重庆市农村外出劳动力回流动因及对策研究
|
摘要
伴随2004年国家“重农”政策实施发生的农村外出劳动力回流,是继“民工潮”和1990年代中期民工短暂回流之后,当代中国农村人口流动的又一引入注目的现象。本文以“重庆市农村外出劳动力回流动因及对策”为题进行研究,希望建立一个分析农村外出劳动力回流解释力强的理论模型,并定量分析影响民工回流的的各个因素,探析这一社会现象蕴涵的重大政策和战略意义,为政府决策提供针对劳动力回流问题有说服力的政策建议。
本文论述的逻辑结构是:结合西部地区劳动力转移现状来介绍劳动力转移的形态,分析劳动力回流的历史进程,指出在许多地区大量出现“民工荒”的情况下,[0]农民工依然大量回流到农村这个矛盾,并由此展开本文的论述[0]。在借鉴国内外相关理论及模型的基础上,从我国的国情出发,以重庆农村外出劳动力的流动现状为研究对象构建符合实际的理论框架,提出本文研究的全景式推拉合力理论模型。在对调查样本进行深入的统计分析的基础上,找出影响农村外出劳动力回流的一系列因素,将这些因素与理论模型相结合构建出计量模型进行实证分析。在统计分析和实证分析检验的基础上提出相关政策建议。
通过详实具体的入户调查、较为深入的理论分析,并利用现代数量分析方法进行实证,得出了以下一些有意义的研究结果,也是本文研究的主要创新之处。
①构建分析劳动力流动的推拉合力理论模型。本文在回顾分析刘易斯模型、拉-费模型、乔根森理论、Todaro模型、新迁移理论以及推拉理论的基础上,基于西部特别是重庆农村劳动力转移流动的实际,吸取上述六大理论的精华,以推拉理论模型为基础构建起全景式推拉合力理论模型,作为本文的理论分析框架。在推拉合力理论模型框架中,对于农村劳动力迁移决策,农村和城市均存在推力与拉力,劳动力迁移决策最终取决于城市、农村的四个方面的推力和拉力共同形成的最终合力方向。这样,从注重内生变量因素到内生变量因素与外生变量因素并重,从单推力单拉力到双推力双拉力,从推力拉力到推拉合力,从封闭式作用力小循环圈到全景式合力大循环圈,将传统的劳动力迁移推拉理论模型创新为全景式推拉合力理论模型,从而也使农村外出劳动力回流研究进入到一个新的境界。
②基于入户调查和数量分析定量阐明影响回流的主要原因。在对重庆部分村镇进行问卷调查和入户访谈的基础上,选用Probit模型和Logit模型对影响劳动力回流的动因进行了数量分析,选取12个指标作为影响因素进入决策模型。这其中包括了制度因素、政策影响、人文传统等传统理论模型不予考虑的外生变量因素。主要分析结果为:性别、婚姻、留在家庭劳动力数量、累积打工时间、家庭人均耕地面积、家庭中学龄前及学龄儿童数等变量对回流发生的概率影响较大;受教育程度对回流的影响并不明显;与一般的预期相反,中央的利农政策虽然有助于引导农民重视种地,但利农政策的实施还远不是促使农民工回流的主要原因。
③提出应对农村外出劳动力回流的对策建议。基于影响农民工回流的各种推力和拉力因素,在推拉合力理论模型的大框架下,本文从城市视角、农村层面、城乡统筹战略三个方面提出了若干有针对性的政策建议,如积极稳妥改革城乡分割的体制机制,逐步扫清“农民变市民”的制度障碍;输出地积极探索政府公共服务向外出农民工群体延伸的新机制,提高对农民工服务管理水平;加强农村社会化服务,解决外出农民工的后顾之忧;推动土地承包经营权流转,提高农业机械化普及程度,促进农村土地适度规模经营;明确把促进外出农村劳动力在城镇稳定就业作为统筹城乡的重要着力点等等。这些对策建议,具有较强的针对性和可操作性。
In the year of 2004, along with national agricultural development policy, Chinese rural migrant workers rushed back to their home-villages, shaping another eye-catching phenomenon after the previous tide of peasants going out and temporarily coming back in the mid 1990s. Through establishing a theoretical model with strong explanatory power for the return of these migrant rural workers, this thesis explores the significance implied in this social phenomenon by quantitatively analyzing all factors affecting their return behavior, with the aim to provide persuasive policy suggestions on this aspect.
The logic structure of this thesis is as follow. Based on the current situation of rural labor migration in the west of China, the author firstly introduces the patterns of labor migration, analyzes the historical process of their return, and points out the contradictory reality of rural labor return against the existence of labor shortage. And then, by introducing the related theories and models form home and abroad, and starting from the actual circumstances in Chongqing China, this thesis proposes the key model to explain this phenomenon---the panoramic push-pull-joint force theory and model. Next, based on in-depth statistic analysis of sample survey data, the author obtains a list of factors affecting the return of rural migrant workers, and then conducts empirical study on these factors and the econometric model. Finally, relevant policy suggestions would be provided on basis of the statistical analysis and empirical analysis,
Through detailed household investigation, in-depth theoretical analysis and empirical study, the author achieves the following significant results, which are also the major innovative points of this thesis.
Firstly, the theoretical model of panoramic push-pull-joint force is established to analyze the labor migration. Based on analysis of Lewis model, Latin America - fee model, Jorgensen theory, Todaro model, the new theory of migration as well as the push-pull theory, in consideration of rural labor migration reality in the Chongqing-based western region, the theoretical model of panoramic push-pull-joint force is set up as the framework for the whole theoretical analysis. Since there exist the push and pull forces in both rural and urban areas, inside the general framework, the final joint force formed by the 4 types of push and pull forces is essential for the rural labor migration decision making, Thus, the change from focus only on endogenous factors to both the endogenous and exogenous factors, the change from single push &pull force to double push &pull forces, the change from separate pull and push force to joint push-pull force, and the change from enclosed force small-cycle to the panoramic joint-force big cycle, produces out the panoramic push-pull-joint force theoretical model based on the traditional labor migration push-pull theoretical model, and further upgrades the research on return of rural migrant workers.
