含环糊精聚合物体系的构建及其生物应用研究
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摘要
环糊精（CD）是由6~8个吡喃葡萄糖单元通过α-1,4糖苷键链接起来的环状分子，呈两端开口的中空桶状立体结构，具有腔内疏水、腔外亲水的两亲性特点，可以通过主客体相互作用包结多种客体分子，形成环糊精复合物。与此同时，环糊精分子含有多个反应活性不同的羟基，可以通过改性修饰制备新型环糊精化合物。由于具有较低的生物毒性和较好的生物安全性，近年来环糊精在药物控制释放、非病毒基因载体、食品添加剂、化妆品等领域得到广泛应用。将环糊精通过非共价或共价方式引入聚合物中，可获得兼具环糊精和聚合物性能优势的含环糊精聚合物体系。本文利用主客体相互作用、迈克尔加成聚合等方法制备了一系列含环糊精聚合物体系，并对其作为药物或基因载体的生物应用进行了评估。具体研究内容和主要结论如下：
1.环糊精/聚丙烯酸/聚乙二醇三元复合物的制备、表征及其作为药物载体的评估
聚丙烯酸（PAA）和聚乙二醇（PEG）通过氢键作用可以形成聚合物复合物，在其稀溶液中加入不同量的β-环糊精（β-CD），得到了一系列具有不同粒子尺寸的三元复合物溶液。β-环糊精的含量越高，纳米粒子的尺寸越小。用动态光散射、透射电子显微镜、核磁共振扩散技术、固体核磁共振以及红外光谱技术对上述体系进行了结构表征，证实了体系中存在主客作用和氢键作用的相互竞争，导致粒子尺寸随β-环糊精含量发生变化。3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2)-2,5-二苯基四氮唑溴盐（MTT）方法测试细胞毒性的结果表明，β-CD/PAA/PEG三元复合物具有较低的细胞毒性。流式细胞仪和激光共聚焦显微镜分析显示，装载抗癌药物阿霉素（DOX）的β-CD/PAA/PEG三元复合物能够高效地被细胞摄入，MTT药效测试结果表明其对人宫颈癌细胞（Hela细胞）的生长有一定的抑制效果。因此，β-CD/PAA/PEG三元复合物可能成为一类有前景的药物载体材料。
2.环糊精/超支化多臂星型聚合物刷超分子水凝胶的制备和载药性能研究
以超支化双硫酯为链转移剂、偶氮二异丁腈（AIBN）为引发剂，进行甲基丙烯酸聚乙二醇酯（PEGMA）的可逆加成-断裂链转移（RAFT）聚合，合成了超支化多臂星型聚合物刷。利用超支化多臂星型聚合物刷上的聚乙二醇链段和α-环糊精之间的包结作用制备了一种具有温度响应性的超分子水凝胶。用红外光谱、核磁共振和广角X射线衍射等方法对水凝胶的结构和成胶机理进行了研究，并通过MTT方法对其细胞毒性进行了评估。采用这种超分子水凝胶负载了抗癌药物DOX，载药释放研究结果表明，DOX药物释放时间可持续数十天。这些性能证明环糊精/超支化多臂星型聚合物刷超分子水凝胶可作为一种潜在的可注射药物释放体系应用到癌症治疗领域。
3.含环糊精超支化聚酰胺胺的合成及其基因输送体系的构建
通过迈克尔加成聚合，以N, N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺、1-（2-胺乙基）哌嗪和单胺基修饰的β-环糊精为单体，在水中一步合成制备得到了含环糊精超支化聚酰胺胺。采用核磁共振、红外光谱、凝胶渗透色谱、酸碱滴定、琼脂糖凝胶电泳等技术，对所得聚合产物的结构和性能进行了详细表征。结果表明，通过调节投料比得到了一系列具有不同环糊精含量的超支化聚合物，其支化度在0.30~0.34，数均分子量为9,500~14,000。用MTT方法评价了含环糊精超支化聚酰胺胺的细胞毒性，结果显示环糊精含量的增加有助于降低材料的毒性。含环糊精超支化聚酰胺胺具有良好的质子缓冲能力，能够有效压缩质粒DNA，在无血清和有血清条件下均能进行高效基因转染，环糊精的含量对基因转染效率影响不明显。
4.含环糊精超支化聚酰胺胺的荧光性能及基因转染过程示踪
利用荧光光谱技术系统表征了含环糊精超支化聚酰胺胺的荧光性能。结果表明此类聚合物具有很宽的荧光发射谱，几乎覆盖整个可见光区。聚合物的荧光强度与温度和pH相关。更为重要的是，随着环糊精含量的增加，聚合物的荧光强度大为增强，荧光寿命和量子产率也略有增大。示差扫描量热分析结果显示，随着环糊精含量的增加，聚合物的玻璃化转变温度升高，这可能是大体积的β-环糊精使得聚合物变得更加刚性所致。利用含环糊精超支化聚酰胺胺的荧光性能，无需添加荧光标记物，用流式细胞仪和激光共聚焦显微镜跟踪了其与质粒DNA复合后进入细胞、介导基因转染的过程，结果显示聚合物/质粒DNA的复合物可以高效进入细胞，聚合物载体在转染过程中停留在细胞质内。
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a series of natural cyclic oligosaccharides composed of α-1,4-coupled D-glucose units. The most commonly used CD subtypes are α-CD, β-CD andγ-CD, which consist of6,7,8D-glucose units, respectively. CDs display a bucket-likestructure with a hydrophobic inner cavity that can form inclusion complexes with variousguest molecules, including many kinds of polymers. Meanwhile, abundant hydroxylslocated on the hydrophilic exterior of CDs show varied reactivity, which make it easy tosynthesize modified CDs. CDs have often been used to design and construct polymericmaterials by host-guest interactions or covalent modifications. CD-based polymericmaterials usually exhibit unique characteristics in terms of mechanical properties,stimuli-responsiveness, good availability, etc., facilitating their wide applications in drugdelivery, gene transfection, food additives, flavoring materials and cosmetics.
