模型油中噻吩类硫化物的氧化和吸附脱硫方法研究
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摘要
为有效控制燃油中的含硫化合物所带来的环境污染，各国政府不断出台日益严格的燃油含硫标准。传统的加氢脱硫可有效脱除燃油中的非噻吩类硫化物，但却很难脱除噻吩（thiophene）、苯并噻吩（benzothiophene，BT）、二苯并噻吩（dibenzothiophene，DBT）及其衍生物等。因此，研究者开发了许多非加氢脱硫方法，如吸附脱硫、萃取脱硫、氧化脱硫等。本文主要研究了三种催化剂在萃取催化氧化脱硫过程中的催化性能，开发了一种集成氧化脱硫的新方法，并考察了四种金属-有机骨架化合物（Metal-Organic Frameworks，MOFs）对含硫模型油的吸附脱硫性能。
首先，本文研究了H_2O_2作氧化剂的萃取催化氧化脱硫方法。对所制备的三种Keggin型磷钨酸盐催化剂，通过元素分析、X射线衍射分析和红外光谱分析等手段分析了其组成和结构。以H_2O_2为氧化剂，1-丁基-3甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐（[Bmim]PF_6）为萃取剂，考察了这三种催化剂在萃取催化氧化脱硫体系中的催化性能。研究了温度、离子液体的亲水性、硫化物种类及催化剂、离子液体和H_2O_2的用量等因素的影响，得到了优化的脱硫条件。结果表明，这三种催化剂均表现出较高的催化活性，在40℃，质量比m(DBT-oil):m([Bmim]PF_6=4:1，摩尔比n(H_2O_2):n(S):n(catalyst)=300:100:1的条件下反应1.5h，它们对初始硫含量为1000ppm的DBT模型油的脱硫率均可达到99.8%以上。憎水性的离子液体[Bmim]PF_6比亲水性的离子液体[Bmim]BF_4更适合于本脱硫体系。提出了本脱硫过程的反应机理，认为离子液体是反应相，离子液体中硫化物及过氧化催化剂的含量会严重影响脱硫效果。含有催化剂的离子液体在多次重复利用后，体系的脱硫性能下降很小，该离子液体可通过简单的萃取处理恢复其脱硫性能。
其次，本文开发了一种集成氧化脱硫的新方法。通过集成异丙醇氧化生成原位H_2O_2和H_2O_2氧化脱硫，在催化剂[π-C_5H_5NC_(16)H_(33)]_3[PW_(12)O_(40)]的作用下，对含硫模型油进行氧化脱硫。考察了反应时间、反应温度、不同硫化物及异丙醇、引发剂、氧气和催化剂的用量等因素对脱硫性能的影响，优化了反应条件。发现[π-C_5H_5NC_16H_33]_3[PW_(12)O_(40)]的催化活性远大于H3PW_(12)O_(40)和[(C4H9)4N]3[PW_(12)O_(40)]，在70℃，m(DBT-oil)/m(isopropanol)=4:1，m(AIBN)/m(isopropanol)=4%，n(S)/n([π-C_5H_5NC_16H_33]3[PW_(12)O_(40)])=50:1，P氧气=1.4MPa的条件下反应6h，它们对DBT模型油的硫转化率分别为98.9%、34.9%和18.7%，其原因在于[π-C_5H_5NC_16H_33]3[PW_(12)O_(40)]对噻吩类硫化物具有更强的吸附性能，且在燃油中具有更好的分散性。对于整个集成反应过程，异丙醇自由基的生成是控制步骤，任何有利于该自由基生成的因素都能显著影响最终脱硫率。该集成过程能有效脱除模型油中的BT和DBT，在相对温和的条件下反应6h，硫转化率可达到96%以上；但对3-甲基噻吩（3-methylthiophene，3-MT）的脱除效果相对较差，90℃反应6h，硫转化率仅为43.3%。相同条件下，不同硫化物的脱除顺序为DBT> BT>3-MT，该顺序与其硫原子上的电子密度大小相一致。以DBT为代表，其集成氧化脱硫产物经表征证明为DBTO和DBTO_2的混合物。同样条件下，有异丙醇参与的集成反应硫转化率可达98.9%，远大于不加异丙醇时的5.1%，说明集成脱硫的效果明显优于传统的氧气氧化脱硫方法。脱硫后燃油中的硫氧化产物可通过简单的过滤-萃取方法除去，燃油中的异丙醇可水洗脱除。
最后，本文研究了几种MOF材料的吸附脱硫性能。通过两种有机羧酸配体（H_3BTC和H_2BDC）与两种金属离子（Cu~(2+)和Cr~(3+)）的组合，合成四种MOF材料(Cu-BDC、Cu-BTC、Cr-BDC和Cr-BTC)，系统考察了它们对模型油的吸附脱硫性能。结果发现，Cu-BTC、Cr-BDC和Cr-BTC的脱硫能力优于传统的沸石和活性炭，在30℃和m(DBT-oil):m(MOF)=200:1的条件下吸附60min，它们对初始硫含量为1000ppm的DBT模型油的吸附脱硫容量分别可达到56.1、41.2和30.7mg S/(g MOF)。结果分析表明，MOF材料的吸附脱硫是物理吸附和化学吸附共同作用的结果，其脱硫能力是各种因素共同作用的结果，这些因素包括：合适的骨架结构、与目标硫化物相匹配的暴露的Lewis酸位点、以及合适的孔尺寸和孔型等。对于不同硫化物的吸附脱除性能，其顺序均为DBT> BT>3-MT，该顺序与其硫原子上的电子密度和π电子数量有关。脱硫后的MOF材料通过简单的醇洗方法再生，可重复利用五次以上。