Secondly, the main reasons for return of migrant rural workers are clarified based on household investigation and quantitative analysis. The Probit model and Logit model are used to analyze factors affecting the return of migrant labors based on questionnaires and interviews in some of towns and villiages of Chongqing Municipality. 12 indicators enter the decision-making model as affecting factors, including institutional factor, policy factor, traditional and cultural factor etc. Through analysis it is concluded that factors like sex, marital status, number of labor remaining at home-village, accumulative working time, family per capita arable land, number of pre-school and school-age children in the family etc exert outstanding influence on the return phenomenon, while contrary to general expectations ,the education level has no apprant impact on this phenomenon. Moreover, although the national agricultural development policy promotes the motivation of peasants to conduct farming, it hardly constructs the mian reason for the return of migrant rural workers.
Finally, the countermeasures to resolve problems in the return of migrant rural workers are put forward. Inside the framework push-pull joint force model, based on actual factors of pushing and pulling, this thesis proposes policy suggestions from urban perspective, rural perspective, as well as the rual-urban coordinated development strategic perspective, including refroming on the rural-urban division market system in an active and prudent way to clear obstacles for rural people becoming citizens, exploring public service covering the migrant rural workers in their home-village to improve service performance for rural workers, strengthening rural social community service to encourge the rural workers going out without worrying about issues back at home, promoting the system of land contract and popularization of machines in agricultural production to stimulate scale production of agriculture in rural area, and also emphasizing the improtance of stable employment of migrant rural workers in the urban area, etc, which are all feasible and practical.
本文论述的逻辑结构是:结合西部地区劳动力转移现状来介绍劳动力转移的形态,分析劳动力回流的历史进程,指出在许多地区大量出现“民工荒”的情况下,[0]农民工依然大量回流到农村这个矛盾,并由此展开本文的论述[0]。在借鉴国内外相关理论及模型的基础上,从我国的国情出发,以重庆农村外出劳动力的流动现状为研究对象构建符合实际的理论框架,提出本文研究的全景式推拉合力理论模型。在对调查样本进行深入的统计分析的基础上,找出影响农村外出劳动力回流的一系列因素,将这些因素与理论模型相结合构建出计量模型进行实证分析。在统计分析和实证分析检验的基础上提出相关政策建议。
通过详实具体的入户调查、较为深入的理论分析,并利用现代数量分析方法进行实证,得出了以下一些有意义的研究结果,也是本文研究的主要创新之处。
①构建分析劳动力流动的推拉合力理论模型。本文在回顾分析刘易斯模型、拉-费模型、乔根森理论、Todaro模型、新迁移理论以及推拉理论的基础上,基于西部特别是重庆农村劳动力转移流动的实际,吸取上述六大理论的精华,以推拉理论模型为基础构建起全景式推拉合力理论模型,作为本文的理论分析框架。在推拉合力理论模型框架中,对于农村劳动力迁移决策,农村和城市均存在推力与拉力,劳动力迁移决策最终取决于城市、农村的四个方面的推力和拉力共同形成的最终合力方向。这样,从注重内生变量因素到内生变量因素与外生变量因素并重,从单推力单拉力到双推力双拉力,从推力拉力到推拉合力,从封闭式作用力小循环圈到全景式合力大循环圈,将传统的劳动力迁移推拉理论模型创新为全景式推拉合力理论模型,从而也使农村外出劳动力回流研究进入到一个新的境界。
②基于入户调查和数量分析定量阐明影响回流的主要原因。在对重庆部分村镇进行问卷调查和入户访谈的基础上,选用Probit模型和Logit模型对影响劳动力回流的动因进行了数量分析,选取12个指标作为影响因素进入决策模型。这其中包括了制度因素、政策影响、人文传统等传统理论模型不予考虑的外生变量因素。主要分析结果为:性别、婚姻、留在家庭劳动力数量、累积打工时间、家庭人均耕地面积、家庭中学龄前及学龄儿童数等变量对回流发生的概率影响较大;受教育程度对回流的影响并不明显;与一般的预期相反,中央的利农政策虽然有助于引导农民重视种地,但利农政策的实施还远不是促使农民工回流的主要原因。
③提出应对农村外出劳动力回流的对策建议。基于影响农民工回流的各种推力和拉力因素,在推拉合力理论模型的大框架下,本文从城市视角、农村层面、城乡统筹战略三个方面提出了若干有针对性的政策建议,如积极稳妥改革城乡分割的体制机制,逐步扫清“农民变市民”的制度障碍;输出地积极探索政府公共服务向外出农民工群体延伸的新机制,提高对农民工服务管理水平;加强农村社会化服务,解决外出农民工的后顾之忧;推动土地承包经营权流转,提高农业机械化普及程度,促进农村土地适度规模经营;明确把促进外出农村劳动力在城镇稳定就业作为统筹城乡的重要着力点等等。这些对策建议,具有较强的针对性和可操作性。
In the year of 2004, along with national agricultural development policy, Chinese rural migrant workers rushed back to their home-villages, shaping another eye-catching phenomenon after the previous tide of peasants going out and temporarily coming back in the mid 1990s. Through establishing a theoretical model with strong explanatory power for the return of these migrant rural workers, this thesis explores the significance implied in this social phenomenon by quantitatively analyzing all factors affecting their return behavior, with the aim to provide persuasive policy suggestions on this aspect.
The logic structure of this thesis is as follow. Based on the current situation of rural labor migration in the west of China, the author firstly introduces the patterns of labor migration, analyzes the historical process of their return, and points out the contradictory reality of rural labor return against the existence of labor shortage. And then, by introducing the related theories and models form home and abroad, and starting from the actual circumstances in Chongqing China, this thesis proposes the key model to explain this phenomenon---the panoramic push-pull-joint force theory and model. Next, based on in-depth statistic analysis of sample survey data, the author obtains a list of factors affecting the return of rural migrant workers, and then conducts empirical study on these factors and the econometric model. Finally, relevant policy suggestions would be provided on basis of the statistical analysis and empirical analysis,
Through detailed household investigation, in-depth theoretical analysis and empirical study, the author achieves the following significant results, which are also the major innovative points of this thesis.
