马文升研究
|
摘要
明朝中期，社会政局动荡不安，阶级矛盾、统治集团内部矛盾以及民族矛盾交相激化。成化、弘治两朝，马文升凭借着卓越的军事才能和政治才能，以“治国平天下”为己任，积极投身于社会变革的潮流。其中成化年间，马文升协助项忠较好地处理了满四叛乱，这既消除了当时西北地区潜在的边疆危机，又使得固原这一抵御蒙古南侵的军事重镇变得更加重要，而马文升作为边防大臣开始在西北大显身手。巡抚陕西七年期间，马文升在剪除盗贼、安抚流民、筑城修墩、修茶马政和积极抗击蒙古入侵等一系列活动中取得较大成就，缓和了西北地区的阶级矛盾，在一定程度上改变了当时边防废弛的局面，大大增强了西北边疆的防御能力，并有效地遏制了西北蒙古民族的侵犯。马文升前后三次到辽东，整饬蓟门至辽东边备，缓解了蒙古势力东移对明朝北部边防的军事威胁；平定海西散赤哈叛乱，安抚女真各部，在一定时期内成功地维持了明朝、蒙古和女真各部之间的势力平衡，使得北方边境保持了很长一段时间的安定。马文升在弘治朝任职期间，由于得到孝宗的信任，始终被委以重任，达到了其仕宦生涯的顶峰。出任兵部尚书期间，他进一步完善以守为长策的战略方针，尽心戎务，在屯田、马政、边备、守御等方面贡献很大，多少改变了边备空虚的状态，使得弘治朝成为明朝中期和后期北部边防最好的时期。马文升才兼文武，不仅在巩固边防上屡建功勋，还在辅佐朝政上有所建树。他竭心尽力，忠于职守，勤奋治事，提出了许多治理国家的理论思想和对策，很多付诸实施并取得成效，如他曾建议孝宗斥逐奸邪、裁革传奉官、宽宥言官，提醒孝宗注意减轻百姓赋役、安抚流民、节省费用；尤其在改任吏部尚书之后，他注意培养人材，严格考核官吏，整顿官场秩序等等。整个弘治年间，社会相对比较安定，吏治相对比较清明，边防相对比较平静，出现了历史上的“弘治中兴”，可以说马文升是有很大功劳的。马文升给明中期日趋腐败的政治躯体注入了一些生机和活力，从而维持了明中期政局的稳定，减缓了明王朝的灭亡。
In the middle of Ming Dynasty, the social political situation was in turmoil. Class contradictions, the internal contradictions of the ruling class and the national conflict became acute. Between Chenghua and Hongzhi dynasty, Ma Wensheng considered the state affairs as his personal responsibility .He resorted to his military skills and political ability, and devoted himself into the torrent of social changes. During the year of Chenghua dynasty, Ma Wensheng helped XiangZhong to deal with the insurrection of ManSi .It not only eliminated the latent border land crisis in the northwest at that time but also made Guyuan, the town of military importance that was built to resist the intrusion from northern Mongolia, became more important. Meanwhile, Ma Wensheng, as the minister of border defense, started to strut his stuff in the northwest. During the seven years as Constable of Shanxi, Ma Wensheng gained great achievement in a series of actions, for example: built frusta in fortification, annihilated cracksman, built the policy of horse, appeased the flow people and oppugned the intrusion of Mongolia actively. To a certain extent, these actions changed the slack defense of the frontier, relaxed class contradictions in the northwest, enormously strengthened its recovery capability, and repressed the attacks from the minorities effectively. Ma Wensheng went down to the east of Liao for three times. He completed the frontier defense from The Thistle Door to the east of the Liao, pacificated the Sachiha insurrection in Haixi, appeased the insurgence of the Nuchen, alleviated the military intimidation of the northern border defense caused by the east movement of Mongolia force, maintained the balance of power among Ming Dynasty, Mongolia and Nuchen successfully in a certain period, which made northern frontier keep a long period of stability. When Hongzhi emperor hold a post, Ma Wensheng was in his crest period to be an official and the middle of Ming Dynasty was just in development. Getting the trust of Xiaozong, the emperor, Ma Wensheng was appointed to get important task in Hongzhi reign: as the minister of war, he further perfected the strategic policy that considered defending as a long plan.