For effectively controlling the environmental pollution caused by theS-content in fuel oils, more stringent environmental regulations to lower theS-content in fuel oils are continuously introduced by governments. Thetraditional industrial process is the hydrodesulfurization (HDS), which iseffective for non-thiophenic S-compounds, but less effective for thedesulfurization of thiophene (Th), benzothiophene (BT), dibenzothiophene(DBT) and their derivatives. Therefore, some new technologies different fromHDS such as adsorptive desulfurization (ADS), extractive desulfurization(EDS), oxidative desulfurization (ODS) and other processes have beenproposed. In this paper, we studied the catalysis of three catalysts in theextractive and catalytic oxdative desulfurization (ECODS) process, proposedan integrated ODS process, and investigated the adsorption behavior of fourmetal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in model oil.
Firstly, three Keggin-type phosphotungstates were synthesized andcharacterized by elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction and infrared spectra.Their catalysis in an ECODS process was studied with ionic liquid (IL)[Bmim]PF_6as extractant and H_2O_2as oxidant. The main factors affecting the desulfurization process were investigated, including temperature,hydrophobicity of IL, variety of sulfur compounds, as well as the amount ofcatalyst, IL and H_2O_2. All the three catalysts show high catalytic activity.Under the optimal conditions (40℃, m(DBT-oil):m([Bmim]PF_6=4:1,n(H_2O_2):n(S):n(catalyst)=300:100:1,1.5h), for the three catalysts, theirS-removal of DBT-oil with its initial S-content being1000ppm can achieve99.8%. It is found that the hydrophobic IL [Bmim]PF_6is more suitable thanhydrophilic IL [Bmim]BF_4as the extractant in the ECODS system. For thepresent ECODS process, a new interpretation is proposed, in which IL isassumed as a reaction phase, and the amount of the extracted S-compound andthe peroxidized catalyst wherein greatly affect the desulfurization rate.Besides, the IL with the dissolved catalyst can be reused many times andregenerated easily.
