含分布式发电的配电网重构及故障恢复算法研究
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摘要
近年来,随着地球上常规能源特别是石油、煤、天然气的逐渐衰竭以及全球对环境保护和节能问题的日益关注加之电力科学技术的不断发展,以风力发电、光伏发电等可再生能源为主的分布式发电(Distributed Generation, DG)技术的正日趋成熟,并逐渐成为国内外研究的热点。然而大量DG接入配电网对传统的配电网结构和运行控制方式都将发生巨大改变。国内外学者在DG并网后对电力系统的影响方面作了较多的研究,但对含多DG的配电网重构与故障恢复方面研究得还比较少,尤其是在如何合理运用DG的孤岛效应在确保重要负荷的供电可靠性的前提下对非故障停电区域尽快恢复供电方面研究更少,因此,对此进行研究具有很重要的理论意义和实际意义。本文对含多DG的配电网三相不平衡潮流算法,含DG的配电网故障诊断,重构与供电恢复等方面做了深入的研究,主要研究成果如下：
(1)配电网的重构优化和故障定位以及供电恢复等都离不开潮流计算,大量DG接入配电网,使得潮流计算更加复杂。为解决不同类型DG并入配电网后的潮流计算问题,本文根据配电网中常见的不同类型的分布式发电所具有的不同特点,对它们分类建立了潮流计算模型,将分布式发电节点归类为PQ节点、PI节点、PV节点、P-Q(V)节点,鉴于前推回代法不能处理环网和PV节点,本文以传统电流前推回代法为基础,采用相分量法进行计算不平衡量,针对DG的特殊节点计算模型,利用叠加原理和迭代、补偿等手段得到分层改进前推回代算法,同时提出针对弱环网和PV节点的处理方法。从而使含DG的三相不平衡配电网潮流计算变得简单易行,并以IEEE33节点和一个实际配电网为算例验证了本文算法的有效性。
(2)不同类型、多DG接入配电网会对配电网的重构优化产生较大影响,由于配电网负荷的频繁变化,DG并网运行时段的不确定性,配电网的实时重构就显得非常必要,实时重构最重要的一点就是计算速度和效率,以前的配电网重构要么计算速度慢,要么找不到最优解,本文了提出了采用改进混合整数差分进化算法来解决含分布式发电的配电网重构优化问题。该方法将网损最小作为目标函数,首先对传统差分进化算法(DE)进行改进,形成能处理离散变量的混合整数差分进化算法,再通过在算法中嵌入加速操作和迁移操作克服了种群规模较小时传统差分算法易早熟的问题,既提高了全局搜索能力,又提高了搜索速度,局部搜索能力也较强。同时提出以环路为基础的整数编码方法,减少了编码长度,大大提高了可行解的比例,进一步提高了计算效率,从而为配电网的实时重构打下基础。
(3)大量分布式发电的引入使配电网结构愈加复杂,继电保护与故障诊断难度加大,而故障诊断定位是配电网故障后供电恢复的基础,其诊断定位速度则是提高配电网供电可靠性的关键,为此提出了适于含有大量DG的配电网快速故障定位新方法。该方法首先根据配电网潮流计算结果,建立节点电压暂降数据库,然后通过安装在配电网中关键节点处的电能质量监控器采集到的各节点的电压,电流,功率等信息,并对节点电压暂降数据库数据及节点电压采集数据进行相关分析,匹配度最接近1的节点即为故障点。该方法对发生的故障定位准确,快捷,其效率明显优于以往的故障定位方法。配电网结构变化后,只需适当修改相应节点电压暂降数据库,不会影响使用效果。
(4)大量分布式发电引入使配电网后,对配电网故障后的供电恢复问题提出了新的挑战。鉴于传统的配电网供电恢复算法都没考虑DG并网后孤岛效应产生的影响,论文提出利用DG孤岛效应的配电网供电恢复算法。首先按照负荷的重要程度进行DG孤岛划分,称为计划孤岛,当配电网发生严重故障引起大面积停电时,配电网按DG孤岛划分方案转入孤岛运行模式维持对孤岛内重要负荷供电。然后对非故障停电区域采用改进混合整数差分进化算法,以开关操作次数最少和网损最小为目标函数进行故障后的配电网重构供电恢复,尽量恢复更多负荷,对无法恢复的负荷则进行切负荷处理,合理利用DG的孤岛运行,既保证了重要负荷的供电可靠性,又恢复了更多负荷。同时提出了故障消除后配电网恢复初始运行,如果存在非计划孤岛并网时应采取的措施。
In recent years, along with the gradually depletion of the conventional energy such as oil, coal and natural gas particularly on the earth, and the increasing global concerns for environmental protection, energy saving issues the development of the power science technology, the distributed generation (DG) technology based on wind power, photovoltaic power generation and other renewable energy technologies is becoming more and more mature and has become a hot research topic. However, after a great of DGs being connected into the distribution network, the distribution network structure, operation and control mode will be changed tremendously. The domestic and foreign researchers have done much research in the grid-connected DG impacts on the power system, but few of them studied on the distribution network reconstruction and service restoration after fault with large-scale DGs connected, to say nothing of the research on how to use the planned DG islanding resonablly to restore the service of the outage area with no fault under premise of ensuring the reliability of power supply of the important loads. So the study on this area has an important theoretical and practical significance. In this dissertation,the three-phase unbalanced power flow algorithm for the distribution network with multiple DGs and distribution network fault diagnosis, reconstruction, power supply recovery with DG have been studied intensively. The contributions of this dissertation are summarized as follows:
