小波变换在合成孔径雷达图像增强及压缩方面的应用研究
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摘要
合成孔径雷达作为一种重要的遥感成像雷达在很多领域有广泛的应用，合成孔径雷达图像的相干斑噪声抑制和压缩算法对于提高图像的研究利用价值，以及数据的存储和传输效率是非常重要的问题。本文中我们提出了一种结合相干斑抑制的高效的压缩合成孔径雷达图像整体方案。我们的方案是建立在小波分析的基础上的。我们提出的相干斑抑制方法是利用小波变换检测图像尺度为2的边缘信息，再利用检测出的边缘信息利用Garrote削减函数进行小波域的相干斑噪声滤除。对于基于边缘信息的Garrote去噪方法我们同传统的软去噪和硬去噪以及Lee滤波方法进行了比较，得到了很好的实验结果。对噪声滤除后的图像数据，我们再利用小波变换结合SPIHT编码方法进行压缩。我们将压缩结果同流行的JEPG压缩算法结果进行比较得到了很好的结论。
The synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is one of important remote sensing radars
used in many fields. SAR image speckle reduction and compression is very important in enhancing the apprehension of SAR image and in reducing the costs of data storage and transmission of SAR image. In this paper, we propose a compression scheme with speckle noise reduction. Our scheme is building on the wavelet analysis. The plan of speckle noise reduction we proposed is use the Garrote shrinkage function assisted by edge information of scale 2. We compare the speckle reduction results by conventional soft-valve, hard-valve and Lee filter methods, and get very good conclusion. We use wavelet transform and SPIHT encoding method to compress the data that we got after speckle noise reduction. The results compare favorably with JPHG compression methods.
The synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is one of important remote sensing radars
used in many fields. SAR image speckle reduction and compression is very important in enhancing the apprehension of SAR image and in reducing the costs of data storage and transmission of SAR image. In this paper, we propose a compression scheme with speckle noise reduction. Our scheme is building on the wavelet analysis. The plan of speckle noise reduction we proposed is use the Garrote shrinkage function assisted by edge information of scale 2. We compare the speckle reduction results by conventional soft-valve, hard-valve and Lee filter methods, and get very good conclusion. We use wavelet transform and SPIHT encoding method to compress the data that we got after speckle noise reduction. The results compare favorably with JPHG compression methods.
引文
【1】 Donoho, D. L., and Johnstone, I. M. (1994), "Ideal Spatial Adaptation via Wavelet Shrinkage," Biometrika,81,425-455.
【2】 Donoho, D. L., and Johnstone, (1995), "Adapting to Unknown Smoothness via Wavelet Shrinkage," Journal of the American Statisticl Association, 90,1200-1210.
【3】 Donoho, D. L., Johnstone, I. M., Kerkyacharian, G., and Picard, D. (1995), "Wavelet Shrinkage: Asymptopia?"(with discussion), Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 57, 301-369.
【4】 Bruce, A. G., and Gao, H.-Y. (1996a), Applied Wavelet Analysis Through S-Plus, New York: Springer-Verlag. (1996b), "Understanding WaveShrink: Variance and Bias Estimation," Biometrika, 83,727-745.
【5】 Marron, S. J., Adak, S., Johnstone, I. M., Neumann, M. H., and Patil, P. (1998), "Exact Risk Analysis of Wavelet Regression," Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 7,278-309.
【6】 Breiman, L. (1995), "Better Subset Regression Using the Nonnegative Garrote," Technometrics, 37, 373-384.
【7】 沈兰荪(1998)，“图像编码与异步传输，”人民邮电出版社
【8】 胡昌华、张军波等(1999)，“基于MATLAB的系统分析与设计—小波分析，”西安电灶科技大学出版社
【9】 王宏禹(1999)，“非平稳随机信号分析与处理，”国防工业出版社
【10】 李建平、唐远炎(1999)，“小波分析方法的应用，”重庆大学出版社
【11】 程正兴(1998)，“小波分析算法与应用，”西安交通大学出版社
【12】 H.H.Arsenault and G. April,"Properties of speckle integrated with afinite aperture and logarithmic transformation," Opt. Soc. Amer, vol. 66, p. 1160,1976
【13】 D. Donoho, "De-noising by soft-thresholding," IEEE Trans, Inform. Theory, vol. IT-41,pp.613-627, May 1995
【14】 Breiman, L. (1995), "Better Subset Regression Using the Nonnegative Garrote," Technometrics, 37,373-384.