In the middle of Ming Dynasty, the social political situation was in turmoil. Class contradictions, the internal contradictions of the ruling class and the national conflict became acute. Between Chenghua and Hongzhi dynasty, Ma Wensheng considered the state affairs as his personal responsibility .He resorted to his military skills and political ability, and devoted himself into the torrent of social changes. During the year of Chenghua dynasty, Ma Wensheng helped XiangZhong to deal with the insurrection of ManSi .It not only eliminated the latent border land crisis in the northwest at that time but also made Guyuan, the town of military importance that was built to resist the intrusion from northern Mongolia, became more important. Meanwhile, Ma Wensheng, as the minister of border defense, started to strut his stuff in the northwest. During the seven years as Constable of Shanxi, Ma Wensheng gained great achievement in a series of actions, for example: built frusta in fortification, annihilated cracksman, built the policy of horse, appeased the flow people and oppugned the intrusion of Mongolia actively. To a certain extent, these actions changed the slack defense of the frontier, relaxed class contradictions in the northwest, enormously strengthened its recovery capability, and repressed the attacks from the minorities effectively. Ma Wensheng went down to the east of Liao for three times. He completed the frontier defense from The Thistle Door to the east of the Liao, pacificated the Sachiha insurrection in Haixi, appeased the insurgence of the Nuchen, alleviated the military intimidation of the northern border defense caused by the east movement of Mongolia force, maintained the balance of power among Ming Dynasty, Mongolia and Nuchen successfully in a certain period, which made northern frontier keep a long period of stability. When Hongzhi emperor hold a post, Ma Wensheng was in his crest period to be an official and the middle of Ming Dynasty was just in development. Getting the trust of Xiaozong, the emperor, Ma Wensheng was appointed to get important task in Hongzhi reign: as the minister of war, he further perfected the strategic policy that considered defending as a long plan.