(1) The distribution network reconfiguration, fault location and service restoration are all based on power flow calculation of distribution system. To solve the problem of power flow calculation of distribution network connected with various DGs, DG modes are constructed respectively according to the different features of different types of DGs, thus the nodes with DG are classified into PQ node, PV node, PI node and P-Q (V) node in this dissertation. In view that back/forward algorithm cannot cope with weakly meshed distribution network and PV nodes, this dissertation presents an improved layer-by-layer current back/forward sweep power flow algorithm based on traditional back/forward sweep algorithm by using superposition principle and iterative, compensation method to calculate the unbalanced current of three-phase loads and puts forward the method of coping with weakly meshed distribution network and PV nodes. The method simplifies power flow calculation of distribution system with DGs.The examples of IEEE33-bus test system and a practical distribution network has proved the efficiency and feasibility of the algorithm.
(2) That different types and multiple DGs are connected into the distribution network will have great influence on the reconfiguration and optimization of the distribution network. Due to the frequently changes of the loads and the time uncertainty of DGs in the grid, The distribution network real-time reconstruction is very necessary, the calculation speed and efficiency are very critical in real-time reconfiguration, the previous distribution network reconfiguration were either slow in calculation or couldn't find the optimal solution. The dissertation presents an improved mixed-integer differential evolution algorithm based on traditional differential evolution algorithm that can deal with discrete variables to solve the reconstruction optimization problems of distribution network with distributed generation. The method takes the minimum network loss as the objective function, through the accelerated and migration operations to overcome premature convergence of the traditional differential algorithm due to a small population size and improve the global search capability. The integer encoding method based on loop circuit is proposed to reduce the code length, and greatly improves the proportion of feasible solutions, and further increases computational efficiency, laying the foundation of the real-time reconfiguration.
(3) It makes the topology of distribution network more complex when a large number of distributed generations are connected into it, distribution network protection and fault diagnosis are more difficult to make. However, the fault diagnosis and location is the base of distribution power system service restoration after fault occurred; its response speed is the key to increase the reliability of power supply reliability. For this reason, a fault location approach suitable to the distribution network containing large-scale DGs is proposed. Firstly, according to the results of power flow calculation, a database of voltage sag is established; then power quality information such as voltages, currents and power is acquired by power quality monitors installed in the critical nodes of the distribution network and coordination analysis on collected nodal voltage data and voltage sag data of the established database is performed; and then the node with the matching extent value most close to1is determined as the fault point., The method is accurate and fast for fault location, and even if the distribution network structure changes, after modifying the corresponding node voltage sag database slightly,it is still suitable to locate the fault occurred effectively.
