杜维明.中国传统文化中关于人的教育――修身.知识学术网
[11]顾肃.自由主义的基本理念.北京:中央编译出版社, 2003年9
[12]郝大维,安乐哲.通过孔子而思.北京:北京大学出版社, 2005
[13]郝珍.刘克新.分析500份病案手术及诊断性操作知情同意填写的质量.中国病案. 2005(7): 24-25
[14]胡林英.论临床试验中的治疗性误解及对策.医学与哲学. 2006,27(2). 58
[15]何启,胡礼垣.劝学篇书后.新政真诠——何启、胡礼垣集.沈阳:辽宁人民出版社
[16]何兆雄.中国医德史.上海:上海医科大学出版社, 1988
[17]胡晓华.石明智.儿科医疗纠纷30例分析.中国误诊学杂志. 2005(5): 1119
[18]胡适.易卜生主义.新青年. 1918,4(6)
[19]霍布斯.利维坦.北京:商务印书馆, 1985
[20]黄帝内经.灵枢.师传第二十九. http: //www. wujue. com/guji/lingshu_29. htm
[21]黄新康.在个人本位价值观的光照下――浅论文化运动中鲁迅的文化批判.华南师范大学学报. 2000,(3): 43-48
[22]金观涛,刘青峰.近代中国「权利」观念的意义演变——从晚清到新青年世纪中国网. http: //www. cc. org. cn/newcc/browwenzhang. php?articleid=1655
[23]金里卡,威尔.当代政治哲学.刘莘译.上海:上海三联书店, 2004
[24]康德.实践理性批判.北京:商务印书馆, 1960
[25]康德.道德形而上学原理(中译本).苗力田译.上海:上海世纪出版集团, 2005
[26]孔丘.论语.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999
[27]李大平.让患者知情同意的义务http: //www. med8th. com/humed/5/050515rhzzqtydyw. htm
[28]礼记.长沙:岳麓书社, 2001
[29]李霁.诚信与中国患医关系的重塑.湖南师范大学博士学位论文. 2004
[30]李蓓英.医患沟通的伦理清障.西南师范大学硕士学位论文. 2003
[31]李燕.国外的患者自己决定权研究.医学8号楼, 2003
[32]李泽厚.批判哲学的批判――康德述评,天津:天津社会科学院出版社, 2003. 281, 282, 284-285
[33]李泽厚.李泽厚哲学文存.合肥:安徽文艺出版社, 1999
[34]罗国杰.中国传统道德.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1995
[35]罗国杰、宋希仁.西方伦理思想史.北京:中国人民大学出版社, 1988
[36]洛克.政府论.叶启芳,瞿菊农译.北京:商务印书馆, 2004
[37]罗纳德.德沃金.认真对待权利(中译本).北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1998
[38]孟子.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999
[39]聂精葆.知情同意在中国适用吗――“文化差异论”的认知错误.医学与哲学,2002,(6): 18-22
[40]乔大友,储大同.科研方法――临床肿瘤研究中的伦理学的考虑. http: //www. ca120120. com/index. 0. 20. htm
[41]邱仁宗.中国艾滋病法律改革建议:政策和伦理问题.见:社会科学与艾滋病—理论和实践研讨会论文集, 2003
[42]邱仁宗.卓小勤.冯建妹.病人的权利.北京:北京医科大学中国协和医科大学联合出版社. 1996
[43]邱仁宗、翟晓梅.生命伦理学导论.北京:中国协和医科大学出版社, 2003
[44]孙福川.知情同意――中国医学伦理学条目选载.医学与哲学, 2001,22(7): 39-40
[45]孙思邈.大医精诚.东方医讯. http: //www. medizone. com. cn/html/859. htm
[46]田海平.康德伦理学的人学向度.学海. 2000(1): 98-103
[47]涂可国.儒学的社会本位与个人本位悖论.哲学研究. 2005,(1): 31-38
[48]土丽艳,郭照江.知情同意原则与文化背景——中美生命伦理学比较研究之一.中国医学伦理学,2001,14(5): 30-31
[49]王德彦.知情同意与人体试验.自然辩证法通讯, 2004,26(1): 15-21
[50]王润生.现代化与现代伦理精神.南宁:广西人民出版社,1989
[51]希波克拉底誓言.公元前15世纪.光明网. http: //www. gmw. cn/CONTENT/2004-09/24/content_105004. htm
[52]解灵芝,张秀章.柏拉图对话录――克利托篇.长春:吉林人民出版社, 2003
[53]徐克谦.论先秦儒家的个人主义精神.齐鲁学刊, 2005(5)
[54]徐天民、程之范、李传俊等.中西方医学伦理比较研究.北京:北京医科大学、中国协和医科大学联合出版社,1998
[55]许志伟.医患关系的本质:医生的专业视角及其伦理意蕴.医学与哲学. 2005, 26(2). 5-8
[56]杨芳.病人知情同意权的伦理和法律问题.中国医学伦理学,2001,14(4): 15-17
[57]杨平.知情同意的表现形式问题研究.中国卫生事业管理, 2003,186(2):736-738
[58]袁华.西方社会政治思想史.南开:南开大学出版社, 1988. 199
[59]郁达夫.中国新文学大系·散文二集·导言.上海:上海文艺出版社, 1980
[60]约翰.密尔.论自由.北京:商务印书社, 1982年
[61]翟晓梅、邱仁宗.生命伦理学导论.北京:清华大学出版社,2005
[62]翟学伟.个人地位:一个概念及其分析框架——中国日常社会的真实建构.中国社会科学,1999(4)
[63]张新华.医疗纠纷的成因分析与防控.现代医院. 2005(5): 127-128
[64]张之洞.劝学篇.郑州:中州古籍出版社, 1997
[65]赵宁.美国保护医学研究受试者法规及其发展过程.中华医院管理杂志, 1999, 15(5)
[66]]赵修义.主体觉醒和个人权利意识的增长-当代中国社会思潮的观念史考察.华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2003(4): 7-12
[67]甄志亚,傅维康.中国医学史.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1984
[68]中国法制信息网.广州市政府信息公开规定http: //www. chinalaw. gov. cn/jsp/contentpub/browser/contentpro. jsp?contentid=co1907804930 [67]
[69]中华人民共和国卫生部.医院工作制度(四十).手术工作制度.附:施行手术的几项制度. 1982. http: //www. peichang. com
[70]中华人民共和国卫生部.医疗机构管理条例.第33条. 1994年8月. http: //www. moh. gov. cn
[71]中华人民共和国卫生部.医疗机构管理条例实施细则. 1994年6月. http: //www. moh. gov. cn
[72]中华人民共和国卫生部.中华人民共和国执业医师法. 1995年5月. http: //www. moh. gov. cn
[73]中华人民共和国卫生部.医疗事故处理条例.第11条. 2002年9月. http: //www. moh. gov. cn
[74]中华人民共和国卫生部.国家中医管理局.病历书写基本规范(试行). 2002年9月. http: //fcc. zzu. edu. cn/7-3-1. asp?id=583
[75]中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法. 1993年10月. http: //www. hd315. gov. cn/gcs/19qu/pinggu/flfg/law_xfzbhf. htm
[76]周礼.天官冢宰第一.中国儒学网. http: //www. confuchina. com/11%20wenxian/01%20jingbu/04%20zhouli/1%20tianguan. htm
[77]朱伟.急诊医疗中的知情同意问题.医学与哲学, 2006, 27(2): 60-62