引文
[1] [明]马文升．端肃奏议[M]．四库全书本．
[2] [明]马文升．西征石城记[M]．续修四库全书本．
[3] [明]马文升．抚安东夷记[M]．续修四库全书本．
[4] [明]马文升．兴复哈密记[M]．续修四库全书本．
[5] [明]陈子龙．明经世文编[M]．北京：中华书局，1962．
[6] [明]谈迁．国榷[M]．北京：中华书局，1958．
[7] [明]王圻．续文献通考[M]．北京：现代出版社，1991．
[8] [明]高岱．鸿猷录[M]．上海：上海古籍出版社，1992．
[9] [明]余继登．典故纪闻[M]．北京：中华书局，1981．
[10] [明]郑晓．今言[M]．北京：中华书局，1984．
[11] [明]申时行．大明会典[M]．北京：中华书局，1989．
[12] [明]徐学聚．国朝典汇[M]．北京：书目文献出版社，1996．
[13] [明]王世贞．弇山堂别集[M]．北京：中华书局，1985．
[14] [明]沈德符．万历野获编[M]．北京：中华书局，1959．
[15] [明]明太祖实录、明宪宗实录、明英宗实录和明孝宗实录[M]．
[16] [明]李贽．续藏书[M]．北京：中华书局，1959．
[17] [清]谷应泰．明史纪事本末[M]．北京：中华书局，1977．
[18] [清]顾炎武．日知录[M]．上海：上海古籍出版社，1985．
[19] [清]夏燮．明通鉴[M]．上海：上海古籍出版社，1990．
[20] [清]张廷玉．明史[M]．北京：中华书局，1974．
[21] [清]查继佐．罪惟录[M]．浙江：浙江古籍出版社，1986．
[22] [清]陈梦雷等编．古今图书集成[M]．北京：中华书局，1982．
[23] [清]顾祖禹．读史方舆纪要[M]．北京：中华书局，1955．
[24] 续修四库全书[M]．上海：上海古籍出版社，2002．
[1] [美]牟复礼，[英]崔瑞德．剑桥中国明代史I-M]．北京：中国社会科学出版社，1992．
[2] 朱绍侯．中国古代史[M]．福建：福建人民出版社，1991．
[3] 张显清，林金树．明代政治史[M]．广西：广西师范大学出版社，2003．
[4] 汤纲，南炳文．明史[M]．上海：上海人民出版社，1985．
[5] 樊树志．国史概要[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，2000．
[6] 黄云眉．明史考证[M]．北京：中华书局，1984．
[7] 白钢．中国政治制度通史[M]．北京：人民出版社，1996．
[8] 洪焕椿．明清史偶存[M]．南京：南京大学出版社，1992．
[9] 赖家度，李光璧．明朝对瓦剌的战争[M]．上海：华东人民出版社，1954．
[10] 韦庆远．中国政治制度史[M]．北京：中国社会科学出版社，1995．
[11] 罗冬阳．明太祖礼法之治研究[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1998．
[1] 谭淑琴．马文升墓志考[J]．中原文物，1994(1)．
[2] 龚小峰．项忠与满俊事件[J]．东南大学学报，2002(2)．
[3] 薛正昌，张九芳．历代兵制与固原[J]．固原师专学报，2002(1)．
[4] 胡凡，徐淑惠．论明代成化时期对河套蒙古的防御措施[J]．大同职业技术学院学报，2002(1)．
[5] 朱子彦．论明孝宗与“弘治中兴”[J]．求是学刊，1989(6)．
[6] 刘祥学．论于谦的民族政策和边防思想[J]．广西师范大学学报，2000(1)．
[7] 关克笑．简论明朝对女真任的统治[J]．满族研究，1999(2)．
[8] 刘志坚．明朝监察御史的选任制度及其借鉴[J]．中央政法管理干部学院学报，1995(2)．
[9] 董倩．明代“恩威兼施”的民族政策探析[J]．青海社会科学，2003(5)．
[10] 肖立军．明代边兵与外卫兵制初探[J]．天津师大学报，1998(2)．
[11] 罗冬阳．明代兵备初探[J]．东北师大学报，1994(1)．
[12] 张学亮．明代茶马贸易与边政探析[J]．东北师大学报，2005(1)．
[13] 田澍．明代甘肃边境保障体系述论[J]．中国边疆史地研究，1998(3)．
[14] 景戎华．明代弘治年间的北部边防[J]．求是学刊，1988(1)．
[15] 张士尊．明代辽东马政探论[J]．社会科学辑刊，1997(3)．