【15】 Daubechies, I. (1992), Ten Lectures on Wavelets, Philadelphia, PA: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
【16】 H. Gao, J. E. Odegard, M. Lang, R. A. Gopinath, I. Selesnick and C.S. Burrus, "Wavelet based speckle reduction with application to SAR based ATD/R,"in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing. vol. 1 pp. 75-79, Austin, TX, Nov.
1994
[ 17] Y.H Lu, Y.L Loh, T.S Yeo and C.B Zhang , "Speckle Reduction By Wavelet Transform, " 1997 Asia Pacific Microwave Conference, 5A17-6, pp.1017-1020．
[ 18 ] M.L.Mittal, V.K.Singh and R.Krishnan, "Wavelet Transform Based Technique for Speckle Noise Suppression and Data Compression for SAR Image," Fifth International Symposium on Signal Processing and its Application, 1SSPA '99, Brisbane, Australia, pp.781-784, 22-25 August, 1999
[ 19] Zhaohui Zeng and Ian G. Gumming, "SAR Image Data Compression Using a Tree-Structured Wavelet Transform," IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 39, NO.3, March 2001
[20] M.Dutkiewicz and LCumming, "Evaluation of the effects of encoding on SAR data," Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sensing, vol.60, pp.895-904, July 1994
[21 ] P. Perona and J. Malik, "Scale-Space and Edge Detection Using Anisotropic Diffusion.," IEEE Transactions of Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 12, pp. 629-639, July 1990．
[22] J. F. Canny, "A computational approach to edge detection," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 8, pp. 679-698, 1986．
[23 ] Lim, Jae S. Two-Dimensional Signal and Image Processing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990． pp.478-488．
[ 24 ] V. Torre and T. A. Poggio, "On edge detection," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 8, pp. 147-163, March, 1986．
[25] Stephane Mallat ,"Zero-Crossing of a Wavelet Transform," IEEE Transaction on Information Theory, vol. 37, pp. 1019-1033 No. 4 July 1991
[ 26 ] Stephane Mallat and Wen Liang Hwang, "Singularity Detection and Processing with Wavelets," IEEE Transaction on Information Theory, vol. 38, pp. 617-643 No.2 March 1992
[27] Stephane Mallat and Sifen Zhong "Characterization of Signals from Multiscale Edges," IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 14, pp.710-732 No.7 July 1992
[28] Y.Dong, A.K.Milne and B.C.Froster "Toward Edge Sharpening: A SAR Speckle Filtering Algorithm," IEEE Transaction on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 39, NO.4, April 2001
[29] Marc Antonini,Michel Barlaud,PierreMathieu and Ingrid Daubecheis ,"Image
Coding Using Wavelet Transform , " IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. Vol. 1 .No.2,pp.205-220,April, 1992
[30] E.A.B.da Silva and M.Ghanbari, "On the Performance of Linear Phase Wavelet Transform in Low Bit-Rate Image Coding" IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 5． No.5,pp.689-704, May 1996
[31] 郝俊瑞，许红军“图像压缩中小波基的选择，”桂林电子工业学院学报,vol.20,No.2,pp.9-11 ,Jun.2000
[32] Charilaos Christopoulos, Athanassios Skodras, Touradj Edrahimi, "The JPEG2000 Still Image Coding System: An Overview," IEEE Transaction on Consumer Electronics, vol. 46 , No. 4 , pp . 1103-1127 , November, 2000
[ 33 ] Jerome M.Shapiro, "Embedded Image Coding Using Zerotrees of Wavelet Coefficients," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 41, No. 12, pp. 1645-1663, Dec. 1993
