胭脂花生长发育和花期调控研究
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摘要
胭脂花(Primula maximowiczii)为原产我国北部的报春花属多年生草本植物,其花色艳丽,观赏价值高,有望开发成为新的露地或盆栽花卉。为缩短胭脂花幼苗期,完成正常的生长发育过程,实现胭脂花的花期调控,本文系统研究了光周期、温度和赤霉素处理对休眠植株休眠解除和生长发育的影响,同时探讨了低温冷藏时间和环境条件对不同苗龄的植株成花质量和生理代谢过程的影响,完善了胭脂花人工栽培技术程序。主要结果如下：
1、光周期和温度对胭脂花生长发育影响显著,尤其是光周期。试验结果表明,秋冬季节胭脂花植株休眠是由日照时间缩短引起的,通过延长日照或暗期中断可显著促进休眠顶芽的萌发和营养生长,但补光时间越长易引起叶片变形(长宽比值增大)和根系长势衰弱,形成不健壮的松散株型。温度升高利于休眠顶芽的萌发,与长日照有协同促进作用,20℃以上温度不利于胭脂花生长发育。日照长度为16h、温度为15℃的条件最适宜胭脂花的生长。
2、光周期和外源赤霉素处理协同促进胭脂花顶芽的萌发和生长,外源赤霉素的作用效果很显著,尤其是在短日照条件下、胭脂花项芽在萌发的过程中内源激素含量变化与顶芽所处的发育阶段有关,顶芽中GA3、IAA、ZR含量的变化大体呈先下降而后上升的变化趋势,ABA含量的变化与之相反。喷施外源赤霉素处理导致内源ABA含量的显著降低。
3、3种苗龄(上年7月、9月和当年2月播种)的胭脂花实生苗在河北平泉均能够完成正常的生长发育过程,历经缓苗期、快速生长期、花芽分化期和休眠期四个阶段。首次花芽分化启动的时间较为同步,相较原生境下晚一个月。休眠植株经低温冷藏(-2℃)60d后,3种苗龄的植株成花效果的差异不显著。
4、低温(-2℃)冷藏能显著促进休眠植株顶芽绽放,花蕾着色和开花提前,与低温冷藏中ABA、IAA含量下降,GA含量升高有关。延长低温冷藏时间,可增加花葶长度,提高开花率,降低败育率,这与低温冷藏提高可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量有关。此外,低温冷藏时间与植株成花性状如每个花序的小花数、败育小花数、花轮间距、花序轮数不相关。
研究结果为胭脂花的引种栽培和花期调控提供了科学依据,为胭脂花的规模化生产和推广应用奠定了基础。
Primula maximowiczii is one of the perennial species in genus Primula, widespread in northern China, with great potential to be used as garden plant and pot flower. In this paper, to shorten the period of vegetative growth, make the plants survival in summer, regulate and control flowering time of P. maximowiczii, the effects of photoperiod, temperature and exogenous gibberellin on bud germination, growth and development of P. maximowiczii were studied. At the same time, the effects of cold storage on flowering quality of three kinds of seedlings were also investigated. The main results are as follows:
1. Photoperiod and temperature had significant effects on both plant germination and growth, and photoperiod was the key factor. The results indicated that the bud dormancy in autumn and winter was induced by the decrease of daytime length. The dormant plants of P. maximowiczii grew under natural day length didn't sprout in a long period during winter, while sprouted rapidly and grew quickly under extended day length or night interruption treatment. However, long day length didn't benefit to the growth of P. maximowiczii leading to the increase of length-width ratio of leaves and decrease of root-shoot ratio. Higher temperature promoted the bud germination,while temperature above20℃influenced the growth and development adversely. The plants grown under16hours'day length and15℃temperature kept vigorous and strong growth
2. Photoperiod and exogenous gibberellin treatments promoted the bud germination and growth, and effects of exogenous gibberellin were especially significant under short day conditions. During the process of germination, the endogenous hormones content changes were associated with the developmental stage of bud. To the contrary with ABA content, the content of GA3, IAA, ZR in shoot apex first fell and then rose. Spraying exogenous GA3caused the endogenous ABA content decreased significantly.
3. Plants of three kinds of seedlings transplanted to Pingquan, Hebei, had experimenced successfully slow growth stage, rapid growth stage, flower bud differentiation stage and dormancy stage. The first time of of flower bud differentiation was synchronous among three seeding ages, with one month's delaying compared with plants in original habitat. After60days'cold storage (-2℃), there was no significant difference of flowering quality among three kind of seedlings.