Firstly, the theoretical model of panoramic push-pull-joint force is established to analyze the labor migration. Based on analysis of Lewis model, Latin America - fee model, Jorgensen theory, Todaro model, the new theory of migration as well as the push-pull theory, in consideration of rural labor migration reality in the Chongqing-based western region, the theoretical model of panoramic push-pull-joint force is set up as the framework for the whole theoretical analysis. Since there exist the push and pull forces in both rural and urban areas, inside the general framework, the final joint force formed by the 4 types of push and pull forces is essential for the rural labor migration decision making, Thus, the change from focus only on endogenous factors to both the endogenous and exogenous factors, the change from single push &pull force to double push &pull forces, the change from separate pull and push force to joint push-pull force, and the change from enclosed force small-cycle to the panoramic joint-force big cycle, produces out the panoramic push-pull-joint force theoretical model based on the traditional labor migration push-pull theoretical model, and further upgrades the research on return of rural migrant workers.
Secondly, the main reasons for return of migrant rural workers are clarified based on household investigation and quantitative analysis. The Probit model and Logit model are used to analyze factors affecting the return of migrant labors based on questionnaires and interviews in some of towns and villiages of Chongqing Municipality. 12 indicators enter the decision-making model as affecting factors, including institutional factor, policy factor, traditional and cultural factor etc. Through analysis it is concluded that factors like sex, marital status, number of labor remaining at home-village, accumulative working time, family per capita arable land, number of pre-school and school-age children in the family etc exert outstanding influence on the return phenomenon, while contrary to general expectations ,the education level has no apprant impact on this phenomenon. Moreover, although the national agricultural development policy promotes the motivation of peasants to conduct farming, it hardly constructs the mian reason for the return of migrant rural workers.
Finally, the countermeasures to resolve problems in the return of migrant rural workers are put forward. Inside the framework push-pull joint force model, based on actual factors of pushing and pulling, this thesis proposes policy suggestions from urban perspective, rural perspective, as well as the rual-urban coordinated development strategic perspective, including refroming on the rural-urban division market system in an active and prudent way to clear obstacles for rural people becoming citizens, exploring public service covering the migrant rural workers in their home-village to improve service performance for rural workers, strengthening rural social community service to encourge the rural workers going out without worrying about issues back at home, promoting the system of land contract and popularization of machines in agricultural production to stimulate scale production of agriculture in rural area, and also emphasizing the improtance of stable employment of migrant rural workers in the urban area, etc, which are all feasible and practical.
引文
白南生,宋洪远等.2002.回乡,还是进城?——中国农村外出劳动力回流研究[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社.
边燕杰,张文宏.2001.经济体制、社会网络与职业流动[J].中国社会科学,2:71-90.
蔡昉,都阳,王美艳.2003.劳动力流动的政治经济学[M].上海:上海人民出版社.
蔡昉,都阳.2007.中国人口与劳动问题报告NO8:刘易斯转折点及其政策挑战[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社.
蔡昉.1997.劳动力流动、择业于自组织过程中的经济理性[J].中国社会科学,4.
蔡昉.1998.二元劳动力市场条件下的就业体制转换[J].中国社会科学,2.
曹阳.1997.中国劳动力转移:基于体制变迁的分析[M].武汉:华中师范大学出版社.
曹阳.1999.中国劳动力转移:宏观经济结构变动[M].武汉:湖北人民出版社.
陈彬文.1997.农村剩余劳动力转移与农业产业化[J].社会科学研究, 6:38-43.
陈迪贵.1997.劳动力流动问题研究[M].济南:山东人民出版社.
陈迪平.2000.中国二元经济结构问题研究[M].长沙:湖南人民出版社.
陈冬冬,高旺盛.2004.农村教育对农村剩余劳动力转移的制约分析及解决途径[J].农村现代化研究, 25(4).
陈回顺,黄晓燕.2003.中国农民组织化问题研究:共识与分歧[J].教学与研究,3:42-47.
陈吉元.1993.中国农业劳动力转移[M].北京:人民出版社,1993.
陈吉元,胡必亮.1994.中国的三元经济结构与农业剩余劳动力转移[J].经济研究, 4:14-22.
陈孝兵.1998.我国农业劳动力转移对经济结构影响的动态分析[J].中州学刊,3.
陈钰.2003.论科技进步对劳动力就业的作用及我国技术发展的原则[J].冶金经济与管理, 3.
陈钊,陆铭.2008.从分割到融合:城乡经济增长与社会和谐的政治经济学[J].经济研究,1:21-32.
陈宗胜,黎德福.2004.内生农业科技进步的二元经济增长模型——对东亚奇迹和中国经济的再解释[J].经济研究,11.
崔传义,潘耀国.1998.农民流动催化乡村发展(1998)[A].载王郁昭等主编1999.
杜鹰,白南生.1997.走出乡村:中国农村劳动力流动实证研究(第一版)[M].北京:经济科学出版社.
丁守海.2006.农民工工资与农村劳动力转移:一项实证分析[J].中国农村经济,4.
傅维利.1995.劳动力市场与教育的自主调节问题[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社.
葛新权,金春华.2004.科技进步对就业增长贡献的测定方法[J].北京机械工业学院学报, 2:25-28.
葛云伦.2003.二元结构下中国农民收入增长问题研究[M].成都:西南财经大学.
庚德昌,王化信.外出农民回乡创业的理论与实践[M].北京:中国农业出版社.
龚禄根,宋德慈、张学栋.2003.调查与关注:中国农村富余劳动力大转移[J],中国行政管理, 11.
龚维斌.1999.劳动力外出就业与农村社会变迁[M].北京:文物出版社.
郭剑雄.2004.农业科技进步类型的扩展及其意义[J].农业经济问题,3.
郭犹焕.1995.中国工业化过程中农村剩余劳动力转移研究[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社.
国家统计局农调总队.2003.2002年我国农村转移劳动力净增1349万人[J].调研世界, 4.
国家统计局农调总队.2003.中国农村住户调查年鉴2003[M].北京:中国统计出版.
国务院发展研究中心农村剩余劳动力转移课题组.1999.农村剩余劳动力转移的经济作用[A].国务院发展研究中心研究参考, 9.
惠宁.2005.农村剩余劳动力转移理论研究述评[J].西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 4:32-37.
韩俊,余贤,石新香.1996.本世纪末农村剩余劳动力转移的研究[J].桂海论丛, 6 .
