拓扑结构聚电解质的合成及性质研究
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摘要
不同拓扑结构的聚合物,如嵌段、接枝、星形、超支化及环状聚合物等,具有不同于线形聚合物的特殊性质,而聚电解质在多种领域中有着广泛应用,因此拓扑结构聚电解质的合成及性质研究有着重要意义。在本论文中,我们采用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)等方法,合成了环状和星形等拓扑结构的弱聚电解质。在此基础上,对环状聚电解质的各种性质、星形聚电解质在水溶液中的离子特异性行为以及不同臂数的星形聚电解质的多层膜组装行为进行了研究。具体研究结果如下：
将ATRP和点击化学(click chemistry)相结合,用不同路线分别成功制备了环状聚丙烯酸(PAA)。第一,采用含保护了炔基的ATRP引发剂,用ATRP方法合成分子量可控的线形聚丙烯酸叔丁酯(PtBA),接着将末端Br基团用NaN3亲核取代,在未对炔基脱保护条件下于极稀溶液中直接click反应生成环状PtBA;第二,采用带未保护炔基的ATRP引发剂,可以合成分子量可控且分布很窄的PtBA线形链,接着click反应生成环状PtBA。将环状PtBA用三氟乙酸水解后生成环状聚丙烯酸(PAA)。对比研究了环状PAA和线形PAA的各种性质,结果表明环状与线形聚电解质在多方面表现出明显不同的性质。相比于线形PAA,环状PAA流体力学半径小；特性粘数小；水溶液电导率低；与线形阳离子聚电解质多层膜组装时层间渗透程度小,多层膜厚度小。
其次,利用荧光方法对含三亚苯荧光发光内核的星形聚电解质的离子特异性效应进行了研究。首先合成了含三亚苯的六官能度引发剂,在此基础上ATRP合成六臂星形PtBA与聚甲基丙烯酸二甲胺基乙酯(PDEM),并将获得的星形PtBA水解成PAA。研究发现两种聚电解质的荧光发光强度均随着pH的升高而减弱,表明这两种聚电解质荧光对pH的敏感性是基于不同的机理。星形PDEM链随pH的升高,由电离状态转变为非电离状态,导致分子链塌缩与聚集,使荧光发光核之间相互接触机会增加,产生碰撞导致的荧光淬灭,同时伴有excimer产生。而对于星形PAA,由于其具有更强的亲水性,使得荧光发光核在高pH下更容易暴露于水溶液中,因此在水溶液中非荧光发光能量共振转移增加,荧光减弱。在此基础上,我们对这两种聚电解质在不同pH下的离子特异性效应进行了研究。结果表明这类聚电解质在电离状态下,其荧光性质的离子特异性效应主要受“反离子凝聚”所控制,而且电离程度越大,其离子特异性现象越显著；相反在非电离条件下,其荧光性质的离子特异性效应主要由聚合物链与离子间的非静电作用(如色散力)所主导。
另外,基于不同官能度ATRP引发剂,利用core-first方法,合成了臂长基本一致而臂数不同的PDEM和PAA。利用具有耗散测量功能的石英晶体微天平(QCM-D)研究了这类聚电解质的多层膜组装行为,并用原子力显微镜(AFM)及接触角(CA)对多层膜进行了表征。研究结果表明星形聚电解质的拓扑结构对多层膜组装有重要影响,如在多层膜组装过程中,其渗透方式随着臂数的增加发生反转等。对多层膜的表面粗糙度以及表面润湿性质研究,表明外层PDEM的拓扑结构对这些性质起关键作用。
Polyelectrolyte has received extensive attention due to its promising applications in various fields. It is well known that the properties of polyelectrolyte are generally determined by its conformation. Owing to their special structure, the topological polymers including block copolymer, grafted polymer, star polymer, hyperbranched and cyclic polymer exhibit unique properties in comparison with the linear analogies. Hence, it is important to investigate the various properties of topological polyelectrolytes. However, synthesis of topological polyelectrolytes still faces a big challenge. In this thesis, by a combination of ATRP and click reaction, we have successfully synthesized the cyclic and star polyelectrolytes and have studied their properties. The results and conclusions are as follows:
Based on the direct copper(Ⅰ)-catalyzed click cyclization without any deprotection steps, we have successfully synthesized well-defined cyclic PtBA and PAA. The cyclic PtBA and PAA are confirmed by the GPC, NMR, and FTIR measurements. In another method, the well-defined alkyne terminated PtBA can be directly prepared via ATRP using propargyl2-bromoisobutyrate as initiator by reducing amount of catalyst complex or in proper solvent. The cyclic PAA is obtained by following click cyclization and hydrolysis. The density, viscosity, light scattering, conductivity and DSC measurments demonstrate that the cyclic polyanion exhibit quite different properties compared with the linear analogies. Quartz crystal microbalance studies reveal that the multilayer formed by the cyclic PAA is quite different from that of linear PAA. The strategy provides a convenient and efficient method for synthesis of cyclic polyelectrolyte and can be applied to other systems.