[78]朱贻庭.“权利”概念与当代中国道德问题研究http: //www. sssa. org. cn/allinfo/info_content. cfm?infoid=4357
[79] 2005年中国艾滋病疫情与防治工作进展.中国人口信息网. http: //www. cpirc. org. cn出版社, 1994. 412,406
[1] Abernethy, V. Compassion, control, and decisions about competency. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, P57, 1984
[2] Annas, George J. Rules for Research on Human Genetic Variation– Lessons from Iceland. New England Journal of Medicine. 2000; 342: 1830-1833
[3] Appelbaum, Paul S, Lidz, Charles W. & Meisel, Alan : Informed Consent : Legal Theory and Clinical Practice, New York : Oxford University Press, 1987
[4] Beauchamp, TL & Childress, JF. The Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 5th. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001
[5] Beecher, Henry K. Experimentation in Man, Springfield, Ill. , Thomas, 1959
[6] Beecher, Henry K. Ethics and clinical research. New England Journal of medicine, 274, 1966, 1354-60
[7] Blackhall LJ, Murphy ST, Frank G, etc. Ethnicity and attitudes toward patient autonomy. JAMA, 1995, 274(10): 820–5
[8] Brock, Dan W. Life and Death. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993
[9] Colby, Jacqueline L. Consent and its consequences: Understanding the moralsignificance of consent and its importance. In: medical practice and malpractice law, PHD Thesis, 1993
[10] Craemer, W. DE: A ross-cultural perspective on personhood, Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 61: 19-34, Winter 1983, quote from Levine, Robert J. Informed Consent: Some Challengers to the Universal Validity of the Western Model
[11] de Castro LD. Human organs from prisoners: kidneys for life. Journal of Medical Ethics. 2003, 29: 171–5
[12] Dickenson D. Consent, Commodification and Benefit-Sharing in Genetic Research. Developing World Bioethics, 2004, 4: 110-124
[13] Dworkin, Gerald. The Theory and Practice of Autonomy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988
[14] Emanuel EJ, Wendler D, Grady C. What Makes Clinical Research Ethical. JAMA, 2000, 283(20): 2701-11
[15] Emanuel, Ezekiel J. Ending Concerns about Undue Inducement. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 2004, 32 (1): 101-105
[16] Faden, Ruth R, Beauchamp, Tom L. A history and Theory of Informed Consent. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986
[17] Fan, Ruiping. Self-Determination VS. Two Incommensurable Principles of Autonomy. Bioethics, 1997, 38(11): 4
[18] Gauthier, Candace C. The Virtue of Moral Responsibility. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 2002, (11), 273-281
[19] Gqylin, W. The competence of children: no longer all or none. Hasting Center Report 12, April 1982, 33-38
[20] Greely, Henry T. Informed Consent and other Ethical Issues in Human Population Genetics. Annual Reviews of Genetics. 2001; 35: 785-800
[21] Grisso, T & Appelbaum, PS. Assessing Competence to Consent to Treatment: A Guide for Physicians and Other Health Professionals. New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 1998
[22] Hart, Compare H. L. A. :“Bentham on legal rights”, in Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence, 2nd series, ed. A. W. Simpson, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973, pp. 171-98; quote from Tom [23] Beauchamp & James Childress: Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 5th ed. , Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, 357
[24] Hippocrates. Decorum. trans. W. Jones. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967, 297; quote from Jay Katz: The Silent World of Doctor and Patient, The Free Press, A Division of Macmillan Inc. , 1984, 4
[25] Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. ed. Michael Oakeshott, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1946.