韩俊.1994.跨世纪的难题-中国农业劳动力转移[M].太原:山西经济出版社.
韩喜平.2001.关于中国农民经济理性的纷争[J].吉林大学社会科学学报,3:22-29.
胡枫,王其文.2007.中国农民工汇款的影响因素分析——一个区间回归模型的应用[J].统计研究, 10.
黄少安,孙涛.2007.城乡户口相对价值的变化、推拉理论与非转农现象——侧重于户籍制度和农
村土地产权制度的分析[A].2007年中国青年经济学者论坛论文集.
景普秋,陈甬军.2004.中国工业化与城市化进程中农村劳动力转移机制研究[J].东南学术, 4:24-28.
季文,应瑞瑶.2007.农村劳动力转移的方向与路径:一个宏观社会网络的解释框架[J].江苏社会科学, 2.
李培林.1996.流动民工的社会网络和社会地位[J].社会学研究, 4.
李强.1999.中国大陆城市农民工的职业流动[J].社会学研究, 3.
李强.2003.影响中国城乡流动人口的推力与拉力因素分析,中国社会科学,1.
李强.2004,农民工与中国社会分层,北京:社会科学文献出版社.
李善同,候永志.2001.大力发展服务业是实现现代化建设第三步战略目标的需要[J].宏观经济论坛,21.
李实.1999.中国农村劳动力流动与收入分配和增长[J].中国社会科学, 2.
李小平,陈勇.2007.劳动力流动、资本转移和生产率增长——对中国工业结构红利假说的实证检验[J].统计研究, 7.
李勋来,李国平.2005.农村劳动力转移模型及实证分析[J].财经研究, 6:80-85.
李芝倩.2007.劳动力市场分割下的中国农村劳动力流动模型[J].南开经济研究, 1.
李中东.2003.持续发展科技进步的约束条件分析[J].农业科技管理, 2.
林国先.1998.农业科技进步中的制度约束与制度安排[J].农业经济问题, 6.
陆学艺.2004.当代中国社会流动[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社.
林毅夫,蔡眆,李周.1994.中国的奇迹:发展战略与经济改革[M].上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社.
林毅夫.1997.制度、技术与中国农业发展[M].上海:上海三联书店,1994.
林毓铭.2003.科技进步对就业的正负效应分析[J].科技管理研究, 1.
刘宝龙.2002.农业产业化经营组织形式与机制研究[D].沈阳农业大学.
刘纯阳.2004.农业产业化组织创新:三种制度安排及其现实选择[M].调研世界,10.
刘怀廉.2004.农村剩余劳动力转移新论[M],中国经济出版社.
刘进宝,刘洪.2004.农业科技进步现农民农业收入增长弱相关性分析[J].中国农村经济, 9.
刘铮.2006.劳动力无限供给的现实悖论——农民工回流的成因及效应分析[J].清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),3.
罗必良.2004.农业经济组织的效率决定——一个理论模型及其实证研究[J].学术研究, 8.
罗斌,聂鸣.2002.农村劳动力的动态计量研究[J].华中农业大学学报, 2.
罗斌.2002.农业剩余劳动力和农村剩余劳动力的定义分析[J].理论研究,7.
罗斌等.2003.发展农村教育是解决中国农村就业问题最重要的途径[J].理论前沿, 12.
罗明忠.2006.社会资源、人口集聚与农村劳动力转移[J].经济学动态, 3:48-50.
罗仁会.2003.应用比较生产率分析我国农业劳动力的转移[J].西南民族大学学报, 11.
牟子平,吴文良.2004.我国农业剩余劳动力可持续对策[J].人口与经济, 3.
牛若峰.1997.中国农业的变革和发展[M].北京:中国统计出版社.
农业部课题组.2000.21世纪初期我国农村就业及剩余劳动力利用问题研究[J].中国农村经济,5.
农业部软科学委员会办公室.2001.农民收入现劳动力转移[M].北京:中国农业出版社.
彭连清,詹向阳.2007.我国农村剩余劳动力的地域流向和产业分布特征[J].农村经济, 9.
钱文荣,黄祖辉.2007.转型时期的中国农民工:长江三角洲十六城市农民工市民化问题调查[M].中国社会科学出版社.
齐建国.2002.论科技进步对中国就业的影响[J].新视野, 4.
齐晓丽,高素英,金浩2003.关于农业剩余劳动力的数量研究[J].河北工业大学学报, 1.
冉净斐,马惠.2004.集约化与公司化:中国农业经营制度变迁分析[J].江西财经大学学报, 4.
商艳冬.2006.湖北省民工回流的调查与思考[J].中南财经政法大学学报,3:137-140.
孙慧钧.2007.我国农村区域间收入差距构成的实证分析[J].统计研究, 11.
孙璐.2006.论流动人口子女的社会融入问题[J].理论月刊, 11.
谭继存.2003.农业产业化是农村劳动力转移的最佳途径[J].山东农业(济南),11 .
王福君.2004.我国农业剩余劳动力就业的对策分析[J].东北财经大学学报, 7.
王国敏.2003.城镇化发展是解决三农问题的关键[J].农村经济,11 .
王萍.2007.国外农村劳动力乡城转移理论研究综述[J].大连海事大学学报(社会科学版) , 6.
王文博.2002.包含制度因素的中国经济增长模型及实证分析[J].当代经济科学,2:33-37.
王学鹏,余璐.2004.农业科技进步与制度创新[J].技术经济, 6.
王永龙.2002.论我国农业科技路线的选择[J].当代经济研究, 7.
王震.2007.乡城流动工人医疗保险覆盖率及其影响因素的经验分析——基于大连、上海、武汉、深圳、重庆五城市调查数据[J].中国人口科学, 5.
魏毅,许详云.2004.论农村教育与农村剩余劳动力转移[J].高等农业教育, 8.
温锐,游敏华.2001.劳动力的流动现农村社会经济变迁[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社.
文军.2004.从分治到融合——近50年来我们劳动力移民制度的演变及其影响[J].学术研究, 7.
吴燕琼.1997.国外农业劳动力转移管窥[J].经济纵横,10 .
西宝,成力为.2002.我国农村剩余劳动力转移与城市化战略选择[J].中国软科学, 10.
