基于景观生态学的土地整理项目规划设计研究
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摘要
土地整理是兼容外延扩展和内涵挖潜的,保护耕地、缓解人地矛盾的有效措施。在可持续土地整理的发展趋势下,我国以增加耕地面积、提高耕地质量为主要目标的土地整理项目传统规划设计已不能满足于生态环境保护和实现土地可持续利用的要求,运用景观生态学指导土地整理项目规划设计,调整项目区农业景观生态系统的结构,对项目区进行景观生态建设,提高系统的生物生产能力、生态环境服务功能和文化服务功能,对我国开展可持续性土地整理的理论研究和实践操作具有重要的参考价值。
本文以景观生态学的核心内容即景观结构、景观功能和景观动态为导向,构建理论分析框架。在研究景观生态学的发展历程和国内外应用景观生态学指导土地整理实践的基础上,介绍景观生态学的格局过程关系原理、尺度分析原理和景观演化的人类主导性原理,应用“斑块-廊道-基质”模式划分土地整理项目区的景观生态单元,探讨土地整理项目景观生态规划设计的目标、原则和内容,根据景观格局指数的生态意义,构建适用于土地整理项目尺度的景观生态空间格局分析指数体系,提出土地整理项目景观生态规划设计即景观生态格局规划调整、景观单元生态设计的措施,并将土地整理项目景观生态规划设计与传统规划设计进行对比分析。最后,以省级投资武汉市蔡甸区消泗等2个乡镇基本农田土地整理项目消泗片为例,进行土地整理项目景观生态规划设计的实证研究。
基于景观生态学探索土地整理项目规划设计的途径在我国尚属新兴的研究领域。首次提出土地整理项目景观生态规划设计的理论和方法；同时,将景观生态学的研究范围拓宽到微观领域,强化景观生态学在实践中的应用。
基于景观生态学的土地整理项目规划设计的措施主要包括：(1)保护具有生态学意义的景观类型,提高景观异质性和生态多样性；(2)合理规划布置景观类型,调整景观结构,降低景观破碎化程度,优化物种生境格局；(3)加强景观斑块、廊道的生态建设,保证农业景观生态系统内物种流、物流和能流的畅通。
Integrating external and internal extension, Land consolidation can effectively protect the farmland and lessen the conflict between land and people's requirement. With sustainable land consolidation gaining momentum, the traditional planning and design which target at increasing the quality and quantity of farmland cannot meet the demands of protecting the environment and sustainably using the land. Landscape ecology, however, can serve as the guideline of land consolidation. By which, the agricultural landscape ecosystems of project areas should be restructured and these areas can be landscape eco-constructed. In this way, increased productivity of creatures in the system, and enhanced ecological environment and cultural service can be foreseen. This thesis can be of some reference value for the theoretical research and practice in sustainable land consolidation of our country.
This thesis constructs theoretical analysis framework based on the key elements of landscape ecology, i.e., landscape structure, landscape function and landscape dynamic. Having cleaned up the history of landscape ecology and its practice at home and abroad, this thesis sheds light on the correlation between structure and function, principle of scale analysis and human dominance in landscape evolution. This thesis divides the units of project areas by applying the pattern of patch-corridor-matrix. This thesis tries to explore the objectives, principles and contents of the planning and design of landscape ecology. The ecological significance of landscape pattern index helps to build up index analysis system suitable for the scale of land consolidation. This thesis proposes some measures of landscape ecology planning and design in the project areas. This thesis also contrasts analysis of the suggested and the traditional planning and design. In the last, the projects carried out in two towns, Xiaosi included, of Caidian district of Wuhan is set as examples of landscape ecology planning and design.
The approach to studying land consolidation at the footing of landscape ecology offers a new perspective in this realm. The theories and methods are put forward for the first time and meanwhile the research of landscape ecology is extended into the microcosmic field.