[26] Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork of the Metaphysics. H. J. Paton (tr. ), New York: Harper & Row, 1964
[27] Katz, Jay. Disclosure and Consent. In A. Milunsky and G. Annas, Eds. , Genetics and the Law II, New York: Plenum Press, 1980
[28] Katz, Jay. The Silent World of Doctor and Patient. New York: The Free Press, A Division of Macmillan Inc. , 1984
[29] Kegley, Jacquelyn AK. Challenges to Informed Consent. EMBO Report. 2004, 9: 832-836
[30] Leake C. Percival’s Medical Ethics. New York: Robert Krieger Publishing Company, 1975
[31] Levine, Robert J. Informed consent: some challenges to the universal validity of the western model. Law, Medicine and Health Care, 1991
[32] Loewy, EH: In defense of paternalism, Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 26: 445-468, 2005
[33] MacIntyre, A. patients as agents. In: Philosophical Medical Ethics ---- Its Nature and Significance, ed. S. Spicker and H. Englehardt, Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1977
[34] Mappes, Thomas A & DeGrazia David: Biomedical Ethics, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill Inc.1996, 19
[35] McConnell, Terrance: PHD Thesis. , 58-59
[36] Miller, Franklin G, Brody, Howard. A critique of clinical equipoise: therapeutic misconception in the ethics of clinical trials. Hastings Cent Rep 2003, 33: 19–28
[37] Pomfret, John, Nelson, Debora. An Isolated Region's Genetic Mother Lode; Harvard-Led Study Mined DNA Riches; Some Donors Say Promises Were Broken. Washington Post, December 20, 2000, Pg. A01
[38] Nelson HL, Nelson JL. The Patient in the Family: An Ethics of Medicine and Families. New York: Routledge, 1995
[39] Novack D, Detering B, Arnold R, Forrow L etc. Physicians’attitudes toward using deception to resolve difficult ethical problems, JAMA 1989,261(20): 2980–5
[40] O’Neill, Onora. Autonomy and Trust in Bioethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002
[41] O’Neill, Onora. Some limits of informed consent. J Med. Ethics, 2003, 29: 4-7
[42] O’Neill, Onora. Rethinking Informed Consent after Declaration of Helsinki. 2006年8月在第八届世界生命伦理学大会上的发言
[43] President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Making Health Care Decision --- A report on the ethical and legal implications of informed consent in patient-practitioner relationship,. Vo. 1, October 1982,93
[44] Ramsey, Paul. The patient as person: explorations in medical ethics. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970. 5
[45] Servatius, Robert. Final Plea for Defendant Karl Brandt. In Katz: Experimentations with Human Beings: the authority of the investigator, subject, professions and state in the human experimentation processs, Russell Sage Foundation, 1972, 305
[46] The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research. The Belmont Report—Ethical Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects ofResearch. April 18, 1979. http: //ohrp. osophs. dhhs. gov/humansubjects/guidance/belmont. htm.中译本提供:邱仁宗教授
[47] Thomson, Judith J. The Realm of Rights. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990
[48] Veatch, Robert. The Patient-Physician Relation: The patient as Partner, Part 2. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1991
[49] Veatch, Robert M. Abandoning Informed Consent. Hastings Center Report, 1995, 25(2): 5–12
[50] Wellman, C. H, The paradox of group autonomy, Social Philosophy & Policy Foundation, 2003
[51] Wear, Stephen. Informed Consent: Patient Autonomy and Clinician Beneficence within Health Care. 2th ed. Washington: Georgetown University Press, 1998. 35-39
[52] White, BC. Competence to Consent. Washington: Georgetown University Press, 1994
[53] Wortington, R. Clinical issues on consent: some philosophical concerns. Journal of Medical Ethics, 2002, 28: 377-380
①陈元方,邱仁宗.生物医学研究伦理学.附录.北京:中国协和医科大学出版社,2003,313-31
②Levine, Robert J. Informed consent: some challenges to the universal validity of the western model. Law, Medicine and Health Care, 1991, 19: 207-213.
①O’Neill, Onora. Some limits of informed consent. J Med. Ethics, 2003, 29:4-7
②Kegley, Jacquelyn AK. Challenges to Informed Consent. EMBO Report. 2004, 9: 832-836
①杨平.知情同意的表现形式问题研究.中国卫生事业管理,2003,186(2):736-738
①Thomson, Judith J.The Realm of Rights. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990.
②Faden, Ruth R, Beauchamp, Tom L. A history and Theory of Informed Consent. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986
③Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork of the Metaphysics. H. J. Paton (tr.), New York: Harper & Row,1964
①Dworkin, Gerald.The Theory and Practice of Autonomy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
②Blackhall LJ, Murphy ST, Frank G, etc. Ethnicity and attitudes toward patient autonomy. JAMA, 1995, 274(10):820–5.
③Craemer, W. DE:A ross-cultural perspective on personhood, Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 61: 19-34, Winter 1983, quote from Levine, Robert J. Informed Consent: Some Challengers to the Universal Validity of the Western Model.
①Veatch, Robert M. Abandoning Informed Consent. Hastings Center Report, 1995, 25(2): 5–12
③O’Neill, Onora. Some Limits of Informed Consent. Journal of Medical Ethics, 2003, 29:4-7
④Nelson HL, Nelson JL. The Patient in the Family: An Ethics of Medicine and Families. New York: Routledge, 1995.
①O’Neill, Onora. Autonomy and Trust in Bioethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, 82-83.
②Dickenson D. Consent, Commodification and Benefit-Sharing in Genetic Research. Developing World Bioethics, 2004, 4: 110-124
③邱仁宗,卓小勤,冯建妹.病人的权利.北京:北京医科大学、中国协和医科大学联合出版社,1996
①王德彦.知情同意与人体试验.自然辩证法通讯,2004,26(1):15-21
②陈树林,李凌江.知情同意中病人自主权和传统父权的冲突.医学与哲学,2003, 265(6):45-48
③孙福川.知情同意――《中国医学伦理学》条目选载.医学与哲学,2001,22(7):39-40
①陈发俊,樊加禄. Z知情同意的临床实践存在的问题.医学与哲学,2003,24(1):11-13
②陈树林,李凌江.知情同意中病人自主权和传统父权的冲突.医学与哲学,2003, 265(6):45-48
③Fan, Ruiping. Self-Determination VS. Two Incommensurable Principles of Autonomy. Bioethics, 1997, 38(11):4
②MacIntyre, A:“patients as agents”, In: Philosophical Medical Ethics ---- Its Nature and Significance, ed. S. Spicker and H. Englehardt, Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1977.
①Beecher, Henry K: Experimentation in Man, Springfield, Ill., Thomas, 1959, P50, 52, 58.
②Beecher, Henry K: Ethics and clinical research, New England Journal of medicine 274, 1966, P1354-60.
①Faden, Ruth &Beauchamp, Tom: A History of Informed Consent, New York: Oxford University Press, 1986
①Katz, Jay: Disclosure and Consent, in A. Milunsky and G. Annas, Eds., Genetics and the Law II, New York: Plenum Press, 1980, P122, P128.
③Katz, Jay: The Silent World of Doctor and Patient, New York: The Free Press, A Division of Macmillan Inc., 1984, P85.
①邱仁宗、翟晓梅:《生命伦理学导论》,中国协和医科大学出版社,2003年。
②http://www.zbfzb.gov.cn/lawfwshow.asp:什么是公民的民事行为能力?
①Beauchamp, TL & Childress, JF: Principle of Biomedical Ethics, 5th, New York: Oxford University Press, 2001, P73.