4. The increase of cold storage time could significantly promoted bud germinating and flowering, as well increase the scape height and flowering rate, which could be explained by the decrease of ABA and IAA content and the increase of GA3, soluble sugar and soluble protein. However, flowering quality among different treatments was not significant, such as floret number and abortive flower number per inflorescence.
The results in our research provided scientific basis for cultivation, flowering regulation of P. maximowiczii.
1、光周期和温度对胭脂花生长发育影响显著,尤其是光周期。试验结果表明,秋冬季节胭脂花植株休眠是由日照时间缩短引起的,通过延长日照或暗期中断可显著促进休眠顶芽的萌发和营养生长,但补光时间越长易引起叶片变形(长宽比值增大)和根系长势衰弱,形成不健壮的松散株型。温度升高利于休眠顶芽的萌发,与长日照有协同促进作用,20℃以上温度不利于胭脂花生长发育。日照长度为16h、温度为15℃的条件最适宜胭脂花的生长。
2、光周期和外源赤霉素处理协同促进胭脂花顶芽的萌发和生长,外源赤霉素的作用效果很显著,尤其是在短日照条件下、胭脂花项芽在萌发的过程中内源激素含量变化与顶芽所处的发育阶段有关,顶芽中GA3、IAA、ZR含量的变化大体呈先下降而后上升的变化趋势,ABA含量的变化与之相反。喷施外源赤霉素处理导致内源ABA含量的显著降低。
3、3种苗龄(上年7月、9月和当年2月播种)的胭脂花实生苗在河北平泉均能够完成正常的生长发育过程,历经缓苗期、快速生长期、花芽分化期和休眠期四个阶段。首次花芽分化启动的时间较为同步,相较原生境下晚一个月。休眠植株经低温冷藏(-2℃)60d后,3种苗龄的植株成花效果的差异不显著。
4、低温(-2℃)冷藏能显著促进休眠植株顶芽绽放,花蕾着色和开花提前,与低温冷藏中ABA、IAA含量下降,GA含量升高有关。延长低温冷藏时间,可增加花葶长度,提高开花率,降低败育率,这与低温冷藏提高可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量有关。此外,低温冷藏时间与植株成花性状如每个花序的小花数、败育小花数、花轮间距、花序轮数不相关。
研究结果为胭脂花的引种栽培和花期调控提供了科学依据,为胭脂花的规模化生产和推广应用奠定了基础。
Primula maximowiczii is one of the perennial species in genus Primula, widespread in northern China, with great potential to be used as garden plant and pot flower. In this paper, to shorten the period of vegetative growth, make the plants survival in summer, regulate and control flowering time of P. maximowiczii, the effects of photoperiod, temperature and exogenous gibberellin on bud germination, growth and development of P. maximowiczii were studied. At the same time, the effects of cold storage on flowering quality of three kinds of seedlings were also investigated. The main results are as follows:
1. Photoperiod and temperature had significant effects on both plant germination and growth, and photoperiod was the key factor. The results indicated that the bud dormancy in autumn and winter was induced by the decrease of daytime length. The dormant plants of P. maximowiczii grew under natural day length didn't sprout in a long period during winter, while sprouted rapidly and grew quickly under extended day length or night interruption treatment. However, long day length didn't benefit to the growth of P. maximowiczii leading to the increase of length-width ratio of leaves and decrease of root-shoot ratio. Higher temperature promoted the bud germination,while temperature above20℃influenced the growth and development adversely. The plants grown under16hours'day length and15℃temperature kept vigorous and strong growth
2. Photoperiod and exogenous gibberellin treatments promoted the bud germination and growth, and effects of exogenous gibberellin were especially significant under short day conditions. During the process of germination, the endogenous hormones content changes were associated with the developmental stage of bud. To the contrary with ABA content, the content of GA3, IAA, ZR in shoot apex first fell and then rose. Spraying exogenous GA3caused the endogenous ABA content decreased significantly.
3. Plants of three kinds of seedlings transplanted to Pingquan, Hebei, had experimenced successfully slow growth stage, rapid growth stage, flower bud differentiation stage and dormancy stage. The first time of of flower bud differentiation was synchronous among three seeding ages, with one month's delaying compared with plants in original habitat. After60days'cold storage (-2℃), there was no significant difference of flowering quality among three kind of seedlings.
4. The increase of cold storage time could significantly promoted bud germinating and flowering, as well increase the scape height and flowering rate, which could be explained by the decrease of ABA and IAA content and the increase of GA3, soluble sugar and soluble protein. However, flowering quality among different treatments was not significant, such as floret number and abortive flower number per inflorescence.
The results in our research provided scientific basis for cultivation, flowering regulation of P. maximowiczii.
引文
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