污水处理用多参数智能测量仪的研究
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摘要
污水资源再生作为一项新兴技术，可以实现生活污水的生态化、无害化处理，在国内外受到越来越多的重视。本课题针对污水处理厂的参数检测需求，选用SAMSUNG公司基于ARM9核的S3C2410X芯片作为CPU，扩展了CAN控制器、以太网芯片、液晶屏、键盘等外围设备，研制了一个可同时对三个水质监测参数进行检测的多参数智能测量仪。测量的参数指标主要包括：氧化还原电位，溶解氧、氨氮总量。氧化还原电位采用去极化法测量；溶解氧采用Clark溶氧电极进行测量；氨氮总量采用氨气敏电极测量方式。为提高测量精度和可靠性，测量仪在硬件方面设计了二阶低通有源滤波电路，滤除信号中携带的高频尖波。在软件方面，采用了中位值平均滤波法解决测量过程中存在的电磁干扰等问题；采用了Kalman滤波算法消除氨气敏电极测量时的测量噪声。
由于不同污水处理厂的工作状况不同，仪器设计时兼顾了不同工作模式的需求。仪器具有的就地采集、存储、显示回放功能可使测量仪工作在单机模式；测量仪还设计了CAN总线和以太网接口方式，使用者可以自己选择接口方式，采用两种网络数据传输功能，通过网络测量实现对现场参数的监测以及优化控制。
测量仪的软件采用嵌入式Linux作为操作系统，在目标板上移植了引导程序、Linux和文件系统，在此基础上开发了数据采集和数据处理软件。驱动程序作为应用程序访问底层硬件的接口，具有重要的作用。本论文按驱动的三个层次对CAN驱动程序的设计进行了论述，为CAN总线通信提供了保证。
As a rising technology, the recycle of the sewage resource catches an increasing attention at home and abroad. It can realize the treatment of the residential sewage ecologically and innocuously. In view of parameters measurement demands of sewage treatment plants, the subject developed a multi-parameter measurement instrument used for sewage disposal system. The hardware platform used ARM9 as the kernel unit and added CAN controller, Ethernet cuntroller, LCD screen, keyboard and so on. The parameters needed to measure are Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), content of ammonia nitrogen. The Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) measurement adoped depolarized method; the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) measured by Clark dissolved oxygen electrode; and the content of ammonia nitrogen measured by ammonia gas sensing electrode. In order to enhance the precision and reliability of measurement, the measurement instrument designed a second order active filtering circuit to filter the High-Frequency sharp wave in the signals. In the software, median average filtering method is used to suppress electromagnetic interference (EMI); Kalman flitter algorithm is adoped to reduce ammonia gas measurement noise.
The instrument is designed to fulfil different needs in different plants. The instrument can achieve the function for get local measured data and display, storage and playback of the data so that it can use as Single Host Model. Becouse of the CAN and Ethernent interface have designed, users can select the appropriate mode to get data by network transmission, so that it can extend long-range supervisory control and optimizing control functions.
The software is based on the embedded Linux operating system. The data acquisition and data processing program are developed after porting the bootlorder program, Linux operating system and the YAFFS root file system to the S3C2410 platform. As the interface of application software for accessing the low level hardware, the hard device drivers play important roles in embedded system. The paper introduce the three levels of CAN device driver design witch is insure the CAN bus communication.