By use of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) method, we have prepared well-defined6-arm star-shaped poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate](PDEM) and poly(acrylic acid)(PAA) containing a fluorescent triphenylene core. We have studied the pH and ion-species sensitive fluorescence properties of such two star polyelectrolytes. For both PDEM and PAA, the fluorescence intensity decreases with increasing pH, indicating that the fluorescence intensity of PDEM and PAA is dominated by the aggregation induced fluorescence quenching and the chain conformation controlled nonradiative relaxation, respectively. This suggestion is further confirmed by the facts that the star PDEM molecules can form excimers at high pHs and no excimer emission peak can be observed for the star PAA molecules. For both polyelectrolytes, the ion specificity is determined by the counterion condensation for the charged chains, whereas the nonelectrostatic ion adsorption governs the specific ion effect for the uncharged chains.
Star polyelectrolytes with almost the same arm length but different arm number (2,3,4and6) have been synthesized by ATRP via the "core-first" method by use of different functional initiators. The growth of multilayers using the star polyelectrolytes has been investigated with QCM-D. It is found that the arm number has a significant influence on the chain interpenetration during the LbL deposition. Moreover, the RMS roughness and the static contact angle of the8-bilayer PEM surface are determined by the outmost polyelectrolyte layer.
将ATRP和点击化学(click chemistry)相结合,用不同路线分别成功制备了环状聚丙烯酸(PAA)。第一,采用含保护了炔基的ATRP引发剂,用ATRP方法合成分子量可控的线形聚丙烯酸叔丁酯(PtBA),接着将末端Br基团用NaN3亲核取代,在未对炔基脱保护条件下于极稀溶液中直接click反应生成环状PtBA;第二,采用带未保护炔基的ATRP引发剂,可以合成分子量可控且分布很窄的PtBA线形链,接着click反应生成环状PtBA。将环状PtBA用三氟乙酸水解后生成环状聚丙烯酸(PAA)。对比研究了环状PAA和线形PAA的各种性质,结果表明环状与线形聚电解质在多方面表现出明显不同的性质。相比于线形PAA,环状PAA流体力学半径小；特性粘数小；水溶液电导率低；与线形阳离子聚电解质多层膜组装时层间渗透程度小,多层膜厚度小。
其次,利用荧光方法对含三亚苯荧光发光内核的星形聚电解质的离子特异性效应进行了研究。首先合成了含三亚苯的六官能度引发剂,在此基础上ATRP合成六臂星形PtBA与聚甲基丙烯酸二甲胺基乙酯(PDEM),并将获得的星形PtBA水解成PAA。研究发现两种聚电解质的荧光发光强度均随着pH的升高而减弱,表明这两种聚电解质荧光对pH的敏感性是基于不同的机理。星形PDEM链随pH的升高,由电离状态转变为非电离状态,导致分子链塌缩与聚集,使荧光发光核之间相互接触机会增加,产生碰撞导致的荧光淬灭,同时伴有excimer产生。而对于星形PAA,由于其具有更强的亲水性,使得荧光发光核在高pH下更容易暴露于水溶液中,因此在水溶液中非荧光发光能量共振转移增加,荧光减弱。在此基础上,我们对这两种聚电解质在不同pH下的离子特异性效应进行了研究。结果表明这类聚电解质在电离状态下,其荧光性质的离子特异性效应主要受“反离子凝聚”所控制,而且电离程度越大,其离子特异性现象越显著；相反在非电离条件下,其荧光性质的离子特异性效应主要由聚合物链与离子间的非静电作用(如色散力)所主导。
另外,基于不同官能度ATRP引发剂,利用core-first方法,合成了臂长基本一致而臂数不同的PDEM和PAA。利用具有耗散测量功能的石英晶体微天平(QCM-D)研究了这类聚电解质的多层膜组装行为,并用原子力显微镜(AFM)及接触角(CA)对多层膜进行了表征。研究结果表明星形聚电解质的拓扑结构对多层膜组装有重要影响,如在多层膜组装过程中,其渗透方式随着臂数的增加发生反转等。对多层膜的表面粗糙度以及表面润湿性质研究,表明外层PDEM的拓扑结构对这些性质起关键作用。