②Abernethy, V: Compassion, control, and decisions about competency, American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, P57, 1984.
①White, BC: Competence to Consent, Washington: Georgetown University Press, 1994, P63.
①Grisso, T & Appelbaum, PS: Assessing Competence to Consent to Treatment: A Guide for Physicians and Other Health Professionals, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, P139.
②Gqylin, W: The competence of children: no longer all or none, Hasting Center Report 12, April 1982, P33-38.
②http://www.hd315.gov.cn/gcs/19qu/pinggu/flfg/law_xfzbhf.htm。
①http://www.moh.gov.cn/news/more_index.aspx?tp_class=A601&url_addr=/news/sub_index.aspx。
①President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research: Making Health Care Decision --- A report on the ethical and legal implications of informed consent in patient-practitioner relationship, Vo. 1, October 1982, P93.
②朱伟.急诊医疗中的知情同意问题.医学与哲学, 2006, 27(2):60-62.
①Emanuel, Ezekiel. Ending Concerns about Undue Inducement. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 2004, 32:100-105.
①解灵芝,张秀章.柏拉图对话录――克利托篇.长春:吉林人民出版社, 2003
②Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. ed. Michael Oakeshott, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1946, 105-106.
④袁华.西方社会政治思想史.南开:南开大学出版社,1988年.199
①洛克:《政府论下篇》,叶启芳,瞿菊农译,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第95段,第59页。
②霍布斯:《利维坦》,商务印书馆,1985年,第20章。
①洛克:《政府论下篇》,叶启芳,瞿菊农译,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第186段,第115页。
②Colby, Jacqueline L.: Consent and its consequences: Understanding the moral significance of consent and its importance in medical practice and malpractice law, PHD Thesis, 1993.
④Hart, Compare H.L.A.:“Bentham on legal rights”, in Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence, 2nd series, ed. A. W. Simpson, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973, pp. 171-98; quote from Tom Beauchamp & James Childress: Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 5th ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, 357.
①顾肃.自由主义的基本理念.北京:中央编译出版社,2003. 100.
②罗纳德.德沃金.认真对待权利.中译本.中国大百科全书出版社,1998. P6.
①Thomos, Judith Jarvis: The Realm of Rights, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990, P348.
②Brock, Dan W.: Life and Death, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993, P105.
①康德.实践理性批判.北京:商务印书馆,1960年,P62。转引自罗国杰、宋希仁的《西方伦理思想史下》,第415-416页,中国人民大学出版社,1988年。
②罗国杰、宋希仁.西方伦理思想史(下).北京:中国人民大学出版社,1988. 415-416。
③田海平.康德伦理学的人学向度.学海.2000(1):98-103
①康德.道德形而上学原理. (中译本),苗力田译,上海:上海世纪出版集团,2005. 13-14;同时参阅李泽厚:《批判哲学的批判――康德述评》,天津:天津社会科学院出版社,2003年,第272页。
②康德.道德形而上学原理.(中译本),苗力田译.上海:上海世纪出版集团,2005年.17-18,39,48,53,51
①Mappes, Thomas A & DeGrazia David: Biomedical Ethics, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill Inc. 1996, P19.
②翟晓梅、邱仁宗.生命伦理学导论.北京:清华大学出版社,2005. P25
②约翰.密尔.论自由.北京:商务印书社,1982. P10.
①Appelbaum, Paul S, Lidz, Charles W. & Meisel, Alan : Informed Consent : Legal Theory and Clinical Practice, New York : Oxford University Press, 1987, P23.
③Dworkin, Gerald: The theory and Practice of Autonomy, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988, P6.
①陈发俊,樊嘉□.知情同意的临床实践存在的问题.医学与哲学,2003,24(1):11-13
②杨芳.病人知情同意权的伦理和法律问题.中国医学伦理学,2001,14(4):15-17
③土丽艳,郭照江.知情同意原则与文化背景——中美生命伦理学比较研究之一.中国医学伦理学,2001,14(5):30-31
④Fan, Ruiping. Self-Determination VS. Two Incommensurable Principles of Autonomy. Bioethics, 1997, 11(4)
⑤陈树林,李凌江.知情同意中病人自主权和传统父权的冲突.医学与哲学,2003, 24(6):45-48
⑥王德彦.知情同意与人体试验.自然辩证法通讯,2004,26(1):15-21
①Wellman, C. H. The paradox of group autonomy., Social Philosophy & Policy Foundation, 2003
①陈树林、李凌江:知情同意中病人自主权和传统父权的冲突,医学与哲学,2003年第6期,第45-48页。
①Beauchamp, TL., Childress, JF.: Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 5th, Oxford: Oxford University, 2001, P178.
②邱仁宗、翟晓梅:《生命伦理学导论》,P43.
①Loewy, EH: In defense of paternalism, Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 26: 445-468, 2005.
①聂精葆:知情同意在中国适用吗――“文化差异论”的认知错误,《医学与哲学》,2002年第6期,第18-22页。
①Novack D, Detering B, Arnold R, Forrow L etc. Physicians’attitudes toward using deception to resolve difficult ethical problems,JAMA 1989,261(20):2980–5.
①罗国杰.中国传统道德.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1995,14。
②《论语.泰伯》.
③《孟子》.《孟子.公孙丑上》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999,58。
①《礼记.曲礼下》.长沙:岳麓书社,2001,48。
②何兆雄.中国医德史.上海:上海医科大学出版社,1988.88-89。
③《孟子.滕文公下》.
④徐天民、程之范、李传俊等.中西方医学伦理比较研究.北京:北京医科大学、中国协和医科大学联合出版社,1998,130-131。
⑤http://darkbag.nease.net/hrzg/other13.htm.
①孙思邈.《大医精诚》.东方医讯. http://www.medizone.com.cn/html/859.htm.
②《黄帝内经》.《灵枢.师传第二十九》.http://www.wujue.com/guji/lingshu_29.htm
④《黄帝内经》.《灵枢.师传第二十九》.http://www.wujue.com/guji/lingshu_29.htm
⑤《孟子.梁惠王上》.太原:山西古籍出版社, 1999年.第12页.