由于不同污水处理厂的工作状况不同，仪器设计时兼顾了不同工作模式的需求。仪器具有的就地采集、存储、显示回放功能可使测量仪工作在单机模式；测量仪还设计了CAN总线和以太网接口方式，使用者可以自己选择接口方式，采用两种网络数据传输功能，通过网络测量实现对现场参数的监测以及优化控制。
测量仪的软件采用嵌入式Linux作为操作系统，在目标板上移植了引导程序、Linux和文件系统，在此基础上开发了数据采集和数据处理软件。驱动程序作为应用程序访问底层硬件的接口，具有重要的作用。本论文按驱动的三个层次对CAN驱动程序的设计进行了论述，为CAN总线通信提供了保证。
As a rising technology, the recycle of the sewage resource catches an increasing attention at home and abroad. It can realize the treatment of the residential sewage ecologically and innocuously. In view of parameters measurement demands of sewage treatment plants, the subject developed a multi-parameter measurement instrument used for sewage disposal system. The hardware platform used ARM9 as the kernel unit and added CAN controller, Ethernet cuntroller, LCD screen, keyboard and so on. The parameters needed to measure are Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), content of ammonia nitrogen. The Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) measurement adoped depolarized method; the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) measured by Clark dissolved oxygen electrode; and the content of ammonia nitrogen measured by ammonia gas sensing electrode. In order to enhance the precision and reliability of measurement, the measurement instrument designed a second order active filtering circuit to filter the High-Frequency sharp wave in the signals. In the software, median average filtering method is used to suppress electromagnetic interference (EMI); Kalman flitter algorithm is adoped to reduce ammonia gas measurement noise.
The instrument is designed to fulfil different needs in different plants. The instrument can achieve the function for get local measured data and display, storage and playback of the data so that it can use as Single Host Model. Becouse of the CAN and Ethernent interface have designed, users can select the appropriate mode to get data by network transmission, so that it can extend long-range supervisory control and optimizing control functions.
The software is based on the embedded Linux operating system. The data acquisition and data processing program are developed after porting the bootlorder program, Linux operating system and the YAFFS root file system to the S3C2410 platform. As the interface of application software for accessing the low level hardware, the hard device drivers play important roles in embedded system. The paper introduce the three levels of CAN device driver design witch is insure the CAN bus communication.
引文
[1] 李国刚．环境在线自动监测技术与仪器设备的发展动态[J]．生命科学仪器，2003，Vol．1(1)：21-30
[2] 曹庆兰．国内污水回用现状及发展方向[J]．科技情报开发与经济，2004，Vol．14(11)：203-204
[3] 齐文启，陈光，孙宗光．水质环境监测技术和仪器的发展[J]．现代科学仪器，2003，No．6：8-12
[4] 陈秀荣，张杰，陈旭．污水再生回用方向及其水质标准的探讨[J]．中国给水排水．2003，Vol．19：92-94
[5] 翁立达，彭彪，李恰庭，等．SL219—98水环境监测规范[S]．长江流域水环境监测中心．1998
[6] Masahiro Takahashi. Guide lines for environmental enhancement in Japan[J]. Water Science and Technology. 1992, 25(9): 133-142.
[7] 蒲瑞丰，康尔泗，姚进忠，等．溶解氧测量探讨[J]．计量技术，2003，No．7：25-26
[8] 王玉田，刘蕊，候培国．一种新型溶解氧浓度测量仪的设计[J]．仪表技术与传感器．2003．Vol．9：18-19
[9] NEIL M, JOHNSON C L, FARMER B D. Insitu measurement of dissolved nitrogen and oxygen in the ocean[M]. Deep Sea Research Part Ⅰ: Oceanographic Research Papers. 1995, 45(5): 819-826.
[10] Hendrikse J, Olthuis W, Bergveld P. The MOSFET as an Oxygen Sensor: Constant Current Potentiometry[J]. Sensors and Actuators, 1999, Vol.59: 35-41
[11] Sohn Byung-ki, Kim Chang-soo. A New PH-ISFET based Dissolved Oxygen Sensor by Employing Electrolysis of Oxygen[J]. Sensors and Actuators, 1996, Vol.34: 435-440
[12] Preininger C., Klimant I., Wolfbeis O. S. Optical Fiber Sensor for Biological Oxygen Demand[C]. Anal. Chem. 1994, 66: 1841-1846
[13] 那兴波，牛文成，李华伟，等．一种新型的Pt-LaF3混合膜MISFET结构溶解氧传感器[J]．传感技术学报，2001，No．2：85-90
[14] 刘秀宁．氨氮自动监测研究[J]．环境导报．2002．No．6：10-11
[15] 安国安，武力平，吉军凯，等．凯氏定氮仪测定水样中氨氮的方法研究[J]．现代科学仪器，2004，No．1：28-29
[16] 李宗宝，江婉贞．氨氮测定方法的比较[J]．茂名学院学报，2001，11(3)：39
[17] Grassholf K. Methods of Seawater Analysis[M]. Verlag Chemie, Weinhein, New York, 1976: 126
[18] 郑晓红．仪器仪表与分析检测[M]．1996，(1)：62
[19] Son Mvan, Schothorst R C, Boef C Den. Determination of total ammoniacal nitrogen in water by flow injection analysis and a gas fussion membrane[C]. Anal Chim Acta. 153: 271-275.