In this dissertation, we designed and constructed several CD-based polymericsystems through host-guest interaction or by Michael addition reaction. The chemicalstructures and properties of these systems were thoroughly characterized, and theapplications in drug and gene delivery of these systems were also estimated. The detailsand key conclusions are described as follows:
1. Construction of interpolymer complexes with controlling particle size throughhost-guest interaction for drug delivery
A new method to adjust the particle size of interpolymer complexes was developedby introduction of host-guest interaction into the dilute aqueous solution of poly(acrylicacid)(PAA) and poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG). Due to the cooperative hydrogen-bondinginteraction, PAA formed the interpolymer complexes with PEG. Adding β-CD into dilutePAA/PEG aqueous solution, the competition between host-guest and hydrogen-bondinginteractions happened. The β-CD/PAA/PEG ternary systems were well characterized byultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis), dynamic light scattering (DLS),transmission electron microscopy (TEM), diffusion NMR spectroscopy, Fourier transforminfrared (FTIR) and solid-state13C NMR spectroscopy. The results indicated that thehydrophobic cavity of β-CD was threaded by linear polymers so that the hydrophilicity ofPAA/PEG interpolymer complexes was improved greatly. Adjusting the amounts of β-CD,the particle size of the interpolymer complexes could be readily controlled. The lowcytotoxicity of various β-CD/PAA/PEG ternary complexes was confirmed using the MTTassay in COS-7cell line. Doxorubicin (DOX), an anticancer drug, was encapsulated intothe β-CD/PAA/PEG ternary complexes. The DOX-loaded β-CD/PAA/PEG ternarycomplexes had been analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) analysis, confocal laser scanningmicroscopy (CLSM) and the methyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay against human cervicalcarcinoma cell (Hela). The results indicated that β-CD/PAA/PEG ternary complexes withcontrolled particle size could be used as safe and promising drug carriers.