[16] 王玉祥．浅说明朝的关外卫[J]．甘肃社会科学，2000(4)．
[17] 薛正昌．石城—明代满俊起兵抗明的天然屏障与旅游开发[J]．西北第二民族学院学报，2000(2)．
[2] [明]马文升．西征石城记[M]．续修四库全书本．
[3] [明]马文升．抚安东夷记[M]．续修四库全书本．
[4] [明]马文升．兴复哈密记[M]．续修四库全书本．
[5] [明]陈子龙．明经世文编[M]．北京：中华书局，1962．
[6] [明]谈迁．国榷[M]．北京：中华书局，1958．
[7] [明]王圻．续文献通考[M]．北京：现代出版社，1991．
[8] [明]高岱．鸿猷录[M]．上海：上海古籍出版社，1992．
[9] [明]余继登．典故纪闻[M]．北京：中华书局，1981．
[10] [明]郑晓．今言[M]．北京：中华书局，1984．
[11] [明]申时行．大明会典[M]．北京：中华书局，1989．
[12] [明]徐学聚．国朝典汇[M]．北京：书目文献出版社，1996．
[13] [明]王世贞．弇山堂别集[M]．北京：中华书局，1985．
[14] [明]沈德符．万历野获编[M]．北京：中华书局，1959．
[15] [明]明太祖实录、明宪宗实录、明英宗实录和明孝宗实录[M]．
[16] [明]李贽．续藏书[M]．北京：中华书局，1959．
[17] [清]谷应泰．明史纪事本末[M]．北京：中华书局，1977．
[18] [清]顾炎武．日知录[M]．上海：上海古籍出版社，1985．
[19] [清]夏燮．明通鉴[M]．上海：上海古籍出版社，1990．
[20] [清]张廷玉．明史[M]．北京：中华书局，1974．
[21] [清]查继佐．罪惟录[M]．浙江：浙江古籍出版社，1986．
[22] [清]陈梦雷等编．古今图书集成[M]．北京：中华书局，1982．
[23] [清]顾祖禹．读史方舆纪要[M]．北京：中华书局，1955．
[24] 续修四库全书[M]．上海：上海古籍出版社，2002．
[1] [美]牟复礼，[英]崔瑞德．剑桥中国明代史I-M]．北京：中国社会科学出版社，1992．
[2] 朱绍侯．中国古代史[M]．福建：福建人民出版社，1991．
[3] 张显清，林金树．明代政治史[M]．广西：广西师范大学出版社，2003．
[4] 汤纲，南炳文．明史[M]．上海：上海人民出版社，1985．
[5] 樊树志．国史概要[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，2000．
[6] 黄云眉．明史考证[M]．北京：中华书局，1984．
[7] 白钢．中国政治制度通史[M]．北京：人民出版社，1996．
[8] 洪焕椿．明清史偶存[M]．南京：南京大学出版社，1992．
[9] 赖家度，李光璧．明朝对瓦剌的战争[M]．上海：华东人民出版社，1954．
[10] 韦庆远．中国政治制度史[M]．北京：中国社会科学出版社，1995．
[11] 罗冬阳．明太祖礼法之治研究[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1998．
[1] 谭淑琴．马文升墓志考[J]．中原文物，1994(1)．
[2] 龚小峰．项忠与满俊事件[J]．东南大学学报，2002(2)．
[3] 薛正昌，张九芳．历代兵制与固原[J]．固原师专学报，2002(1)．
[4] 胡凡，徐淑惠．论明代成化时期对河套蒙古的防御措施[J]．大同职业技术学院学报，2002(1)．
[5] 朱子彦．论明孝宗与“弘治中兴”[J]．求是学刊，1989(6)．
[6] 刘祥学．论于谦的民族政策和边防思想[J]．广西师范大学学报，2000(1)．
[7] 关克笑．简论明朝对女真任的统治[J]．满族研究，1999(2)．
[8] 刘志坚．明朝监察御史的选任制度及其借鉴[J]．中央政法管理干部学院学报，1995(2)．
[9] 董倩．明代“恩威兼施”的民族政策探析[J]．青海社会科学，2003(5)．
[10] 肖立军．明代边兵与外卫兵制初探[J]．天津师大学报，1998(2)．
[11] 罗冬阳．明代兵备初探[J]．东北师大学报，1994(1)．
[12] 张学亮．明代茶马贸易与边政探析[J]．东北师大学报，2005(1)．
[13] 田澍．明代甘肃边境保障体系述论[J]．中国边疆史地研究，1998(3)．
[14] 景戎华．明代弘治年间的北部边防[J]．求是学刊，1988(1)．
[15] 张士尊．明代辽东马政探论[J]．社会科学辑刊，1997(3)．
[16] 王玉祥．浅说明朝的关外卫[J]．甘肃社会科学，2000(4)．
[17] 薛正昌．石城—明代满俊起兵抗明的天然屏障与旅游开发[J]．西北第二民族学院学报，2000(2)．