(4)A new challenge is proposed for the service restoration of distribution network when a large number of distributed generations are connected into the distribution network, in view that the traditional distribution network service restoration algorithm did not consider the islanding of the grid-connected DG. A distribution network service restoration algorithm considering the DG islanding is proposed. First, according to the importance of the loads for DG Islanding division, called the planned islanding. When serious failures result in large area power blackout, DGs are transferred into the islanding operation mode based on islanding division method to maintain the power supply for the important load. Then using the binary improved mixed integer differential evolution algorithm to restore the service of the blackout area with the non-fault area, taking the minimum switch operations and the minimum network loss as the objective function, trying best to recover more loads, for those who can not be restored, just cut them.By using the DG islanding operation scientifically, not only the power supply reliability of the important loads are ensured, but also more common loads service are restored. Finally, the measures are presented after the faults have been eliminated and the network needs restoring the initial operation if there are unplanned DG islanding operation.
(1)配电网的重构优化和故障定位以及供电恢复等都离不开潮流计算,大量DG接入配电网,使得潮流计算更加复杂。为解决不同类型DG并入配电网后的潮流计算问题,本文根据配电网中常见的不同类型的分布式发电所具有的不同特点,对它们分类建立了潮流计算模型,将分布式发电节点归类为PQ节点、PI节点、PV节点、P-Q(V)节点,鉴于前推回代法不能处理环网和PV节点,本文以传统电流前推回代法为基础,采用相分量法进行计算不平衡量,针对DG的特殊节点计算模型,利用叠加原理和迭代、补偿等手段得到分层改进前推回代算法,同时提出针对弱环网和PV节点的处理方法。从而使含DG的三相不平衡配电网潮流计算变得简单易行,并以IEEE33节点和一个实际配电网为算例验证了本文算法的有效性。
(2)不同类型、多DG接入配电网会对配电网的重构优化产生较大影响,由于配电网负荷的频繁变化,DG并网运行时段的不确定性,配电网的实时重构就显得非常必要,实时重构最重要的一点就是计算速度和效率,以前的配电网重构要么计算速度慢,要么找不到最优解,本文了提出了采用改进混合整数差分进化算法来解决含分布式发电的配电网重构优化问题。该方法将网损最小作为目标函数,首先对传统差分进化算法(DE)进行改进,形成能处理离散变量的混合整数差分进化算法,再通过在算法中嵌入加速操作和迁移操作克服了种群规模较小时传统差分算法易早熟的问题,既提高了全局搜索能力,又提高了搜索速度,局部搜索能力也较强。同时提出以环路为基础的整数编码方法,减少了编码长度,大大提高了可行解的比例,进一步提高了计算效率,从而为配电网的实时重构打下基础。
(3)大量分布式发电的引入使配电网结构愈加复杂,继电保护与故障诊断难度加大,而故障诊断定位是配电网故障后供电恢复的基础,其诊断定位速度则是提高配电网供电可靠性的关键,为此提出了适于含有大量DG的配电网快速故障定位新方法。该方法首先根据配电网潮流计算结果,建立节点电压暂降数据库,然后通过安装在配电网中关键节点处的电能质量监控器采集到的各节点的电压,电流,功率等信息,并对节点电压暂降数据库数据及节点电压采集数据进行相关分析,匹配度最接近1的节点即为故障点。该方法对发生的故障定位准确,快捷,其效率明显优于以往的故障定位方法。配电网结构变化后,只需适当修改相应节点电压暂降数据库,不会影响使用效果。
(4)大量分布式发电引入使配电网后,对配电网故障后的供电恢复问题提出了新的挑战。鉴于传统的配电网供电恢复算法都没考虑DG并网后孤岛效应产生的影响,论文提出利用DG孤岛效应的配电网供电恢复算法。首先按照负荷的重要程度进行DG孤岛划分,称为计划孤岛,当配电网发生严重故障引起大面积停电时,配电网按DG孤岛划分方案转入孤岛运行模式维持对孤岛内重要负荷供电。然后对非故障停电区域采用改进混合整数差分进化算法,以开关操作次数最少和网损最小为目标函数进行故障后的配电网重构供电恢复,尽量恢复更多负荷,对无法恢复的负荷则进行切负荷处理,合理利用DG的孤岛运行,既保证了重要负荷的供电可靠性,又恢复了更多负荷。同时提出了故障消除后配电网恢复初始运行,如果存在非计划孤岛并网时应采取的措施。
In recent years, along with the gradually depletion of the conventional energy such as oil, coal and natural gas particularly on the earth, and the increasing global concerns for environmental protection, energy saving issues the development of the power science technology, the distributed generation (DG) technology based on wind power, photovoltaic power generation and other renewable energy technologies is becoming more and more mature and has become a hot research topic. However, after a great of DGs being connected into the distribution network, the distribution network structure, operation and control mode will be changed tremendously. The domestic and foreign researchers have done much research in the grid-connected DG impacts on the power system, but few of them studied on the distribution network reconstruction and service restoration after fault with large-scale DGs connected, to say nothing of the research on how to use the planned DG islanding resonablly to restore the service of the outage area with no fault under premise of ensuring the reliability of power supply of the important loads. So the study on this area has an important theoretical and practical significance. In this dissertation,the three-phase unbalanced power flow algorithm for the distribution network with multiple DGs and distribution network fault diagnosis, reconstruction, power supply recovery with DG have been studied intensively. The contributions of this dissertation are summarized as follows:
(1) The distribution network reconfiguration, fault location and service restoration are all based on power flow calculation of distribution system. To solve the problem of power flow calculation of distribution network connected with various DGs, DG modes are constructed respectively according to the different features of different types of DGs, thus the nodes with DG are classified into PQ node, PV node, PI node and P-Q (V) node in this dissertation. In view that back/forward algorithm cannot cope with weakly meshed distribution network and PV nodes, this dissertation presents an improved layer-by-layer current back/forward sweep power flow algorithm based on traditional back/forward sweep algorithm by using superposition principle and iterative, compensation method to calculate the unbalanced current of three-phase loads and puts forward the method of coping with weakly meshed distribution network and PV nodes. The method simplifies power flow calculation of distribution system with DGs.The examples of IEEE33-bus test system and a practical distribution network has proved the efficiency and feasibility of the algorithm.
(2) That different types and multiple DGs are connected into the distribution network will have great influence on the reconfiguration and optimization of the distribution network. Due to the frequently changes of the loads and the time uncertainty of DGs in the grid, The distribution network real-time reconstruction is very necessary, the calculation speed and efficiency are very critical in real-time reconfiguration, the previous distribution network reconfiguration were either slow in calculation or couldn't find the optimal solution. The dissertation presents an improved mixed-integer differential evolution algorithm based on traditional differential evolution algorithm that can deal with discrete variables to solve the reconstruction optimization problems of distribution network with distributed generation. The method takes the minimum network loss as the objective function, through the accelerated and migration operations to overcome premature convergence of the traditional differential algorithm due to a small population size and improve the global search capability. The integer encoding method based on loop circuit is proposed to reduce the code length, and greatly improves the proportion of feasible solutions, and further increases computational efficiency, laying the foundation of the real-time reconfiguration.
(3) It makes the topology of distribution network more complex when a large number of distributed generations are connected into it, distribution network protection and fault diagnosis are more difficult to make. However, the fault diagnosis and location is the base of distribution power system service restoration after fault occurred; its response speed is the key to increase the reliability of power supply reliability. For this reason, a fault location approach suitable to the distribution network containing large-scale DGs is proposed. Firstly, according to the results of power flow calculation, a database of voltage sag is established; then power quality information such as voltages, currents and power is acquired by power quality monitors installed in the critical nodes of the distribution network and coordination analysis on collected nodal voltage data and voltage sag data of the established database is performed; and then the node with the matching extent value most close to1is determined as the fault point., The method is accurate and fast for fault location, and even if the distribution network structure changes, after modifying the corresponding node voltage sag database slightly,it is still suitable to locate the fault occurred effectively.
(4)A new challenge is proposed for the service restoration of distribution network when a large number of distributed generations are connected into the distribution network, in view that the traditional distribution network service restoration algorithm did not consider the islanding of the grid-connected DG. A distribution network service restoration algorithm considering the DG islanding is proposed. First, according to the importance of the loads for DG Islanding division, called the planned islanding. When serious failures result in large area power blackout, DGs are transferred into the islanding operation mode based on islanding division method to maintain the power supply for the important load. Then using the binary improved mixed integer differential evolution algorithm to restore the service of the blackout area with the non-fault area, taking the minimum switch operations and the minimum network loss as the objective function, trying best to recover more loads, for those who can not be restored, just cut them.By using the DG islanding operation scientifically, not only the power supply reliability of the important loads are ensured, but also more common loads service are restored. Finally, the measures are presented after the faults have been eliminated and the network needs restoring the initial operation if there are unplanned DG islanding operation.
引文
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