Polyelectrolyte has received extensive attention due to its promising applications in various fields. It is well known that the properties of polyelectrolyte are generally determined by its conformation. Owing to their special structure, the topological polymers including block copolymer, grafted polymer, star polymer, hyperbranched and cyclic polymer exhibit unique properties in comparison with the linear analogies. Hence, it is important to investigate the various properties of topological polyelectrolytes. However, synthesis of topological polyelectrolytes still faces a big challenge. In this thesis, by a combination of ATRP and click reaction, we have successfully synthesized the cyclic and star polyelectrolytes and have studied their properties. The results and conclusions are as follows:
Based on the direct copper(Ⅰ)-catalyzed click cyclization without any deprotection steps, we have successfully synthesized well-defined cyclic PtBA and PAA. The cyclic PtBA and PAA are confirmed by the GPC, NMR, and FTIR measurements. In another method, the well-defined alkyne terminated PtBA can be directly prepared via ATRP using propargyl2-bromoisobutyrate as initiator by reducing amount of catalyst complex or in proper solvent. The cyclic PAA is obtained by following click cyclization and hydrolysis. The density, viscosity, light scattering, conductivity and DSC measurments demonstrate that the cyclic polyanion exhibit quite different properties compared with the linear analogies. Quartz crystal microbalance studies reveal that the multilayer formed by the cyclic PAA is quite different from that of linear PAA. The strategy provides a convenient and efficient method for synthesis of cyclic polyelectrolyte and can be applied to other systems.
By use of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) method, we have prepared well-defined6-arm star-shaped poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate](PDEM) and poly(acrylic acid)(PAA) containing a fluorescent triphenylene core. We have studied the pH and ion-species sensitive fluorescence properties of such two star polyelectrolytes. For both PDEM and PAA, the fluorescence intensity decreases with increasing pH, indicating that the fluorescence intensity of PDEM and PAA is dominated by the aggregation induced fluorescence quenching and the chain conformation controlled nonradiative relaxation, respectively. This suggestion is further confirmed by the facts that the star PDEM molecules can form excimers at high pHs and no excimer emission peak can be observed for the star PAA molecules. For both polyelectrolytes, the ion specificity is determined by the counterion condensation for the charged chains, whereas the nonelectrostatic ion adsorption governs the specific ion effect for the uncharged chains.
Star polyelectrolytes with almost the same arm length but different arm number (2,3,4and6) have been synthesized by ATRP via the "core-first" method by use of different functional initiators. The growth of multilayers using the star polyelectrolytes has been investigated with QCM-D. It is found that the arm number has a significant influence on the chain interpenetration during the LbL deposition. Moreover, the RMS roughness and the static contact angle of the8-bilayer PEM surface are determined by the outmost polyelectrolyte layer.
引文
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