[20] Hirokazu Hara, Arsushi Motoike, Satosbi Okazaki. Alternate washing method for flow-throng determination of ammonium ion using gas electrode[C]. Anal. Chem, 1987, 59(15): 1995-1999.
[21] 湖南大学化工系电极组．理化检验(化学分册)[M]．1978，(3)：27
[22] Massone Alessandro, Gemaey Krist, Rozzi Alberto. Measurement of ammonium concentration and nitrification rate by a new titrimetric biosensor[J]. Water Environment Research, 1998, Vol.70 (3): 343-350
[23] DAVID G, JEFFM. ORP Measurements in Warter and Wastewater[J]. Ultrapure Water Journal, 1993, 25(5): 26-31
[24] 洪妍，郭秋梅，董铁有，等．ORP的测量及数显ORP标定的原理[J]．河南科技大学学报(自然科学版)．Vol．27 No．1 Feb．2006：18-20
[25] 王镇浦，沈鸿沣，张相臣．译．水质词汇水质取样和分析方法国际标准(ISO)[S]．北京：水利电力出版社，1989
[26] Joseph Charpentier, Guy Martin, Herve Wacheux, Pierre Gilles. ORP regulation and activated sludge: 15 years of experience[J]. Water Science and Technology, 1998, Vol.38(3): 197-208
[27] 陈韬．彭永臻，田文军，等．ORP检测在水处理中的应用[J]．中国给水排水．2003，19(5)：20-22
[28] 中科院南京土壤研究所技术服务中心．去极化法测定氧化还原电位(Eh)．www.chem17.com．2005
[29] 韩冬，张宏建，基于嵌入式的智能化与网络化的自动化仪表[J]．自动化仪表，2004，Vol．25(5)：1-4
[30] Burton H Lee. Embeded internet system: Poised for takeoff[J]. Internet Computing, 1998, Vol2(3): 612-625
[31] 张大波．嵌入式系统原理、设计与应用[M]．北京：机械工业出版社．2005．
[32] David Seal. ARM Architeecture Reference Manual[S]. Decond Edition. Pearon Eduacation Limited(Addsion-Wesley), 2001
[33] 徐鸣，沈希，钱陆均．嵌入式计算机系统技术[J]．工业仪表与自动化装置，2005，No．2：6-8
[34] Mark Birnbaum. Howard Sachs. How VSIA Answers the SOC Dilemma[J]. Computer. 1999, 32: 6
[35] Karim Yaghmour. Building Embedded Linux Systems[M]. O'Rerlly Media, Inc. 2003
[36] Ludwich, Scott. Linux for data acquision[J]. EE: Evalution Engineering, 2002, Vol.41(2): 12-14
[37] Veiga, Mayosky, Martinez. Hardware/software enciroment for real-time data acquisition and control[J]. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 2002, Vol.47(21): 132-135
[38] 陈武炯．多孔塑料光纤氮化学传感探头的研究ID]．福州：福州大学化学化工学院，2005
[39] 李嘉倩．光化学氧传感器的研制及其在环境监测中的应用研究[D]，福州：福州大学化学化工学院，2005
[40] 朱建中．微型Clark氧传感器的进展[J]．传感器世界．1996，2(9)：5-10．
[41] 仲卫进，艾芊．扩展卡尔曼滤波在动态负荷参数辨识中应用[J]．电力自动化设备，2007，27(2)：47-50
[42] 邓自立，许燕．基于Kalman滤波的通用和统一的白噪声估计方法[J]．控制理论与应用，2004，21(4)：501-506
[43] 黄振林．微生物发酵乙醇浓度在线检测技术及其仪器化研究[D]．北京：北京化工大学，2005