①《周礼.天官冢宰第一》.中国儒学网. http://www.confuchina.com/11%20wenxian/01%20jingbu/04%20zhouli/1%20tianguan.htm
②范仲淹和左元丰的话都转引自徐天民、程之范、李传俊等所著的《中西方医学伦理比较研究》,第74页。
①李海燕.儒家伦理与传统医德.武汉科技大学学报(社会科学版).2003(4):34-38.
①甄志亚,傅维康.中国医学史.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1984年.第114-115页.
①有关中西医贯通的观点及引述,引自甄志亚,傅维康所著《中国医学史》,第118-119页。
②何兆雄.《中国医德史》.226-227。
③引用来自网站――http://www.yangtse.com/gb/content/2004-06/21/content_564458.htm
①金观涛,刘青峰.近代中国「权利」观念的意义演变——从晚清到《新青年》.《世纪中国》网. http://www.cc.org.cn/newcc/browwenzhang.php?articleid=1655.
②张之洞.劝学篇.郑州:中州古籍出版社,1997.P70.
③何启,胡礼垣.《劝学篇》书后.《新政真诠——何启、胡礼垣集》.沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,1994年.第412页.
②金观涛,刘青峰.近代中国「权利」观念的意义演变——从晚清到《新青年》.《世纪中国》网. http://www.cc.org.cn/newcc/browwenzhang.php?articleid=1655.
①李泽厚.《李泽厚哲学文存》(下).安徽文艺出版社,1999年.第619、629页.
②赵修义.主体觉醒和个人权利意识的增长-当代中国社会思潮的观念史考察.华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版).2003(4):7-12.
③《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》. 1993年10月. http://www.hd315.gov.cn/gcs/19qu/pinggu/flfg/law_xfzbhf.htm
①《病人的权利》一书由邱仁宗、卓小勤、冯建妹著,1996年出版。
②http://www.ylshg.com/type.asp?news_id=210
②张新华.医疗纠纷的成因分析与防控.现代医院.2005(5):127-128.
①http://english.hanban.edu.cn/chinese/2002/Feb/110040.htm.
②http://www.jsrd.gov.cn/jsrdportal/portal/portalShow.html?siteNumber=1&classKey=1540&articleNo =13874
③医生成为“高危”职业.天使网. http://www.5-12.com.
④医生成为“高危”职业.天使网. http://www.5-12.com.
⑤胡晓华.石明智.儿科医疗纠纷30例分析.中国误诊学杂志.2005(5):1119.
①医患沟通不够仍是产生医疗纠纷的主因.《光明日报》.2005年2月8日.
②郝珍.刘克新.分析500份病案手术及诊断性操作知情同意填写的质量.《中国病案》.2005(7):24-25.
②朱贻庭.“权利”概念与当代中国道德问题研究. http://www.sssa.org.cn/allinfo/info_content.cfm?infoid=4357
③康德.道德形而上学原理.苗力田译.上海:上海世纪出版集团,2005.51.
④O’Neill认为,康德没有把自主性看作是个人的独立性或自我的表达,更不是什么个人偏好和愿望的表达。康德的自主性讲的是履行义务,并因此而尊重其他人或他们的权利。她认为把自主性看作是个人的自由和独立,是对康德思想的误解。O’Neill, Onora: Autonomy and Trust in Bioethics, P82, P83.
①金里卡,威尔.当代政治哲学(下).刘莘译.上海:上海三联书店,2004.394.
②Gauthier, Candace C. The Virtue of Moral Responsibility. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 2002, (11), 273-281.
①《论语.为政》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.11.
②《论语.尧日》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.220.
①《论语》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.72.
②《大学》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.22.
③《论语》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.158.
④杜维明.东亚价值与多元现代性.彭国泽译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2001. http://www.confucius2000.com/confucius/hwrjzd01.htm
⑤杜维明.中国传统文化中关于人的教育――修身.知识学术网. http://www.zisi.net/htm/ztzl/dyyj/2005-08-09-34208.htm.
①《大学》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.21-22.
②杜维明.中国传统文化中关于人的教育――修身.知识学术网. http://www.zisi.net/htm/ztzl/dyyj/2005-08-09-34208.htm.
③《论语.宪问第十四》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.153页.
④郝大维,安乐哲.通过孔子而思.北京:北京大学出版社,2005.134-135.
⑤《论语.微子第十八》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.202.
①郝大维,安乐哲.通过孔子而思.北京:北京大学出版社,2005.88-89.
②郝大维、安乐哲在《先贤的民主――杜威、孔子与中国民主之希望.》一书中在谈到个人与社会关系时,用焦点(focus)和场域(field)来说明。认为个人就是场域中的具体焦点,个人性在于人的关系已经获得了质素。一个人成为为人公认、杰出或知名,是由于他(或她)具有关系上的质素。场域就是指个人所处的环境、社会关系。以这种方式来理解个人与社会的关系,既突出个人的作用,又解决如何在强调个人独立时,不与社会相对立的难题。
③郝大维,安乐哲.通过孔子而思.北京:北京大学出版社,2005.136-140.
④《论语.子罕第九》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.第96页.
⑤《礼记.儒行》.北京:华龄出版社,2002.239.
⑥《孟子.滕文公章句下》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.93.
①徐克谦.论先秦儒家的个人主义精神.齐鲁学刊,2005(5).
②《孟子.公孙丑上》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.50.
③《孟子.尽心上》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.185.
①《论语.卫灵公第十五》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999. 175.
①涂可国.儒学的社会本位与个人本位悖论.哲学研究.2005,(1), 31-38.
②《论语.宪问第十四》.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999.149.
③涂可国.儒学的社会本位与个人本位悖论.哲学研究.2005,(1),31-38.
①郁达夫.中国新文学大系·散文二集·导言.上海:上海文艺出版社,1980年.
②黄新康.在个人本位价值观的光照下――浅论文化运动中鲁迅的文化批判.华南师范大学学报.2000,(3). 43-48.
③陈独秀.孔子之道与现代生活.新青年. 1916,2(4). http://www.frchina.net/data/personArticle.php?id=2142
④胡适.易卜生主义.新青年.1918,4(6). http://www.talkskyland.com/Archive_view.asp?boardID=63&ID=6219
⑤王润生.现代化与现代伦理精神.南宁:广西人民出版社,1989年.31-32.