向明,石海.2002.农业产业化与农村剩余劳动力的转移[J].农村经济,9.
肖艳.2002.全球视野下的中国农业劳动力转移[J].社会, 11.
熊望高.2001.中国农村剩余劳动力转移制约因素浅析[J].价格月刊, 11 .
姚先国,赖普清.2004.中国劳资关系的城乡户籍差异[J].经济研究, 7.
徐伟.1999.中国劳动力流动观点观点综述[J].人口与经济, 1.
徐育才.2006.农村劳动力转移:从推拉模型到三力模型的设想[J].学术研究, 5.
徐东.2007.西部农村流动人口子女义务教育问题研究[J].青海社会科学,3.
杨明宏.2002.农业产业化经营组织形式演进:一种基内生交易费有的理论解释[J].中国农村经济,10.
杨沙莉,丁福云.2003.我国剩余劳动力的成因分析[J].农村经济, 6.
杨小苏.1993.中国农业劳动力转移战略研究[M].江西人民出版社.
杨宜勇.2004.中国农村剩余劳动力转移与城市化[N].经济学家网,3.
于恩海,徐浩然. 2002.中国农业剩余劳动力的内涵分析[J].经济师, 8.
于静波,聂苏.2002.新产业化经营关键在于农业组织演进——一种基内生交易费用的解释[J].中国农村经济,3.
原劳动部农村劳动力就业与流动研究课题组.1999.中国农村劳动力就业与流动研究报告[A].中国劳动出版社.
张学龙.2006.民工荒产生的原因及对策研究[D].吉林大学.
张永丽,黄祖辉.2008.中国农村劳动力流动研究述评[J].中国农村观察, 1.
赵伟,李芬.2007.异质性劳动力流动与区域收入差距:新经济地理学模型的扩展分析[J].中国人口科学, 1.
赵耀辉.1997.四川省农村劳动力流动与教育在其中的作用[J].经济研究, 5.
朱镜德.1999.中国三元劳动力市场格局下的乡—城迁移研究[M].中国经济出版社1999年版.
朱农.2004.离土还是离乡?——中国农村劳动力地域流动和职业流动的关系分析[J].世界经济文汇,1:53-63.
庄起善,窦菲菲、王健.2007.转型国家劳动力流动及其宏观经济决定因素[J].复旦学报(社会科学版), 5.
张宁娟.2005.一个现实问题的理论关照——流动人口子女教育问题的特征分析及其策略探索[J].教育学报,3.
Banister, J. and J. R. Taylor, 1990, China: Surplus Labor and Migration [J]. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 4, 3-20.
Christian Dustmann, Samuel Bentolila, Riccardo Faini, 1996, Return Migration: The European Experience [J]. Economic Policy, Vol. 11(22):213-250.
Dale W.Jorgenson, 1967, Surplus Agricultural Labor and Development of Dual Economy [A]. Oxford Economic Papers.
Dale W.Jorgenson, 1961, The development of a Dual Economy [J]. Economic Journal, 1961.
Detang-Dessendre, Cecile Goffette-Nagot, 2008.Florence Life cycle and migration to urban and rural areas: Estimation of a mixed logit model on French data [J]. Journal of Regional Science, Vol.48 (4): 789-824.
Fan CC, 2003, Rural-urban migration and gender division of labor in transitional China [J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol.27 (1): 24-35.
Fan CC, 2004, The state, the migrant labor regime, and maiden workers in China [J], Political Geography, Vol. 23(3): 283-305.
Finnie R, 2004, Who moves? A logit model analysis of inter-provincial migration in Canada, [J]. Applied Economics, Vol.36 (16): 1759-1779.
Fields GS, 2005, A welfare economic analysis of labor market policies in the Harris-Todaro model [J]. Journal of Development Economics, Vol.76 (1): 127-146.
Fleisher BM, Yang DT, 2004, Labor laws and regulations in China [J]. China Economic Review, Vol.14 (4): 426-433.
Ghatak, S., P. Levine and S. W. Price, 1996, Migration Theories and Evidence: An Assessment [J]. Journal of Economic Surveys, 10(2), 159-197.
Gilbert J, Wahl T, 2003, Labor market distortions and China's WTO accession package: an applied general equilibrium assessment [J]. Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol.31 (4): 774-794.
Harris,J. Rand M.P.Todaro,1970,Migration, Unemployment and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis[J]. American Economic Review,Vol.60.
Huskey L, Berman M, Hill A,2004,Leaving home, returning home: Migration as a labor market choice for Alaska Natives [J]. Annals of Regional Science ,Vol.38(1): 75-92.
He CF, Gober P Gendering, 2003, Interprovincial migration in China [J]. International Migration Review, Vol.37 (4): 1220-1251.
Knight, John Reform, 2008, Growth, and inequality in China [J]. Asian Economic Policy Review, Vol.3 (1): 140-158.
Lucas RE, 2004, Life earnings and rural-urban migration, Journal of Political Economy, Vol.112 (1), S29-S59.
Martins, Ana Paula, 2008, Bilateral mobility in dualistic models [J]. Economic Modeling, Vol.25 (3): 391-410.
Tunali, 1996, Migration and Remigration of Male Household Heads in Turkey, 1963-1973[J].Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 45(1): 31-67.
Todaro, Michael P,1969,A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries[J]. American Economic Review, 59(1):138-148.
Oded Stark, J. Edward Taylor: Migration Incentives, Migration Types: The Role of Relative Deprivation [J]. The Economic Journal, Vol. 101, No. 408:pp. 1163-1178, 1991.
Oded Stark, 2003, Tales of Migration without Wage Differentials: Individual, Family, and Community Contexts [J]. Paper prepared for Conference on African Migration in Comparative Perspective, Johannesburg, South Africa, 4-7.
Partridge, Mark D.Rickman, Dan S., 2008,Distance from urban agglomeration economies and rural poverty [J], Journal of Regional Science ,Vol.48(2): 285-310.
Ravenstein, E. G., 1889, The Laws of Migration [J]. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol.3 (52):241-305.
Robert E.B.Lucas,2003,The Economic Well-Being of Movers and Stayers: Assimilation, Impacts, Links and Proximity[J]. Paper prepared for Conference on African Migration in Comparative Perspective,Johannesburg,South Africa,4-7 June,2003.