[44] 赵毅，牟同升，沈小丽．微控制器系统中数字滤波的算法[J]．电测与仪表．2001．Vol．38：426
[45] 王亚军，刘金刚．Linux运用于嵌入式系统的技术分析[J]．计算机应用研究．2005，20(5)：102-105
[46] 刘淼．嵌入式系统接口设计与Linux驱动程序开发[M]．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2006
[47] 周立功，陈明计，陈渝．ARM嵌入式Linux系统构建与驱动开发范例[M]．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．2006．
[48] 孙琼．嵌入式Linux应用程序开发详解[M]．北京：人民邮电出版社，2006．355
[2] 曹庆兰．国内污水回用现状及发展方向[J]．科技情报开发与经济，2004，Vol．14(11)：203-204
[3] 齐文启，陈光，孙宗光．水质环境监测技术和仪器的发展[J]．现代科学仪器，2003，No．6：8-12
[4] 陈秀荣，张杰，陈旭．污水再生回用方向及其水质标准的探讨[J]．中国给水排水．2003，Vol．19：92-94
[5] 翁立达，彭彪，李恰庭，等．SL219—98水环境监测规范[S]．长江流域水环境监测中心．1998
[6] Masahiro Takahashi. Guide lines for environmental enhancement in Japan[J]. Water Science and Technology. 1992, 25(9): 133-142.
[7] 蒲瑞丰，康尔泗，姚进忠，等．溶解氧测量探讨[J]．计量技术，2003，No．7：25-26
[8] 王玉田，刘蕊，候培国．一种新型溶解氧浓度测量仪的设计[J]．仪表技术与传感器．2003．Vol．9：18-19
[9] NEIL M, JOHNSON C L, FARMER B D. Insitu measurement of dissolved nitrogen and oxygen in the ocean[M]. Deep Sea Research Part Ⅰ: Oceanographic Research Papers. 1995, 45(5): 819-826.
[10] Hendrikse J, Olthuis W, Bergveld P. The MOSFET as an Oxygen Sensor: Constant Current Potentiometry[J]. Sensors and Actuators, 1999, Vol.59: 35-41
[11] Sohn Byung-ki, Kim Chang-soo. A New PH-ISFET based Dissolved Oxygen Sensor by Employing Electrolysis of Oxygen[J]. Sensors and Actuators, 1996, Vol.34: 435-440
[12] Preininger C., Klimant I., Wolfbeis O. S. Optical Fiber Sensor for Biological Oxygen Demand[C]. Anal. Chem. 1994, 66: 1841-1846
[13] 那兴波，牛文成，李华伟，等．一种新型的Pt-LaF3混合膜MISFET结构溶解氧传感器[J]．传感技术学报，2001，No．2：85-90
[14] 刘秀宁．氨氮自动监测研究[J]．环境导报．2002．No．6：10-11
[15] 安国安，武力平，吉军凯，等．凯氏定氮仪测定水样中氨氮的方法研究[J]．现代科学仪器，2004，No．1：28-29
[16] 李宗宝，江婉贞．氨氮测定方法的比较[J]．茂名学院学报，2001，11(3)：39
[17] Grassholf K. Methods of Seawater Analysis[M]. Verlag Chemie, Weinhein, New York, 1976: 126
[18] 郑晓红．仪器仪表与分析检测[M]．1996，(1)：62
[19] Son Mvan, Schothorst R C, Boef C Den. Determination of total ammoniacal nitrogen in water by flow injection analysis and a gas fussion membrane[C]. Anal Chim Acta. 153: 271-275.
[20] Hirokazu Hara, Arsushi Motoike, Satosbi Okazaki. Alternate washing method for flow-throng determination of ammonium ion using gas electrode[C]. Anal. Chem, 1987, 59(15): 1995-1999.