①翟学伟.个人地位:一个概念及其分析框架——中国日常社会的真实建构.中国社会科学,1999(4).
①许志伟.医患关系的本质:医生的专业视角及其伦理意蕴.医学与哲学.2005, 26(2).5-8.
①李蓓英.医患沟通的伦理清障.西南师范大学硕士学位论文.2003.第8页.
①Wear, Stephen. Informed Consent: Patient Autonmu and Clinician Beneficence within Health Care. 2th ed. Washington: Georgetown University Press, 1998.P35-39.
②恩格尔哈特.生命伦理学的道德基础.湖南科学技术出版社,1996年.
①郝大维,安乐哲.通过孔子而思.北京:北京大学出版社,2005.111
①Appelbaum, Paul S., Lidz, Charles W., Meisel, Alan. Informed Consent :Legal and Theory and Clinical Practice, New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.p152-153.
①Wortington, R. Clinical issues on consent: some philosophical concerns. Journal of Medical Ethics, 2002, 28: 377-380.
②Veatch, Robert. The Patient-Physician Relation: The patient as Partner, Part 2. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1991. P3.
①Miller, Franklin G, Brody, Howard. A critique of clinical equipoise: therapeutic misconception in the ethics of clinical trials. Hastings Cent Rep 2003, 33:19–28.
①Emanuel, Ezekiel J. Ending Concerns about Undue Inducement. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 2004, 32 (1): 101-105.
②de Castro LD. Human organs from prisoners: kidneys for life. Journal of Medical Ethics. 2003, 29:171–5.
①Dickenson D. Consent, Commodification and Benefit-Sharing in Genetic Research. [J]. Developing World Bioethics. 2004; 4: 110-124.
②Greely, Henry T. Informed Consent and other Ethical Issues in Human Population Genetics. [J]. Annual Reviews of Genetics. 2001; 35:785-800.
②Beauchamp, Tom, Faden, Ruth. The History and Theory of Informed Consent. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.P
③李大平.让患者知情同意的义务. http://www.med8th.com/humed/5/050515rhzzqtydyw.htm
④李燕.国外的患者自己决定权研究.医学8号楼,2003。
①Beauchamp, Tom, Faden, Ruth. The History and Theory of Informed Consent. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. P133-136
①陈元方,邱仁宗.生物医学研究伦理学.北京:中国协和医科大学出版社,2003
②赵宁.美国保护医学研究受试者法规及其发展过程.中华医院管理杂志,1999, 15(5).
①杨平.知情同意的表现形式问题研究.中国卫生事业管理.2003,186(2),736-738
②邱仁宗,翟晓梅.生命伦理学导论.中国协和医科大学出版社,2003年.第
①邱仁宗.翟晓梅.生命伦理学概论[M].北京:中国协和医科大学出版社,2003.27.
[1] Bnnett, Glaude, Pllum, Fred.医学是一门需要渊博知识和高尚职业.见: Bennett & Plum.西塞尔内科学.第20版.西安:世界图书出处西安公司. 1999. 4
[2]陈独秀.孔子之道与现代生活.新青年. 1916, 2(4)
[3]陈发俊,樊嘉□.知情同意的临床实践存在的问题.医学与哲学,2003,24(1): 11-13
[4]陈福民,胡永庆.对患者知情同意权的法律保护—对上海首例患者知情同意权纠纷案的评析.政治与法律. 2003(2): 146-149
[5]陈实功.医家五戒十要. http: //darkbag. nease. net/hrzg/other13. htm
[6]陈树林,李凌江.知情同意中病人自主权和传统父权的冲突.医学与哲学, 2003
[7]陈元方,邱仁宗.生物医学研究伦理学.附录.北京:中国协和医科大学出版社, 2003
[8]大学.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999
[9]杜维明.东亚价值与多元现代性.彭国泽译.北京:中国社会科学出版社, 2001
[10]杜维明.中国传统文化中关于人的教育――修身.知识学术网
[11]顾肃.自由主义的基本理念.北京:中央编译出版社, 2003年9
[12]郝大维,安乐哲.通过孔子而思.北京:北京大学出版社, 2005
[13]郝珍.刘克新.分析500份病案手术及诊断性操作知情同意填写的质量.中国病案. 2005(7): 24-25
[14]胡林英.论临床试验中的治疗性误解及对策.医学与哲学. 2006,27(2). 58
[15]何启,胡礼垣.劝学篇书后.新政真诠——何启、胡礼垣集.沈阳:辽宁人民出版社
[16]何兆雄.中国医德史.上海:上海医科大学出版社, 1988
[17]胡晓华.石明智.儿科医疗纠纷30例分析.中国误诊学杂志. 2005(5): 1119
[18]胡适.易卜生主义.新青年. 1918,4(6)
[19]霍布斯.利维坦.北京:商务印书馆, 1985
[20]黄帝内经.灵枢.师传第二十九. http: //www. wujue. com/guji/lingshu_29. htm
[21]黄新康.在个人本位价值观的光照下――浅论文化运动中鲁迅的文化批判.华南师范大学学报. 2000,(3): 43-48
[22]金观涛,刘青峰.近代中国「权利」观念的意义演变——从晚清到新青年世纪中国网. http: //www. cc. org. cn/newcc/browwenzhang. php?articleid=1655
[23]金里卡,威尔.当代政治哲学.刘莘译.上海:上海三联书店, 2004
[24]康德.实践理性批判.北京:商务印书馆, 1960
[25]康德.道德形而上学原理(中译本).苗力田译.上海:上海世纪出版集团, 2005
[26]孔丘.论语.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999
[27]李大平.让患者知情同意的义务http: //www. med8th. com/humed/5/050515rhzzqtydyw. htm
[28]礼记.长沙:岳麓书社, 2001
[29]李霁.诚信与中国患医关系的重塑.湖南师范大学博士学位论文. 2004
[30]李蓓英.医患沟通的伦理清障.西南师范大学硕士学位论文. 2003
[31]李燕.国外的患者自己决定权研究.医学8号楼, 2003
[32]李泽厚.批判哲学的批判――康德述评,天津:天津社会科学院出版社, 2003. 281, 282, 284-285
[33]李泽厚.李泽厚哲学文存.合肥:安徽文艺出版社, 1999
[34]罗国杰.中国传统道德.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1995
[35]罗国杰、宋希仁.西方伦理思想史.北京:中国人民大学出版社, 1988
[36]洛克.政府论.叶启芳,瞿菊农译.北京:商务印书馆, 2004
[37]罗纳德.德沃金.认真对待权利(中译本).北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1998
[38]孟子.太原:山西古籍出版社,1999
[39]聂精葆.知情同意在中国适用吗――“文化差异论”的认知错误.医学与哲学,2002,(6): 18-22
[40]乔大友,储大同.科研方法――临床肿瘤研究中的伦理学的考虑. http: //www. ca120120. com/index. 0. 20. htm
[41]邱仁宗.中国艾滋病法律改革建议:政策和伦理问题.见:社会科学与艾滋病—理论和实践研讨会论文集, 2003
[42]邱仁宗.卓小勤.冯建妹.病人的权利.北京:北京医科大学中国协和医科大学联合出版社. 1996
[43]邱仁宗、翟晓梅.生命伦理学导论.北京:中国协和医科大学出版社, 2003
[44]孙福川.知情同意――中国医学伦理学条目选载.医学与哲学, 2001,22(7): 39-40
[45]孙思邈.大医精诚.东方医讯. http: //www. medizone. com. cn/html/859. htm
[46]田海平.康德伦理学的人学向度.学海. 2000(1): 98-103
[47]涂可国.儒学的社会本位与个人本位悖论.哲学研究. 2005,(1): 31-38
[48]土丽艳,郭照江.知情同意原则与文化背景——中美生命伦理学比较研究之一.中国医学伦理学,2001,14(5): 30-31
[49]王德彦.知情同意与人体试验.自然辩证法通讯, 2004,26(1): 15-21
[50]王润生.现代化与现代伦理精神.南宁:广西人民出版社,1989
[51]希波克拉底誓言.公元前15世纪.光明网. http: //www. gmw. cn/CONTENT/2004-09/24/content_105004. htm