The measures include:(1) preserving the forms of landscapes of ecological importance and increasing landscape heterogeneity and biodiversity; (2) reasonably planning landscape forms, adjusting landscape structures, decreasing landscape fragmentation index and optimizing biological environment; (3) facilitating the establishment of landscape patch and corridor and ensuring unimpeded circulation of flow of species, creatures and energy.
本文以景观生态学的核心内容即景观结构、景观功能和景观动态为导向,构建理论分析框架。在研究景观生态学的发展历程和国内外应用景观生态学指导土地整理实践的基础上,介绍景观生态学的格局过程关系原理、尺度分析原理和景观演化的人类主导性原理,应用“斑块-廊道-基质”模式划分土地整理项目区的景观生态单元,探讨土地整理项目景观生态规划设计的目标、原则和内容,根据景观格局指数的生态意义,构建适用于土地整理项目尺度的景观生态空间格局分析指数体系,提出土地整理项目景观生态规划设计即景观生态格局规划调整、景观单元生态设计的措施,并将土地整理项目景观生态规划设计与传统规划设计进行对比分析。最后,以省级投资武汉市蔡甸区消泗等2个乡镇基本农田土地整理项目消泗片为例,进行土地整理项目景观生态规划设计的实证研究。
基于景观生态学探索土地整理项目规划设计的途径在我国尚属新兴的研究领域。首次提出土地整理项目景观生态规划设计的理论和方法；同时,将景观生态学的研究范围拓宽到微观领域,强化景观生态学在实践中的应用。
基于景观生态学的土地整理项目规划设计的措施主要包括：(1)保护具有生态学意义的景观类型,提高景观异质性和生态多样性；(2)合理规划布置景观类型,调整景观结构,降低景观破碎化程度,优化物种生境格局；(3)加强景观斑块、廊道的生态建设,保证农业景观生态系统内物种流、物流和能流的畅通。
Integrating external and internal extension, Land consolidation can effectively protect the farmland and lessen the conflict between land and people's requirement. With sustainable land consolidation gaining momentum, the traditional planning and design which target at increasing the quality and quantity of farmland cannot meet the demands of protecting the environment and sustainably using the land. Landscape ecology, however, can serve as the guideline of land consolidation. By which, the agricultural landscape ecosystems of project areas should be restructured and these areas can be landscape eco-constructed. In this way, increased productivity of creatures in the system, and enhanced ecological environment and cultural service can be foreseen. This thesis can be of some reference value for the theoretical research and practice in sustainable land consolidation of our country.
This thesis constructs theoretical analysis framework based on the key elements of landscape ecology, i.e., landscape structure, landscape function and landscape dynamic. Having cleaned up the history of landscape ecology and its practice at home and abroad, this thesis sheds light on the correlation between structure and function, principle of scale analysis and human dominance in landscape evolution. This thesis divides the units of project areas by applying the pattern of patch-corridor-matrix. This thesis tries to explore the objectives, principles and contents of the planning and design of landscape ecology. The ecological significance of landscape pattern index helps to build up index analysis system suitable for the scale of land consolidation. This thesis proposes some measures of landscape ecology planning and design in the project areas. This thesis also contrasts analysis of the suggested and the traditional planning and design. In the last, the projects carried out in two towns, Xiaosi included, of Caidian district of Wuhan is set as examples of landscape ecology planning and design.
The approach to studying land consolidation at the footing of landscape ecology offers a new perspective in this realm. The theories and methods are put forward for the first time and meanwhile the research of landscape ecology is extended into the microcosmic field.
The measures include:(1) preserving the forms of landscapes of ecological importance and increasing landscape heterogeneity and biodiversity; (2) reasonably planning landscape forms, adjusting landscape structures, decreasing landscape fragmentation index and optimizing biological environment; (3) facilitating the establishment of landscape patch and corridor and ensuring unimpeded circulation of flow of species, creatures and energy.