Secondly, we proposed a novel integrated ODS process, in which theoxidant H_2O_2is in situ generated by oxidizing isopropanol with oxygen, andthe oxidative desulfurization process is helped by a reaction-controlled phasetransfer catalyst. Some influencing factors for the S-conversion were studied,viz., time, temperature, various S-compounds, and the amount of isopropanol,initiator, oxygen, and catalyst. It is found that the catalysis of[π-C_5H_5NC_(16)H_(33)]_3[PW_(12)O_(40)] is much superior to H_3PW_(12)O_(40)and[(C_4H_9)_4N]_3[PW_(12)O_(40)], under the same conditions (70℃, m(DBT-oil)/m(isopropanol)=4:1, m(AIBN)/m(isopropanol)=4%, n(S) /n([π-C_5H_5NC_(16)H_(33)]3[PW_(12)O_(40)])=50:1, P_(O2)=1.4MPa,6h), the S-conversioncan reach to98.9%,34.9%,18.7%, respectively, because of its gooddispersivity in oil and adsorptivity for S-compounds. For the integrated ODSprocess, the rate determining step is the induction period of the oxidation ofisopropanol, and all measures favoring the production of the isopropanolradicals can improve the reaction rate markedly. Both BT and DBT can beremoved efficiently at mild conditions in6h with S-conversion above96%,however, the S-conversion of3-methylthiophene (3-MT) is relatively low, theS-conversion for which is only43.3%at90°C in6h. The reactivity ofdifferent S-compounds follows the order DBT> BT>3-MT, which is inaccordance with their decreasing electron density on the sulfur atom. Theoxidation products of DBT in the integrated ODS process is characterized asDBTO and DBTO_2. Under the same conditions, the S-conversion withisopropanol can reach98.9%, which is much higher than the S-conversionwithout isopraponal, i.e.5.1%. So the present integrated ODS process isbetter than the traditional ODS process. And the oxidation products can beseparated easily via settling or filtration. Besides, the dissolved isopropanol inthe treated oil can be removed easily by washing with water.
Finally, four MOFs (Cu-BDC, Cu-BTC, Cr-BDC and Cr-BTC) weresynthesized using two different metal ions (Cu~(2+)and Cr~(3+))and two differentcarboxylate ligands (H_3BTC and H_2BDC). Their adsorption behaviors forthiophenic sulfurs in model oils are systemically investigated at mild temperatures. And Cu-BTC, Cr-BDC and Cr-BTC are found to be superior tothe conventional zeolites or activated carbons adsorbents, their adsorptioncapacity of DBT-S can reach56.1,41.2, and30.7mg S/(g MOF) at30°C in1h (mDBT-oil:mMOF=200:1). The results show that the adsorption of these MOFsis a result of combined effects of physisorption and chemisorption. Theiradsorption behaviors are controlled by manifold factors involving appropriateframework structures, suitable pore size and shape, and exposed Lewis acidsites matching the given S-compound. The adsorption capacity of differentsulfur compounds follows the order: DBT> BT>3-MT, which is mainlyascribed to their π electron number and the electron density on sulfur atom.The used MOF can be easily regenerated by solvent washing and recycled atleast five times.