[52]解灵芝,张秀章.柏拉图对话录――克利托篇.长春:吉林人民出版社, 2003
[53]徐克谦.论先秦儒家的个人主义精神.齐鲁学刊, 2005(5)
[54]徐天民、程之范、李传俊等.中西方医学伦理比较研究.北京:北京医科大学、中国协和医科大学联合出版社,1998
[55]许志伟.医患关系的本质:医生的专业视角及其伦理意蕴.医学与哲学. 2005, 26(2). 5-8
[56]杨芳.病人知情同意权的伦理和法律问题.中国医学伦理学,2001,14(4): 15-17
[57]杨平.知情同意的表现形式问题研究.中国卫生事业管理, 2003,186(2):736-738
[58]袁华.西方社会政治思想史.南开:南开大学出版社, 1988. 199
[59]郁达夫.中国新文学大系·散文二集·导言.上海:上海文艺出版社, 1980
[60]约翰.密尔.论自由.北京:商务印书社, 1982年
[61]翟晓梅、邱仁宗.生命伦理学导论.北京:清华大学出版社,2005
[62]翟学伟.个人地位:一个概念及其分析框架——中国日常社会的真实建构.中国社会科学,1999(4)
[63]张新华.医疗纠纷的成因分析与防控.现代医院. 2005(5): 127-128
[64]张之洞.劝学篇.郑州:中州古籍出版社, 1997
[65]赵宁.美国保护医学研究受试者法规及其发展过程.中华医院管理杂志, 1999, 15(5)
[66]]赵修义.主体觉醒和个人权利意识的增长-当代中国社会思潮的观念史考察.华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2003(4): 7-12
[67]甄志亚,傅维康.中国医学史.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1984
[68]中国法制信息网.广州市政府信息公开规定http: //www. chinalaw. gov. cn/jsp/contentpub/browser/contentpro. jsp?contentid=co1907804930 [67]
[69]中华人民共和国卫生部.医院工作制度(四十).手术工作制度.附:施行手术的几项制度. 1982. http: //www. peichang. com
[70]中华人民共和国卫生部.医疗机构管理条例.第33条. 1994年8月. http: //www. moh. gov. cn
[71]中华人民共和国卫生部.医疗机构管理条例实施细则. 1994年6月. http: //www. moh. gov. cn
[72]中华人民共和国卫生部.中华人民共和国执业医师法. 1995年5月. http: //www. moh. gov. cn
[73]中华人民共和国卫生部.医疗事故处理条例.第11条. 2002年9月. http: //www. moh. gov. cn
[74]中华人民共和国卫生部.国家中医管理局.病历书写基本规范(试行). 2002年9月. http: //fcc. zzu. edu. cn/7-3-1. asp?id=583
[75]中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法. 1993年10月. http: //www. hd315. gov. cn/gcs/19qu/pinggu/flfg/law_xfzbhf. htm
[76]周礼.天官冢宰第一.中国儒学网. http: //www. confuchina. com/11%20wenxian/01%20jingbu/04%20zhouli/1%20tianguan. htm
[77]朱伟.急诊医疗中的知情同意问题.医学与哲学, 2006, 27(2): 60-62
[78]朱贻庭.“权利”概念与当代中国道德问题研究http: //www. sssa. org. cn/allinfo/info_content. cfm?infoid=4357
[79] 2005年中国艾滋病疫情与防治工作进展.中国人口信息网. http: //www. cpirc. org. cn出版社, 1994. 412,406
[1] Abernethy, V. Compassion, control, and decisions about competency. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, P57, 1984
[2] Annas, George J. Rules for Research on Human Genetic Variation– Lessons from Iceland. New England Journal of Medicine. 2000; 342: 1830-1833
[3] Appelbaum, Paul S, Lidz, Charles W. & Meisel, Alan : Informed Consent : Legal Theory and Clinical Practice, New York : Oxford University Press, 1987
[4] Beauchamp, TL & Childress, JF. The Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 5th. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001
[5] Beecher, Henry K. Experimentation in Man, Springfield, Ill. , Thomas, 1959
[6] Beecher, Henry K. Ethics and clinical research. New England Journal of medicine, 274, 1966, 1354-60
[7] Blackhall LJ, Murphy ST, Frank G, etc. Ethnicity and attitudes toward patient autonomy. JAMA, 1995, 274(10): 820–5
[8] Brock, Dan W. Life and Death. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993
[9] Colby, Jacqueline L. Consent and its consequences: Understanding the moralsignificance of consent and its importance. In: medical practice and malpractice law, PHD Thesis, 1993
[10] Craemer, W. DE: A ross-cultural perspective on personhood, Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 61: 19-34, Winter 1983, quote from Levine, Robert J. Informed Consent: Some Challengers to the Universal Validity of the Western Model
[11] de Castro LD. Human organs from prisoners: kidneys for life. Journal of Medical Ethics. 2003, 29: 171–5
[12] Dickenson D. Consent, Commodification and Benefit-Sharing in Genetic Research. Developing World Bioethics, 2004, 4: 110-124
[13] Dworkin, Gerald. The Theory and Practice of Autonomy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988
[14] Emanuel EJ, Wendler D, Grady C. What Makes Clinical Research Ethical. JAMA, 2000, 283(20): 2701-11
[15] Emanuel, Ezekiel J. Ending Concerns about Undue Inducement. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 2004, 32 (1): 101-105
[16] Faden, Ruth R, Beauchamp, Tom L. A history and Theory of Informed Consent. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986
[17] Fan, Ruiping. Self-Determination VS. Two Incommensurable Principles of Autonomy. Bioethics, 1997, 38(11): 4
[18] Gauthier, Candace C. The Virtue of Moral Responsibility. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 2002, (11), 273-281
[19] Gqylin, W. The competence of children: no longer all or none. Hasting Center Report 12, April 1982, 33-38
[20] Greely, Henry T. Informed Consent and other Ethical Issues in Human Population Genetics. Annual Reviews of Genetics. 2001; 35: 785-800
[21] Grisso, T & Appelbaum, PS. Assessing Competence to Consent to Treatment: A Guide for Physicians and Other Health Professionals. New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 1998