引文
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1.湖北省武汉市蔡甸区消泗等2个乡镇基本农田土地整理项目现状调查基础资料、现状图、规划图、文本
2.谢高地,肖玉,甄霖等.我国粮食生产的生态服务价值研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2005,7：10-13
3.谢高地,甄霖,鲁春霞等.一个基于专家知识的生态系统服务价值化方法[J].自然资源学报,2008,9：911-919
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1图形来源：陈文波,肖笃宁,李秀珍.景观空间分析的特征和主要内容[J].生态学报,2002,7：1135-1142
2图形来源：肖笃宁,李秀珍等.景观生态学[M].北京：科学出版社,2003,3：35
3 图形来源：John F. Wegner, Gray Merriam. Movements by birds and small mammals between a wood and adjoining farmland habitats[J]. British Ecological Society,1979:349～353
2.鲍海君,吴宇哲,胡昱东.环境伦理型农地整理规划设计与运作模式探讨[J].经济地理,2003,03：346-350
3.陈意昌,张俊斌,颜正平.台湾地区农地渠道与生态工法之探讨[J].水土保持研究,2001,8(4)：53-59
4.国家土地管理局规划司.国内外土地整理借鉴[M].北京：中国大地出版社,1997
5.国土资源部耕地保护司,土地整理中心.中外土地整理比较研究.见：全国土地开发整理规划专题研究之五,北京：中国大地出版社,2002
6.何芳.前联邦德国土地整理介绍与分析[J].中国土地,1997,10：41-44
7.廖蓉,杜官印.荷兰土地整理对我国土地整理发展的启示[J].中国国土资源经济,2004,9：25-27
8.刘安国.捷克斯洛伐克的景观生态研究-中国科学院区域环境研究考察组访捷见闻[J].地理科学,1981,1(2)：183-184
9.王邻孟.土地制度变革中俄罗斯的土地整理[J].中国土地科学,1997,11(增刊)：66-68
10.吴克宁,郑信伟,吕巧灵等.景观生态学理论在土地整理中的应用[J].中国农学通报,2006,12：300-302
11.肖笃宁.景观生态学研究进展[M].长沙：湖南科学技术出版社,1999： 35-39
12.肖笃宁,李秀珍,高峻等.景观生态学[M].北京：科学出版社,2003,3：17-22
13.叶艳妹.农地整理工程对农田生态的影响及其生态环境保育型模式设计[J].农业工程学报,2001,17(5)：167-171
14.叶艳妹.可持续农地整理的理论和方法研究[博士学位论文].杭州：浙江大学,2002
15.杨相和.国外土地整理的启示与借鉴[J].国土经济,2002,7：43-44
16.张远索,徐波,张占录.生态型土地整理实证分析—以日本家根合地区为例[J].生态环境,2009,02：335-337
17.张正峰.国外可持续土地整理的发展特征及对我国的启示[J].生态经济,2007,10：144-147
18. Forman R. T. T and Godron. M Landscape Ecology. New York:John Wiley & Sons,1986
19. Haber W. "Using landscape ecology in planning and Management" In:Zonneveld I S, Forman R.T.T, eds. Changing Landscapes:an Ecological Perspective.New York:Springer-Verlag,1990. 217～231
20. Iseaak S. Zonneveld. Geoeclogy.李秀珍译.北京：科学出版社,2003
21. McHarg I.L. Design with Nature. Doubleday, Garden City, NY.1969
22. Odum E.P. The strategy of ecosystem development. Science,1969,164:262～270
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1.湖北省武汉市蔡甸区消泗等2个乡镇基本农田土地整理项目现状调查基础资料、现状图、规划图、文本
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1图形来源：陈文波,肖笃宁,李秀珍.景观空间分析的特征和主要内容[J].生态学报,2002,7：1135-1142
2图形来源：肖笃宁,李秀珍等.景观生态学[M].北京：科学出版社,2003,3：35
3 图形来源：John F. Wegner, Gray Merriam. Movements by birds and small mammals between a wood and adjoining farmland habitats[J]. British Ecological Society,1979:349～353