Renkow M, 2003, Employment growth, worker mobility, and rural economic development [J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.85 (2): 503-513.
Simelane HS, 2004,The state, chiefs and the control of female migration in colonial Swaziland, c.1930s-1950s[J]. Journal of African History, Vol.45 (1): 103-124 .
Todaro, M. P., 1969, A Model of Labour Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries, The American Economic Review, 59(1), 138-148.
Wang, Winnie Wenfei and C. Cindy Fan, 2005, Success or Failure: Selectivity and Reasons of Return Migration in Sichuan and Anhui, China [J]. Environment and Planning A, forthcoming, 2005.
Zhao, Yaohui, 2002, Causes and Consequences of Return Migration: Recent Evidence from China [J]. Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 30: 376-396.
Wu ZM, 2003, Regional unemployment in transitional China: A theoretical and empirical analysis [J]. Economics of Planning, Vol.36 (4): 297-314.
Taylor JE, Rozelle S, De Brauw, 2003, A Migration and incomes in source communities: A new economics of migration perspective from China [J]. Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol.52 (1): 75-101.
Zhao YH, 1997, Labor migration and returns to rural education in China American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.79 (4): 1278-1287.
边燕杰,张文宏.2001.经济体制、社会网络与职业流动[J].中国社会科学,2:71-90.
蔡昉,都阳,王美艳.2003.劳动力流动的政治经济学[M].上海:上海人民出版社.
蔡昉,都阳.2007.中国人口与劳动问题报告NO8:刘易斯转折点及其政策挑战[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社.
蔡昉.1997.劳动力流动、择业于自组织过程中的经济理性[J].中国社会科学,4.
蔡昉.1998.二元劳动力市场条件下的就业体制转换[J].中国社会科学,2.
曹阳.1997.中国劳动力转移:基于体制变迁的分析[M].武汉:华中师范大学出版社.
曹阳.1999.中国劳动力转移:宏观经济结构变动[M].武汉:湖北人民出版社.
陈彬文.1997.农村剩余劳动力转移与农业产业化[J].社会科学研究, 6:38-43.
陈迪贵.1997.劳动力流动问题研究[M].济南:山东人民出版社.
陈迪平.2000.中国二元经济结构问题研究[M].长沙:湖南人民出版社.
陈冬冬,高旺盛.2004.农村教育对农村剩余劳动力转移的制约分析及解决途径[J].农村现代化研究, 25(4).
陈回顺,黄晓燕.2003.中国农民组织化问题研究:共识与分歧[J].教学与研究,3:42-47.
陈吉元.1993.中国农业劳动力转移[M].北京:人民出版社,1993.
陈吉元,胡必亮.1994.中国的三元经济结构与农业剩余劳动力转移[J].经济研究, 4:14-22.
陈孝兵.1998.我国农业劳动力转移对经济结构影响的动态分析[J].中州学刊,3.
陈钰.2003.论科技进步对劳动力就业的作用及我国技术发展的原则[J].冶金经济与管理, 3.
陈钊,陆铭.2008.从分割到融合:城乡经济增长与社会和谐的政治经济学[J].经济研究,1:21-32.
陈宗胜,黎德福.2004.内生农业科技进步的二元经济增长模型——对东亚奇迹和中国经济的再解释[J].经济研究,11.
崔传义,潘耀国.1998.农民流动催化乡村发展(1998)[A].载王郁昭等主编1999.
杜鹰,白南生.1997.走出乡村:中国农村劳动力流动实证研究(第一版)[M].北京:经济科学出版社.
丁守海.2006.农民工工资与农村劳动力转移:一项实证分析[J].中国农村经济,4.
傅维利.1995.劳动力市场与教育的自主调节问题[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社.
葛新权,金春华.2004.科技进步对就业增长贡献的测定方法[J].北京机械工业学院学报, 2:25-28.
葛云伦.2003.二元结构下中国农民收入增长问题研究[M].成都:西南财经大学.
庚德昌,王化信.外出农民回乡创业的理论与实践[M].北京:中国农业出版社.
龚禄根,宋德慈、张学栋.2003.调查与关注:中国农村富余劳动力大转移[J],中国行政管理, 11.
龚维斌.1999.劳动力外出就业与农村社会变迁[M].北京:文物出版社.
郭剑雄.2004.农业科技进步类型的扩展及其意义[J].农业经济问题,3.
郭犹焕.1995.中国工业化过程中农村剩余劳动力转移研究[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社.
国家统计局农调总队.2003.2002年我国农村转移劳动力净增1349万人[J].调研世界, 4.
国家统计局农调总队.2003.中国农村住户调查年鉴2003[M].北京:中国统计出版.
国务院发展研究中心农村剩余劳动力转移课题组.1999.农村剩余劳动力转移的经济作用[A].国务院发展研究中心研究参考, 9.
惠宁.2005.农村剩余劳动力转移理论研究述评[J].西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 4:32-37.
韩俊,余贤,石新香.1996.本世纪末农村剩余劳动力转移的研究[J].桂海论丛, 6 .
韩俊.1994.跨世纪的难题-中国农业劳动力转移[M].太原:山西经济出版社.
韩喜平.2001.关于中国农民经济理性的纷争[J].吉林大学社会科学学报,3:22-29.
胡枫,王其文.2007.中国农民工汇款的影响因素分析——一个区间回归模型的应用[J].统计研究, 10.
黄少安,孙涛.2007.城乡户口相对价值的变化、推拉理论与非转农现象——侧重于户籍制度和农
村土地产权制度的分析[A].2007年中国青年经济学者论坛论文集.
景普秋,陈甬军.2004.中国工业化与城市化进程中农村劳动力转移机制研究[J].东南学术, 4:24-28.
季文,应瑞瑶.2007.农村劳动力转移的方向与路径:一个宏观社会网络的解释框架[J].江苏社会科学, 2.
李培林.1996.流动民工的社会网络和社会地位[J].社会学研究, 4.
李强.1999.中国大陆城市农民工的职业流动[J].社会学研究, 3.
李强.2003.影响中国城乡流动人口的推力与拉力因素分析,中国社会科学,1.
李强.2004,农民工与中国社会分层,北京:社会科学文献出版社.