首先，本文研究了H_2O_2作氧化剂的萃取催化氧化脱硫方法。对所制备的三种Keggin型磷钨酸盐催化剂，通过元素分析、X射线衍射分析和红外光谱分析等手段分析了其组成和结构。以H_2O_2为氧化剂，1-丁基-3甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐（[Bmim]PF_6）为萃取剂，考察了这三种催化剂在萃取催化氧化脱硫体系中的催化性能。研究了温度、离子液体的亲水性、硫化物种类及催化剂、离子液体和H_2O_2的用量等因素的影响，得到了优化的脱硫条件。结果表明，这三种催化剂均表现出较高的催化活性，在40℃，质量比m(DBT-oil):m([Bmim]PF_6=4:1，摩尔比n(H_2O_2):n(S):n(catalyst)=300:100:1的条件下反应1.5h，它们对初始硫含量为1000ppm的DBT模型油的脱硫率均可达到99.8%以上。憎水性的离子液体[Bmim]PF_6比亲水性的离子液体[Bmim]BF_4更适合于本脱硫体系。提出了本脱硫过程的反应机理，认为离子液体是反应相，离子液体中硫化物及过氧化催化剂的含量会严重影响脱硫效果。含有催化剂的离子液体在多次重复利用后，体系的脱硫性能下降很小，该离子液体可通过简单的萃取处理恢复其脱硫性能。
其次，本文开发了一种集成氧化脱硫的新方法。通过集成异丙醇氧化生成原位H_2O_2和H_2O_2氧化脱硫，在催化剂[π-C_5H_5NC_(16)H_(33)]_3[PW_(12)O_(40)]的作用下，对含硫模型油进行氧化脱硫。考察了反应时间、反应温度、不同硫化物及异丙醇、引发剂、氧气和催化剂的用量等因素对脱硫性能的影响，优化了反应条件。发现[π-C_5H_5NC_16H_33]_3[PW_(12)O_(40)]的催化活性远大于H3PW_(12)O_(40)和[(C4H9)4N]3[PW_(12)O_(40)]，在70℃，m(DBT-oil)/m(isopropanol)=4:1，m(AIBN)/m(isopropanol)=4%，n(S)/n([π-C_5H_5NC_16H_33]3[PW_(12)O_(40)])=50:1，P氧气=1.4MPa的条件下反应6h，它们对DBT模型油的硫转化率分别为98.9%、34.9%和18.7%，其原因在于[π-C_5H_5NC_16H_33]3[PW_(12)O_(40)]对噻吩类硫化物具有更强的吸附性能，且在燃油中具有更好的分散性。对于整个集成反应过程，异丙醇自由基的生成是控制步骤，任何有利于该自由基生成的因素都能显著影响最终脱硫率。该集成过程能有效脱除模型油中的BT和DBT，在相对温和的条件下反应6h，硫转化率可达到96%以上；但对3-甲基噻吩（3-methylthiophene，3-MT）的脱除效果相对较差，90℃反应6h，硫转化率仅为43.3%。相同条件下，不同硫化物的脱除顺序为DBT> BT>3-MT，该顺序与其硫原子上的电子密度大小相一致。以DBT为代表，其集成氧化脱硫产物经表征证明为DBTO和DBTO_2的混合物。同样条件下，有异丙醇参与的集成反应硫转化率可达98.9%，远大于不加异丙醇时的5.1%，说明集成脱硫的效果明显优于传统的氧气氧化脱硫方法。脱硫后燃油中的硫氧化产物可通过简单的过滤-萃取方法除去，燃油中的异丙醇可水洗脱除。
最后，本文研究了几种MOF材料的吸附脱硫性能。通过两种有机羧酸配体（H_3BTC和H_2BDC）与两种金属离子（Cu~(2+)和Cr~(3+)）的组合，合成四种MOF材料(Cu-BDC、Cu-BTC、Cr-BDC和Cr-BTC)，系统考察了它们对模型油的吸附脱硫性能。结果发现，Cu-BTC、Cr-BDC和Cr-BTC的脱硫能力优于传统的沸石和活性炭，在30℃和m(DBT-oil):m(MOF)=200:1的条件下吸附60min，它们对初始硫含量为1000ppm的DBT模型油的吸附脱硫容量分别可达到56.1、41.2和30.7mg S/(g MOF)。结果分析表明，MOF材料的吸附脱硫是物理吸附和化学吸附共同作用的结果，其脱硫能力是各种因素共同作用的结果，这些因素包括：合适的骨架结构、与目标硫化物相匹配的暴露的Lewis酸位点、以及合适的孔尺寸和孔型等。对于不同硫化物的吸附脱除性能，其顺序均为DBT> BT>3-MT，该顺序与其硫原子上的电子密度和π电子数量有关。脱硫后的MOF材料通过简单的醇洗方法再生，可重复利用五次以上。
For effectively controlling the environmental pollution caused by theS-content in fuel oils, more stringent environmental regulations to lower theS-content in fuel oils are continuously introduced by governments. Thetraditional industrial process is the hydrodesulfurization (HDS), which iseffective for non-thiophenic S-compounds, but less effective for thedesulfurization of thiophene (Th), benzothiophene (BT), dibenzothiophene(DBT) and their derivatives. Therefore, some new technologies different fromHDS such as adsorptive desulfurization (ADS), extractive desulfurization(EDS), oxidative desulfurization (ODS) and other processes have beenproposed. In this paper, we studied the catalysis of three catalysts in theextractive and catalytic oxdative desulfurization (ECODS) process, proposedan integrated ODS process, and investigated the adsorption behavior of fourmetal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in model oil.