2. Preparation and characterization of supramolecular hydrogel consisting of adendritic multiarm copolymer brush and α-CDs for drug delivery
Through reversible addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization ofpoly(ethylene glyco1) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) initiated by dendritic macroinitiator, a dendritic multiarm copolymer brush was successfully synthesized.Benefiting from the cooperation of host-guest interaction and hydrogen-bondinginteraction, a supramolecular hydrogel formed between the dendritic multiarm copolymerbrush and α-CDs in an aqueous solution. The resultant hydrogel showed uniquetemperature-dependent sol-gel phase transition. The structure and the forming mechanismof the supramolecular hydrogel were characterized by FTIR、NMR and X-ray diffraction(XRD) techniques. MTT assay in NIH-3T3cell line proved the low cytotoxicity of thehydrogel. The anticancer drug DOX could be loaded into the hydrogel, and theencapsulated DOX could be released gradually in a long time. It suggested that thissupramolecular hydrogel consisting of a dendritic multiarm copolymer brush and α-CDscould be useful as an injectable drug delivery system.
3. Design and synthesis of hyperbranched poly(amido amine) containing β-CDs as anonviral gene delivery vector
Hyperbranched poly(amido amine) containing different amounts of β-CDs(HPAMAM-CDs) were synthesized through a simple and efficient one-step Michaeladdition copolymerization of N, N’-methylenebis(acrylamide)(MBA),1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine (AP) and mono-6-dexy-6-ethylenediamino-β-CD (EDA-β-CD). NMR, GPC(gel permeation chromatography), and FTIR techniques were used to characterize thestructure of the obtained HPAMAM-CDs. MTT assay proved that the cytotoxicity becamelower as the β-CD content increased. The agarose gel electrophoresis results indicated thatHPAMAM-CDs could condense pDNA very well. In vitro transfection evaluation ofHPAMAM-CD/pDNA complexes in the absence or presence of10%FBS showed highgene transfection efficiencies. Furthermore, the inner cavities of β-CDs inHPAMAM-CDs could be used to encapsulate drugs through host-guest interaction.Therefore, the HPAMAM-CDs may have potential application in the combination of genetherapy and chemotherapy.
4. Fluorescence properties of HPAMAM-CDs and their application as fluorescenttracker in gene transfection process
HPAMAM and HPAMAM-CDs were found to display fluorescence with theemission bands of nearly whole visible wavelength range. In comparison to pureHPAMAM, the fluorescence intensity of HPAMAM-CDs was enhanced significantly. Thefluorescence enhancement of HPAMAM-CDs might result from the restricted rotationalmotion of the terminal chains caused by the steric hindrance of big β-CD units, which wasconfirmed by the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) results. Benefiting from thestrong fluorescence of HPAMAM-CD, the cell internalization studies ofHPAMAM-CD/pDNA complexes were preformed conveniently without fluorescentlabeling. FCM and CLSM results demonstrated that the cellular uptake ofHPAMAM-CD/pDNA complexes was very fast and HPAMAM-CDs mainly located inthe cytoplasm of the cells during the gene transportation process.