[34] Amir Said, William A. Pearlman , "A New, Fast, and Efficient Image Codec Based on Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees, " IEEE Transactions on Circurrs and Systems for Video Technology, vol.6, No.3, pp. 103-250 , June 1996
[35] David Taubman , "High Performance Scalable Image Compression with EBCOT," IEEE Transactions on Image Processing ,vol. 9 , No. 7, pp.1158-1170, July 2000
[36] Jian Zhu and Stuart Lawson , "Improvements to SPIHT for Lossy Image Coding,"2001 IEEE
[37] J.S.Lee , "Speckle suppression and analysis for synthetic aperture radar," Optical Engineering, vol. 25 no 5, pp. 656-643
[ 38 ] A.Lopes, R.Touzi, E.Nesry, "Adaptive speckle filters and scene heterogeneity ," IEEE Trans on GRS, vol.28 no.6, pp. 992-1000, Nov 1990
[39] VS. Frost,J.A.Stiles, K.S. Shanmugan, and J.C.Holtzman, "A Model for Radar images and its Application to adaptive digital filtering of multiplicative noise," IEEE Trans on PAMI, vol.4, pp.157-165 ,1982
[40] D.T.Kuan, A.A. Sawchuk , T. C. Strand, and P.Chavel, "Adaptive restoration of image with speckle," IEEE Trans on ASSPS, vol. 35, pp. 373-383,1987
[41] J.S.Lee, I.Jurkevich, P.Dewaele, P.Wambacq and A.Oosterlinck, "Speckle
filtering of synthetic aperture radar image :A review," Remote Sensing Reviews, vol. 8, pp. 313-340,1994
[42] Wallace G..K, "The JPEG Still Picture Compression Standard ," Commun. ACM, pp. 30-44,1991
[43] Jerry D.Gibson, Toby Berger, Tom Lookabaugh, Dave Lindbergh, Richard L.Baker, "Digital Compression for Multimedia Principles and Standards," Copyright by Morgan Karfmann Publishers, Inc .1998
【2】 Donoho, D. L., and Johnstone, (1995), "Adapting to Unknown Smoothness via Wavelet Shrinkage," Journal of the American Statisticl Association, 90,1200-1210.
【3】 Donoho, D. L., Johnstone, I. M., Kerkyacharian, G., and Picard, D. (1995), "Wavelet Shrinkage: Asymptopia?"(with discussion), Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 57, 301-369.
【4】 Bruce, A. G., and Gao, H.-Y. (1996a), Applied Wavelet Analysis Through S-Plus, New York: Springer-Verlag. (1996b), "Understanding WaveShrink: Variance and Bias Estimation," Biometrika, 83,727-745.
【5】 Marron, S. J., Adak, S., Johnstone, I. M., Neumann, M. H., and Patil, P. (1998), "Exact Risk Analysis of Wavelet Regression," Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 7,278-309.
【6】 Breiman, L. (1995), "Better Subset Regression Using the Nonnegative Garrote," Technometrics, 37, 373-384.
【7】 沈兰荪(1998)，“图像编码与异步传输，”人民邮电出版社
【8】 胡昌华、张军波等(1999)，“基于MATLAB的系统分析与设计—小波分析，”西安电灶科技大学出版社
【9】 王宏禹(1999)，“非平稳随机信号分析与处理，”国防工业出版社
【10】 李建平、唐远炎(1999)，“小波分析方法的应用，”重庆大学出版社
【11】 程正兴(1998)，“小波分析算法与应用，”西安交通大学出版社
【12】 H.H.Arsenault and G. April,"Properties of speckle integrated with afinite aperture and logarithmic transformation," Opt. Soc. Amer, vol. 66, p. 1160,1976
【13】 D. Donoho, "De-noising by soft-thresholding," IEEE Trans, Inform. Theory, vol. IT-41,pp.613-627, May 1995
【14】 Breiman, L. (1995), "Better Subset Regression Using the Nonnegative Garrote," Technometrics, 37,373-384.
【15】 Daubechies, I. (1992), Ten Lectures on Wavelets, Philadelphia, PA: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
【16】 H. Gao, J. E. Odegard, M. Lang, R. A. Gopinath, I. Selesnick and C.S. Burrus, "Wavelet based speckle reduction with application to SAR based ATD/R,"in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing. vol. 1 pp. 75-79, Austin, TX, Nov.