[22] Hart, Compare H. L. A. :“Bentham on legal rights”, in Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence, 2nd series, ed. A. W. Simpson, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973, pp. 171-98; quote from Tom [23] Beauchamp & James Childress: Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 5th ed. , Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, 357
[24] Hippocrates. Decorum. trans. W. Jones. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967, 297; quote from Jay Katz: The Silent World of Doctor and Patient, The Free Press, A Division of Macmillan Inc. , 1984, 4
[25] Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. ed. Michael Oakeshott, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1946.
[26] Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork of the Metaphysics. H. J. Paton (tr. ), New York: Harper & Row, 1964
[27] Katz, Jay. Disclosure and Consent. In A. Milunsky and G. Annas, Eds. , Genetics and the Law II, New York: Plenum Press, 1980
[28] Katz, Jay. The Silent World of Doctor and Patient. New York: The Free Press, A Division of Macmillan Inc. , 1984
[29] Kegley, Jacquelyn AK. Challenges to Informed Consent. EMBO Report. 2004, 9: 832-836
[30] Leake C. Percival’s Medical Ethics. New York: Robert Krieger Publishing Company, 1975
[31] Levine, Robert J. Informed consent: some challenges to the universal validity of the western model. Law, Medicine and Health Care, 1991
[32] Loewy, EH: In defense of paternalism, Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 26: 445-468, 2005
[33] MacIntyre, A. patients as agents. In: Philosophical Medical Ethics ---- Its Nature and Significance, ed. S. Spicker and H. Englehardt, Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1977
[34] Mappes, Thomas A & DeGrazia David: Biomedical Ethics, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill Inc.1996, 19
[35] McConnell, Terrance: PHD Thesis. , 58-59
[36] Miller, Franklin G, Brody, Howard. A critique of clinical equipoise: therapeutic misconception in the ethics of clinical trials. Hastings Cent Rep 2003, 33: 19–28
[37] Pomfret, John, Nelson, Debora. An Isolated Region's Genetic Mother Lode; Harvard-Led Study Mined DNA Riches; Some Donors Say Promises Were Broken. Washington Post, December 20, 2000, Pg. A01
[38] Nelson HL, Nelson JL. The Patient in the Family: An Ethics of Medicine and Families. New York: Routledge, 1995
[39] Novack D, Detering B, Arnold R, Forrow L etc. Physicians’attitudes toward using deception to resolve difficult ethical problems, JAMA 1989,261(20): 2980–5
[40] O’Neill, Onora. Autonomy and Trust in Bioethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002
[41] O’Neill, Onora. Some limits of informed consent. J Med. Ethics, 2003, 29: 4-7
[42] O’Neill, Onora. Rethinking Informed Consent after Declaration of Helsinki. 2006年8月在第八届世界生命伦理学大会上的发言
[43] President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Making Health Care Decision --- A report on the ethical and legal implications of informed consent in patient-practitioner relationship,. Vo. 1, October 1982,93
[44] Ramsey, Paul. The patient as person: explorations in medical ethics. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970. 5
[45] Servatius, Robert. Final Plea for Defendant Karl Brandt. In Katz: Experimentations with Human Beings: the authority of the investigator, subject, professions and state in the human experimentation processs, Russell Sage Foundation, 1972, 305
[46] The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research. The Belmont Report—Ethical Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects ofResearch. April 18, 1979. http: //ohrp. osophs. dhhs. gov/humansubjects/guidance/belmont. htm.中译本提供:邱仁宗教授
[47] Thomson, Judith J. The Realm of Rights. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990
[48] Veatch, Robert. The Patient-Physician Relation: The patient as Partner, Part 2. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1991
[49] Veatch, Robert M. Abandoning Informed Consent. Hastings Center Report, 1995, 25(2): 5–12
[50] Wellman, C. H, The paradox of group autonomy, Social Philosophy & Policy Foundation, 2003
[51] Wear, Stephen. Informed Consent: Patient Autonomy and Clinician Beneficence within Health Care. 2th ed. Washington: Georgetown University Press, 1998. 35-39
[52] White, BC. Competence to Consent. Washington: Georgetown University Press, 1994
[53] Wortington, R. Clinical issues on consent: some philosophical concerns. Journal of Medical Ethics, 2002, 28: 377-380