[21] 湖南大学化工系电极组．理化检验(化学分册)[M]．1978，(3)：27
[22] Massone Alessandro, Gemaey Krist, Rozzi Alberto. Measurement of ammonium concentration and nitrification rate by a new titrimetric biosensor[J]. Water Environment Research, 1998, Vol.70 (3): 343-350
[23] DAVID G, JEFFM. ORP Measurements in Warter and Wastewater[J]. Ultrapure Water Journal, 1993, 25(5): 26-31
[24] 洪妍，郭秋梅，董铁有，等．ORP的测量及数显ORP标定的原理[J]．河南科技大学学报(自然科学版)．Vol．27 No．1 Feb．2006：18-20
[25] 王镇浦，沈鸿沣，张相臣．译．水质词汇水质取样和分析方法国际标准(ISO)[S]．北京：水利电力出版社，1989
[26] Joseph Charpentier, Guy Martin, Herve Wacheux, Pierre Gilles. ORP regulation and activated sludge: 15 years of experience[J]. Water Science and Technology, 1998, Vol.38(3): 197-208
[27] 陈韬．彭永臻，田文军，等．ORP检测在水处理中的应用[J]．中国给水排水．2003，19(5)：20-22
[28] 中科院南京土壤研究所技术服务中心．去极化法测定氧化还原电位(Eh)．www.chem17.com．2005
[29] 韩冬，张宏建，基于嵌入式的智能化与网络化的自动化仪表[J]．自动化仪表，2004，Vol．25(5)：1-4
[30] Burton H Lee. Embeded internet system: Poised for takeoff[J]. Internet Computing, 1998, Vol2(3): 612-625
[31] 张大波．嵌入式系统原理、设计与应用[M]．北京：机械工业出版社．2005．
[32] David Seal. ARM Architeecture Reference Manual[S]. Decond Edition. Pearon Eduacation Limited(Addsion-Wesley), 2001
[33] 徐鸣，沈希，钱陆均．嵌入式计算机系统技术[J]．工业仪表与自动化装置，2005，No．2：6-8
[34] Mark Birnbaum. Howard Sachs. How VSIA Answers the SOC Dilemma[J]. Computer. 1999, 32: 6
[35] Karim Yaghmour. Building Embedded Linux Systems[M]. O'Rerlly Media, Inc. 2003
[36] Ludwich, Scott. Linux for data acquision[J]. EE: Evalution Engineering, 2002, Vol.41(2): 12-14
[37] Veiga, Mayosky, Martinez. Hardware/software enciroment for real-time data acquisition and control[J]. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 2002, Vol.47(21): 132-135
[38] 陈武炯．多孔塑料光纤氮化学传感探头的研究ID]．福州：福州大学化学化工学院，2005
[39] 李嘉倩．光化学氧传感器的研制及其在环境监测中的应用研究[D]，福州：福州大学化学化工学院，2005
[40] 朱建中．微型Clark氧传感器的进展[J]．传感器世界．1996，2(9)：5-10．
[41] 仲卫进，艾芊．扩展卡尔曼滤波在动态负荷参数辨识中应用[J]．电力自动化设备，2007，27(2)：47-50
[42] 邓自立，许燕．基于Kalman滤波的通用和统一的白噪声估计方法[J]．控制理论与应用，2004，21(4)：501-506
[43] 黄振林．微生物发酵乙醇浓度在线检测技术及其仪器化研究[D]．北京：北京化工大学，2005
[44] 赵毅，牟同升，沈小丽．微控制器系统中数字滤波的算法[J]．电测与仪表．2001．Vol．38：426
[45] 王亚军，刘金刚．Linux运用于嵌入式系统的技术分析[J]．计算机应用研究．2005，20(5)：102-105
[46] 刘淼．嵌入式系统接口设计与Linux驱动程序开发[M]．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2006
[47] 周立功，陈明计，陈渝．ARM嵌入式Linux系统构建与驱动开发范例[M]．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．2006．
[48] 孙琼．嵌入式Linux应用程序开发详解[M]．北京：人民邮电出版社，2006．355