1994
[ 17] Y.H Lu, Y.L Loh, T.S Yeo and C.B Zhang , "Speckle Reduction By Wavelet Transform, " 1997 Asia Pacific Microwave Conference, 5A17-6, pp.1017-1020．
[ 18 ] M.L.Mittal, V.K.Singh and R.Krishnan, "Wavelet Transform Based Technique for Speckle Noise Suppression and Data Compression for SAR Image," Fifth International Symposium on Signal Processing and its Application, 1SSPA '99, Brisbane, Australia, pp.781-784, 22-25 August, 1999
[ 19] Zhaohui Zeng and Ian G. Gumming, "SAR Image Data Compression Using a Tree-Structured Wavelet Transform," IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 39, NO.3, March 2001
[20] M.Dutkiewicz and LCumming, "Evaluation of the effects of encoding on SAR data," Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sensing, vol.60, pp.895-904, July 1994
[21 ] P. Perona and J. Malik, "Scale-Space and Edge Detection Using Anisotropic Diffusion.," IEEE Transactions of Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 12, pp. 629-639, July 1990．
[22] J. F. Canny, "A computational approach to edge detection," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 8, pp. 679-698, 1986．
[23 ] Lim, Jae S. Two-Dimensional Signal and Image Processing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990． pp.478-488．
[ 24 ] V. Torre and T. A. Poggio, "On edge detection," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 8, pp. 147-163, March, 1986．
[25] Stephane Mallat ,"Zero-Crossing of a Wavelet Transform," IEEE Transaction on Information Theory, vol. 37, pp. 1019-1033 No. 4 July 1991
[ 26 ] Stephane Mallat and Wen Liang Hwang, "Singularity Detection and Processing with Wavelets," IEEE Transaction on Information Theory, vol. 38, pp. 617-643 No.2 March 1992
[27] Stephane Mallat and Sifen Zhong "Characterization of Signals from Multiscale Edges," IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 14, pp.710-732 No.7 July 1992
[28] Y.Dong, A.K.Milne and B.C.Froster "Toward Edge Sharpening: A SAR Speckle Filtering Algorithm," IEEE Transaction on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 39, NO.4, April 2001
[29] Marc Antonini,Michel Barlaud,PierreMathieu and Ingrid Daubecheis ,"Image
Coding Using Wavelet Transform , " IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. Vol. 1 .No.2,pp.205-220,April, 1992
[30] E.A.B.da Silva and M.Ghanbari, "On the Performance of Linear Phase Wavelet Transform in Low Bit-Rate Image Coding" IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 5． No.5,pp.689-704, May 1996
[31] 郝俊瑞，许红军“图像压缩中小波基的选择，”桂林电子工业学院学报,vol.20,No.2,pp.9-11 ,Jun.2000
[32] Charilaos Christopoulos, Athanassios Skodras, Touradj Edrahimi, "The JPEG2000 Still Image Coding System: An Overview," IEEE Transaction on Consumer Electronics, vol. 46 , No. 4 , pp . 1103-1127 , November, 2000
[ 33 ] Jerome M.Shapiro, "Embedded Image Coding Using Zerotrees of Wavelet Coefficients," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 41, No. 12, pp. 1645-1663, Dec. 1993
[34] Amir Said, William A. Pearlman , "A New, Fast, and Efficient Image Codec Based on Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees, " IEEE Transactions on Circurrs and Systems for Video Technology, vol.6, No.3, pp. 103-250 , June 1996
[35] David Taubman , "High Performance Scalable Image Compression with EBCOT," IEEE Transactions on Image Processing ,vol. 9 , No. 7, pp.1158-1170, July 2000
[36] Jian Zhu and Stuart Lawson , "Improvements to SPIHT for Lossy Image Coding,"2001 IEEE
[37] J.S.Lee , "Speckle suppression and analysis for synthetic aperture radar," Optical Engineering, vol. 25 no 5, pp. 656-643
[ 38 ] A.Lopes, R.Touzi, E.Nesry, "Adaptive speckle filters and scene heterogeneity ," IEEE Trans on GRS, vol.28 no.6, pp. 992-1000, Nov 1990
[39] VS. Frost,J.A.Stiles, K.S. Shanmugan, and J.C.Holtzman, "A Model for Radar images and its Application to adaptive digital filtering of multiplicative noise," IEEE Trans on PAMI, vol.4, pp.157-165 ,1982
[40] D.T.Kuan, A.A. Sawchuk , T. C. Strand, and P.Chavel, "Adaptive restoration of image with speckle," IEEE Trans on ASSPS, vol. 35, pp. 373-383,1987
[41] J.S.Lee, I.Jurkevich, P.Dewaele, P.Wambacq and A.Oosterlinck, "Speckle
filtering of synthetic aperture radar image :A review," Remote Sensing Reviews, vol. 8, pp. 313-340,1994
[42] Wallace G..K, "The JPEG Still Picture Compression Standard ," Commun. ACM, pp. 30-44,1991
[43] Jerry D.Gibson, Toby Berger, Tom Lookabaugh, Dave Lindbergh, Richard L.Baker, "Digital Compression for Multimedia Principles and Standards," Copyright by Morgan Karfmann Publishers, Inc .1998