1.环糊精/聚丙烯酸/聚乙二醇三元复合物的制备、表征及其作为药物载体的评估
聚丙烯酸（PAA）和聚乙二醇（PEG）通过氢键作用可以形成聚合物复合物，在其稀溶液中加入不同量的β-环糊精（β-CD），得到了一系列具有不同粒子尺寸的三元复合物溶液。β-环糊精的含量越高，纳米粒子的尺寸越小。用动态光散射、透射电子显微镜、核磁共振扩散技术、固体核磁共振以及红外光谱技术对上述体系进行了结构表征，证实了体系中存在主客作用和氢键作用的相互竞争，导致粒子尺寸随β-环糊精含量发生变化。3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2)-2,5-二苯基四氮唑溴盐（MTT）方法测试细胞毒性的结果表明，β-CD/PAA/PEG三元复合物具有较低的细胞毒性。流式细胞仪和激光共聚焦显微镜分析显示，装载抗癌药物阿霉素（DOX）的β-CD/PAA/PEG三元复合物能够高效地被细胞摄入，MTT药效测试结果表明其对人宫颈癌细胞（Hela细胞）的生长有一定的抑制效果。因此，β-CD/PAA/PEG三元复合物可能成为一类有前景的药物载体材料。
2.环糊精/超支化多臂星型聚合物刷超分子水凝胶的制备和载药性能研究
以超支化双硫酯为链转移剂、偶氮二异丁腈（AIBN）为引发剂，进行甲基丙烯酸聚乙二醇酯（PEGMA）的可逆加成-断裂链转移（RAFT）聚合，合成了超支化多臂星型聚合物刷。利用超支化多臂星型聚合物刷上的聚乙二醇链段和α-环糊精之间的包结作用制备了一种具有温度响应性的超分子水凝胶。用红外光谱、核磁共振和广角X射线衍射等方法对水凝胶的结构和成胶机理进行了研究，并通过MTT方法对其细胞毒性进行了评估。采用这种超分子水凝胶负载了抗癌药物DOX，载药释放研究结果表明，DOX药物释放时间可持续数十天。这些性能证明环糊精/超支化多臂星型聚合物刷超分子水凝胶可作为一种潜在的可注射药物释放体系应用到癌症治疗领域。
3.含环糊精超支化聚酰胺胺的合成及其基因输送体系的构建
通过迈克尔加成聚合，以N, N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺、1-（2-胺乙基）哌嗪和单胺基修饰的β-环糊精为单体，在水中一步合成制备得到了含环糊精超支化聚酰胺胺。采用核磁共振、红外光谱、凝胶渗透色谱、酸碱滴定、琼脂糖凝胶电泳等技术，对所得聚合产物的结构和性能进行了详细表征。结果表明，通过调节投料比得到了一系列具有不同环糊精含量的超支化聚合物，其支化度在0.30~0.34，数均分子量为9,500~14,000。用MTT方法评价了含环糊精超支化聚酰胺胺的细胞毒性，结果显示环糊精含量的增加有助于降低材料的毒性。含环糊精超支化聚酰胺胺具有良好的质子缓冲能力，能够有效压缩质粒DNA，在无血清和有血清条件下均能进行高效基因转染，环糊精的含量对基因转染效率影响不明显。
4.含环糊精超支化聚酰胺胺的荧光性能及基因转染过程示踪
利用荧光光谱技术系统表征了含环糊精超支化聚酰胺胺的荧光性能。结果表明此类聚合物具有很宽的荧光发射谱，几乎覆盖整个可见光区。聚合物的荧光强度与温度和pH相关。更为重要的是，随着环糊精含量的增加，聚合物的荧光强度大为增强，荧光寿命和量子产率也略有增大。示差扫描量热分析结果显示，随着环糊精含量的增加，聚合物的玻璃化转变温度升高，这可能是大体积的β-环糊精使得聚合物变得更加刚性所致。利用含环糊精超支化聚酰胺胺的荧光性能，无需添加荧光标记物，用流式细胞仪和激光共聚焦显微镜跟踪了其与质粒DNA复合后进入细胞、介导基因转染的过程，结果显示聚合物/质粒DNA的复合物可以高效进入细胞，聚合物载体在转染过程中停留在细胞质内。
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a series of natural cyclic oligosaccharides composed of α-1,4-coupled D-glucose units. The most commonly used CD subtypes are α-CD, β-CD andγ-CD, which consist of6,7,8D-glucose units, respectively. CDs display a bucket-likestructure with a hydrophobic inner cavity that can form inclusion complexes with variousguest molecules, including many kinds of polymers. Meanwhile, abundant hydroxylslocated on the hydrophilic exterior of CDs show varied reactivity, which make it easy tosynthesize modified CDs. CDs have often been used to design and construct polymericmaterials by host-guest interactions or covalent modifications. CD-based polymericmaterials usually exhibit unique characteristics in terms of mechanical properties,stimuli-responsiveness, good availability, etc., facilitating their wide applications in drugdelivery, gene transfection, food additives, flavoring materials and cosmetics.