李善同,候永志.2001.大力发展服务业是实现现代化建设第三步战略目标的需要[J].宏观经济论坛,21.
李实.1999.中国农村劳动力流动与收入分配和增长[J].中国社会科学, 2.
李小平,陈勇.2007.劳动力流动、资本转移和生产率增长——对中国工业结构红利假说的实证检验[J].统计研究, 7.
李勋来,李国平.2005.农村劳动力转移模型及实证分析[J].财经研究, 6:80-85.
李芝倩.2007.劳动力市场分割下的中国农村劳动力流动模型[J].南开经济研究, 1.
李中东.2003.持续发展科技进步的约束条件分析[J].农业科技管理, 2.
林国先.1998.农业科技进步中的制度约束与制度安排[J].农业经济问题, 6.
陆学艺.2004.当代中国社会流动[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社.
林毅夫,蔡眆,李周.1994.中国的奇迹:发展战略与经济改革[M].上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社.
林毅夫.1997.制度、技术与中国农业发展[M].上海:上海三联书店,1994.
林毓铭.2003.科技进步对就业的正负效应分析[J].科技管理研究, 1.
刘宝龙.2002.农业产业化经营组织形式与机制研究[D].沈阳农业大学.
刘纯阳.2004.农业产业化组织创新:三种制度安排及其现实选择[M].调研世界,10.
刘怀廉.2004.农村剩余劳动力转移新论[M],中国经济出版社.
刘进宝,刘洪.2004.农业科技进步现农民农业收入增长弱相关性分析[J].中国农村经济, 9.
刘铮.2006.劳动力无限供给的现实悖论——农民工回流的成因及效应分析[J].清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),3.
罗必良.2004.农业经济组织的效率决定——一个理论模型及其实证研究[J].学术研究, 8.
罗斌,聂鸣.2002.农村劳动力的动态计量研究[J].华中农业大学学报, 2.
罗斌.2002.农业剩余劳动力和农村剩余劳动力的定义分析[J].理论研究,7.
罗斌等.2003.发展农村教育是解决中国农村就业问题最重要的途径[J].理论前沿, 12.
罗明忠.2006.社会资源、人口集聚与农村劳动力转移[J].经济学动态, 3:48-50.
罗仁会.2003.应用比较生产率分析我国农业劳动力的转移[J].西南民族大学学报, 11.
牟子平,吴文良.2004.我国农业剩余劳动力可持续对策[J].人口与经济, 3.
牛若峰.1997.中国农业的变革和发展[M].北京:中国统计出版社.
农业部课题组.2000.21世纪初期我国农村就业及剩余劳动力利用问题研究[J].中国农村经济,5.
农业部软科学委员会办公室.2001.农民收入现劳动力转移[M].北京:中国农业出版社.
彭连清,詹向阳.2007.我国农村剩余劳动力的地域流向和产业分布特征[J].农村经济, 9.
钱文荣,黄祖辉.2007.转型时期的中国农民工:长江三角洲十六城市农民工市民化问题调查[M].中国社会科学出版社.
齐建国.2002.论科技进步对中国就业的影响[J].新视野, 4.
齐晓丽,高素英,金浩2003.关于农业剩余劳动力的数量研究[J].河北工业大学学报, 1.
冉净斐,马惠.2004.集约化与公司化:中国农业经营制度变迁分析[J].江西财经大学学报, 4.
商艳冬.2006.湖北省民工回流的调查与思考[J].中南财经政法大学学报,3:137-140.
孙慧钧.2007.我国农村区域间收入差距构成的实证分析[J].统计研究, 11.
孙璐.2006.论流动人口子女的社会融入问题[J].理论月刊, 11.
谭继存.2003.农业产业化是农村劳动力转移的最佳途径[J].山东农业(济南),11 .
王福君.2004.我国农业剩余劳动力就业的对策分析[J].东北财经大学学报, 7.
王国敏.2003.城镇化发展是解决三农问题的关键[J].农村经济,11 .
王萍.2007.国外农村劳动力乡城转移理论研究综述[J].大连海事大学学报(社会科学版) , 6.
王文博.2002.包含制度因素的中国经济增长模型及实证分析[J].当代经济科学,2:33-37.
王学鹏,余璐.2004.农业科技进步与制度创新[J].技术经济, 6.
王永龙.2002.论我国农业科技路线的选择[J].当代经济研究, 7.
王震.2007.乡城流动工人医疗保险覆盖率及其影响因素的经验分析——基于大连、上海、武汉、深圳、重庆五城市调查数据[J].中国人口科学, 5.
魏毅,许详云.2004.论农村教育与农村剩余劳动力转移[J].高等农业教育, 8.
温锐,游敏华.2001.劳动力的流动现农村社会经济变迁[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社.
文军.2004.从分治到融合——近50年来我们劳动力移民制度的演变及其影响[J].学术研究, 7.
吴燕琼.1997.国外农业劳动力转移管窥[J].经济纵横,10 .
西宝,成力为.2002.我国农村剩余劳动力转移与城市化战略选择[J].中国软科学, 10.
向明,石海.2002.农业产业化与农村剩余劳动力的转移[J].农村经济,9.
肖艳.2002.全球视野下的中国农业劳动力转移[J].社会, 11.
熊望高.2001.中国农村剩余劳动力转移制约因素浅析[J].价格月刊, 11 .
姚先国,赖普清.2004.中国劳资关系的城乡户籍差异[J].经济研究, 7.
徐伟.1999.中国劳动力流动观点观点综述[J].人口与经济, 1.
徐育才.2006.农村劳动力转移:从推拉模型到三力模型的设想[J].学术研究, 5.
徐东.2007.西部农村流动人口子女义务教育问题研究[J].青海社会科学,3.
杨明宏.2002.农业产业化经营组织形式演进:一种基内生交易费有的理论解释[J].中国农村经济,10.
杨沙莉,丁福云.2003.我国剩余劳动力的成因分析[J].农村经济, 6.
杨小苏.1993.中国农业劳动力转移战略研究[M].江西人民出版社.
杨宜勇.2004.中国农村剩余劳动力转移与城市化[N].经济学家网,3.
于恩海,徐浩然. 2002.中国农业剩余劳动力的内涵分析[J].经济师, 8.