Firstly, three Keggin-type phosphotungstates were synthesized andcharacterized by elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction and infrared spectra.Their catalysis in an ECODS process was studied with ionic liquid (IL)[Bmim]PF_6as extractant and H_2O_2as oxidant. The main factors affecting the desulfurization process were investigated, including temperature,hydrophobicity of IL, variety of sulfur compounds, as well as the amount ofcatalyst, IL and H_2O_2. All the three catalysts show high catalytic activity.Under the optimal conditions (40℃, m(DBT-oil):m([Bmim]PF_6=4:1,n(H_2O_2):n(S):n(catalyst)=300:100:1,1.5h), for the three catalysts, theirS-removal of DBT-oil with its initial S-content being1000ppm can achieve99.8%. It is found that the hydrophobic IL [Bmim]PF_6is more suitable thanhydrophilic IL [Bmim]BF_4as the extractant in the ECODS system. For thepresent ECODS process, a new interpretation is proposed, in which IL isassumed as a reaction phase, and the amount of the extracted S-compound andthe peroxidized catalyst wherein greatly affect the desulfurization rate.Besides, the IL with the dissolved catalyst can be reused many times andregenerated easily.
Secondly, we proposed a novel integrated ODS process, in which theoxidant H_2O_2is in situ generated by oxidizing isopropanol with oxygen, andthe oxidative desulfurization process is helped by a reaction-controlled phasetransfer catalyst. Some influencing factors for the S-conversion were studied,viz., time, temperature, various S-compounds, and the amount of isopropanol,initiator, oxygen, and catalyst. It is found that the catalysis of[π-C_5H_5NC_(16)H_(33)]_3[PW_(12)O_(40)] is much superior to H_3PW_(12)O_(40)and[(C_4H_9)_4N]_3[PW_(12)O_(40)], under the same conditions (70℃, m(DBT-oil)/m(isopropanol)=4:1, m(AIBN)/m(isopropanol)=4%, n(S) /n([π-C_5H_5NC_(16)H_(33)]3[PW_(12)O_(40)])=50:1, P_(O2)=1.4MPa,6h), the S-conversioncan reach to98.9%,34.9%,18.7%, respectively, because of its gooddispersivity in oil and adsorptivity for S-compounds. For the integrated ODSprocess, the rate determining step is the induction period of the oxidation ofisopropanol, and all measures favoring the production of the isopropanolradicals can improve the reaction rate markedly. Both BT and DBT can beremoved efficiently at mild conditions in6h with S-conversion above96%,however, the S-conversion of3-methylthiophene (3-MT) is relatively low, theS-conversion for which is only43.3%at90°C in6h. The reactivity ofdifferent S-compounds follows the order DBT> BT>3-MT, which is inaccordance with their decreasing electron density on the sulfur atom. Theoxidation products of DBT in the integrated ODS process is characterized asDBTO and DBTO_2. Under the same conditions, the S-conversion withisopropanol can reach98.9%, which is much higher than the S-conversionwithout isopraponal, i.e.5.1%. So the present integrated ODS process isbetter than the traditional ODS process. And the oxidation products can beseparated easily via settling or filtration. Besides, the dissolved isopropanol inthe treated oil can be removed easily by washing with water.
Finally, four MOFs (Cu-BDC, Cu-BTC, Cr-BDC and Cr-BTC) weresynthesized using two different metal ions (Cu~(2+)and Cr~(3+))and two differentcarboxylate ligands (H_3BTC and H_2BDC). Their adsorption behaviors forthiophenic sulfurs in model oils are systemically investigated at mild temperatures. And Cu-BTC, Cr-BDC and Cr-BTC are found to be superior tothe conventional zeolites or activated carbons adsorbents, their adsorptioncapacity of DBT-S can reach56.1,41.2, and30.7mg S/(g MOF) at30°C in1h (mDBT-oil:mMOF=200:1). The results show that the adsorption of these MOFsis a result of combined effects of physisorption and chemisorption. Theiradsorption behaviors are controlled by manifold factors involving appropriateframework structures, suitable pore size and shape, and exposed Lewis acidsites matching the given S-compound. The adsorption capacity of differentsulfur compounds follows the order: DBT> BT>3-MT, which is mainlyascribed to their π electron number and the electron density on sulfur atom.The used MOF can be easily regenerated by solvent washing and recycled atleast five times.
引文
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