In this dissertation, we designed and constructed several CD-based polymericsystems through host-guest interaction or by Michael addition reaction. The chemicalstructures and properties of these systems were thoroughly characterized, and theapplications in drug and gene delivery of these systems were also estimated. The detailsand key conclusions are described as follows:
1. Construction of interpolymer complexes with controlling particle size throughhost-guest interaction for drug delivery
A new method to adjust the particle size of interpolymer complexes was developedby introduction of host-guest interaction into the dilute aqueous solution of poly(acrylicacid)(PAA) and poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG). Due to the cooperative hydrogen-bondinginteraction, PAA formed the interpolymer complexes with PEG. Adding β-CD into dilutePAA/PEG aqueous solution, the competition between host-guest and hydrogen-bondinginteractions happened. The β-CD/PAA/PEG ternary systems were well characterized byultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis), dynamic light scattering (DLS),transmission electron microscopy (TEM), diffusion NMR spectroscopy, Fourier transforminfrared (FTIR) and solid-state13C NMR spectroscopy. The results indicated that thehydrophobic cavity of β-CD was threaded by linear polymers so that the hydrophilicity ofPAA/PEG interpolymer complexes was improved greatly. Adjusting the amounts of β-CD,the particle size of the interpolymer complexes could be readily controlled. The lowcytotoxicity of various β-CD/PAA/PEG ternary complexes was confirmed using the MTTassay in COS-7cell line. Doxorubicin (DOX), an anticancer drug, was encapsulated intothe β-CD/PAA/PEG ternary complexes. The DOX-loaded β-CD/PAA/PEG ternarycomplexes had been analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) analysis, confocal laser scanningmicroscopy (CLSM) and the methyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay against human cervicalcarcinoma cell (Hela). The results indicated that β-CD/PAA/PEG ternary complexes withcontrolled particle size could be used as safe and promising drug carriers.
2. Preparation and characterization of supramolecular hydrogel consisting of adendritic multiarm copolymer brush and α-CDs for drug delivery
Through reversible addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization ofpoly(ethylene glyco1) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) initiated by dendritic macroinitiator, a dendritic multiarm copolymer brush was successfully synthesized.Benefiting from the cooperation of host-guest interaction and hydrogen-bondinginteraction, a supramolecular hydrogel formed between the dendritic multiarm copolymerbrush and α-CDs in an aqueous solution. The resultant hydrogel showed uniquetemperature-dependent sol-gel phase transition. The structure and the forming mechanismof the supramolecular hydrogel were characterized by FTIR、NMR and X-ray diffraction(XRD) techniques. MTT assay in NIH-3T3cell line proved the low cytotoxicity of thehydrogel. The anticancer drug DOX could be loaded into the hydrogel, and theencapsulated DOX could be released gradually in a long time. It suggested that thissupramolecular hydrogel consisting of a dendritic multiarm copolymer brush and α-CDscould be useful as an injectable drug delivery system.
3. Design and synthesis of hyperbranched poly(amido amine) containing β-CDs as anonviral gene delivery vector
Hyperbranched poly(amido amine) containing different amounts of β-CDs(HPAMAM-CDs) were synthesized through a simple and efficient one-step Michaeladdition copolymerization of N, N’-methylenebis(acrylamide)(MBA),1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine (AP) and mono-6-dexy-6-ethylenediamino-β-CD (EDA-β-CD). NMR, GPC(gel permeation chromatography), and FTIR techniques were used to characterize thestructure of the obtained HPAMAM-CDs. MTT assay proved that the cytotoxicity becamelower as the β-CD content increased. The agarose gel electrophoresis results indicated thatHPAMAM-CDs could condense pDNA very well. In vitro transfection evaluation ofHPAMAM-CD/pDNA complexes in the absence or presence of10%FBS showed highgene transfection efficiencies. Furthermore, the inner cavities of β-CDs inHPAMAM-CDs could be used to encapsulate drugs through host-guest interaction.Therefore, the HPAMAM-CDs may have potential application in the combination of genetherapy and chemotherapy.
4. Fluorescence properties of HPAMAM-CDs and their application as fluorescenttracker in gene transfection process
HPAMAM and HPAMAM-CDs were found to display fluorescence with theemission bands of nearly whole visible wavelength range. In comparison to pureHPAMAM, the fluorescence intensity of HPAMAM-CDs was enhanced significantly. Thefluorescence enhancement of HPAMAM-CDs might result from the restricted rotationalmotion of the terminal chains caused by the steric hindrance of big β-CD units, which wasconfirmed by the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) results. Benefiting from thestrong fluorescence of HPAMAM-CD, the cell internalization studies ofHPAMAM-CD/pDNA complexes were preformed conveniently without fluorescentlabeling. FCM and CLSM results demonstrated that the cellular uptake ofHPAMAM-CD/pDNA complexes was very fast and HPAMAM-CDs mainly located inthe cytoplasm of the cells during the gene transportation process.
引文
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