于静波,聂苏.2002.新产业化经营关键在于农业组织演进——一种基内生交易费用的解释[J].中国农村经济,3.
原劳动部农村劳动力就业与流动研究课题组.1999.中国农村劳动力就业与流动研究报告[A].中国劳动出版社.
张学龙.2006.民工荒产生的原因及对策研究[D].吉林大学.
张永丽,黄祖辉.2008.中国农村劳动力流动研究述评[J].中国农村观察, 1.
赵伟,李芬.2007.异质性劳动力流动与区域收入差距:新经济地理学模型的扩展分析[J].中国人口科学, 1.
赵耀辉.1997.四川省农村劳动力流动与教育在其中的作用[J].经济研究, 5.
朱镜德.1999.中国三元劳动力市场格局下的乡—城迁移研究[M].中国经济出版社1999年版.
朱农.2004.离土还是离乡?——中国农村劳动力地域流动和职业流动的关系分析[J].世界经济文汇,1:53-63.
庄起善,窦菲菲、王健.2007.转型国家劳动力流动及其宏观经济决定因素[J].复旦学报(社会科学版), 5.
张宁娟.2005.一个现实问题的理论关照——流动人口子女教育问题的特征分析及其策略探索[J].教育学报,3.
Banister, J. and J. R. Taylor, 1990, China: Surplus Labor and Migration [J]. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 4, 3-20.
Christian Dustmann, Samuel Bentolila, Riccardo Faini, 1996, Return Migration: The European Experience [J]. Economic Policy, Vol. 11(22):213-250.
Dale W.Jorgenson, 1967, Surplus Agricultural Labor and Development of Dual Economy [A]. Oxford Economic Papers.
Dale W.Jorgenson, 1961, The development of a Dual Economy [J]. Economic Journal, 1961.
Detang-Dessendre, Cecile Goffette-Nagot, 2008.Florence Life cycle and migration to urban and rural areas: Estimation of a mixed logit model on French data [J]. Journal of Regional Science, Vol.48 (4): 789-824.
Fan CC, 2003, Rural-urban migration and gender division of labor in transitional China [J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol.27 (1): 24-35.
Fan CC, 2004, The state, the migrant labor regime, and maiden workers in China [J], Political Geography, Vol. 23(3): 283-305.
Finnie R, 2004, Who moves? A logit model analysis of inter-provincial migration in Canada, [J]. Applied Economics, Vol.36 (16): 1759-1779.
Fields GS, 2005, A welfare economic analysis of labor market policies in the Harris-Todaro model [J]. Journal of Development Economics, Vol.76 (1): 127-146.
Fleisher BM, Yang DT, 2004, Labor laws and regulations in China [J]. China Economic Review, Vol.14 (4): 426-433.
Ghatak, S., P. Levine and S. W. Price, 1996, Migration Theories and Evidence: An Assessment [J]. Journal of Economic Surveys, 10(2), 159-197.
Gilbert J, Wahl T, 2003, Labor market distortions and China's WTO accession package: an applied general equilibrium assessment [J]. Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol.31 (4): 774-794.
Harris,J. Rand M.P.Todaro,1970,Migration, Unemployment and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis[J]. American Economic Review,Vol.60.
Huskey L, Berman M, Hill A,2004,Leaving home, returning home: Migration as a labor market choice for Alaska Natives [J]. Annals of Regional Science ,Vol.38(1): 75-92.
He CF, Gober P Gendering, 2003, Interprovincial migration in China [J]. International Migration Review, Vol.37 (4): 1220-1251.
Knight, John Reform, 2008, Growth, and inequality in China [J]. Asian Economic Policy Review, Vol.3 (1): 140-158.
Lucas RE, 2004, Life earnings and rural-urban migration, Journal of Political Economy, Vol.112 (1), S29-S59.
Martins, Ana Paula, 2008, Bilateral mobility in dualistic models [J]. Economic Modeling, Vol.25 (3): 391-410.
Tunali, 1996, Migration and Remigration of Male Household Heads in Turkey, 1963-1973[J].Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 45(1): 31-67.
Todaro, Michael P,1969,A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries[J]. American Economic Review, 59(1):138-148.
Oded Stark, J. Edward Taylor: Migration Incentives, Migration Types: The Role of Relative Deprivation [J]. The Economic Journal, Vol. 101, No. 408:pp. 1163-1178, 1991.
Oded Stark, 2003, Tales of Migration without Wage Differentials: Individual, Family, and Community Contexts [J]. Paper prepared for Conference on African Migration in Comparative Perspective, Johannesburg, South Africa, 4-7.
Partridge, Mark D.Rickman, Dan S., 2008,Distance from urban agglomeration economies and rural poverty [J], Journal of Regional Science ,Vol.48(2): 285-310.
Ravenstein, E. G., 1889, The Laws of Migration [J]. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol.3 (52):241-305.
Robert E.B.Lucas,2003,The Economic Well-Being of Movers and Stayers: Assimilation, Impacts, Links and Proximity[J]. Paper prepared for Conference on African Migration in Comparative Perspective,Johannesburg,South Africa,4-7 June,2003.
Renkow M, 2003, Employment growth, worker mobility, and rural economic development [J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.85 (2): 503-513.
Simelane HS, 2004,The state, chiefs and the control of female migration in colonial Swaziland, c.1930s-1950s[J]. Journal of African History, Vol.45 (1): 103-124 .
Todaro, M. P., 1969, A Model of Labour Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries, The American Economic Review, 59(1), 138-148.
Wang, Winnie Wenfei and C. Cindy Fan, 2005, Success or Failure: Selectivity and Reasons of Return Migration in Sichuan and Anhui, China [J]. Environment and Planning A, forthcoming, 2005.
Zhao, Yaohui, 2002, Causes and Consequences of Return Migration: Recent Evidence from China [J]. Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 30: 376-396.
Wu ZM, 2003, Regional unemployment in transitional China: A theoretical and empirical analysis [J]. Economics of Planning, Vol.36 (4): 297-314.
Taylor JE, Rozelle S, De Brauw, 2003, A Migration and incomes in source communities: A new economics of migration perspective from China [J]. Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol.52 (1): 75-101.
Zhao YH, 1997, Labor migration and returns to rural education in China American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.79 (4): 1278-1287.