钛酸铋钠基无铅压电陶瓷的制备与电性能研究
|
摘要
压电陶瓷是实现机械能与电能相互转化和耦合的功能材料,广泛应用于电子和微电子元器件。随着保护环境、和谐发展的需要,开发新型无铅压电陶瓷材料,成为一项紧迫且具有重大实用意义的课题。Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_3(简称BNT)陶瓷由于具有良好的压电性、高居里温度和烧结过程中无毒、易控制性等优点而倍受青睐。
本文采用固相烧结方法,从陶瓷制备技术,组分设计,固溶掺杂等三个方面研究了(1-x)Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_3-xBaTiO_3基无铅压电陶瓷体系。
首先,本文以(Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))_(0.94)Ba_(0.06)TiO_3(简写为BNBT06)为工艺研究对象,采用TG/DSC,XRD,SEM等分析手段,研究了预烧温度、烧结温度和保温时间对该体系结构和性能的影响,确定出较佳的工艺参数。结果表明:800～850℃是合理的预烧温度,而1140～1160℃是理想的烧结温度范围,保温时间确定为2h。本文研究了BaTiO_3(BT)掺入量(2,4,6,8,10mol%)对该体系压电介电性能和微观结构的影响。结果表明,所有样品都具有纯钙钛矿结构,在所研究的组成范围内,均为驰豫型铁电体,BT掺入量为6～8mol%时,样品处于三方与四方共存的准同型相界。当BT含量为6mol%时,此时配方材料0.94BNT-0.06BT达到最佳性能,其d_(33)、K_p、ε_r、tanδ分别为127pC/N、0.22、1388和0.05。
为了提高无铅压电陶瓷的压电、介电性能性能,采用Li_2CO_3进行固溶改性研究。实验结果表明:固溶Li_2CO_3没有破坏BNBT06陶瓷体系的准同型相界结构。随着Li_2CO_3固溶量的增多,体系中三方相逐渐减小,而四方相不断增多。SEM表明,随着Li_2CO_3固溶量的增加,晶粒逐渐细化,四方形晶界逐渐转变为椭圆形晶界。Li_2CO_3固溶后陶瓷体系的介电常数表现为先增加后减少的趋势,而介电损耗变化不大。当Li~+含量为0.03mol时,介电常数ε_r达到最大值为1869,介电损耗为0.04。同时退极化温度T_d也表现为先升高后降低;当Li~+为0.05mol时,陶瓷体系达到了最佳压电性能,d_(33)为160pC/N,K_p为0.3。当Li~+过量掺杂时,陶瓷体系仍然为钙钛矿结构,而且陶瓷体系的弛豫性能不断增强,但介电常数不断减小,压电性能不断恶化。当Li~+过量为0.07mol时,陶瓷体系的压电常数d_(33)下降到105pC/N,K_p为0.1。
最后,本文研究了BNT含量的变化对(1-x)BaTiO_3-xBi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_3陶瓷体系的相结构,显微组织和介电性能的影响。研究表明,随着BNT含量的增加,降低了BT的烧结温度,使BT-BNT陶瓷体系由四方向三方转变,陶瓷颗粒不断细化。随着BNT组元的引入,提高了BT-BNT陶瓷体系的居里温度,降低了介电损耗,提高了温度稳定性。在1kHz下居里-外斯定律图得出,随着BNT掺量的增加,BT-BNT陶瓷体系由正常铁电体逐渐向弥散相变铁电体转变。
Pizoelectric ceramics is one kind of functional materials,wich can realize the transformation between mechanical energy and electric energy,and could be widely applied to electronic and micro-electronic equipment.The development of lead-free piezoelectric materials is more and more important especially the pollution of lead for the environment.Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_3 with better piezoelectric,high Curie temperature and without poison in the preparation,is a promising lead-free piezoelectric ceramic.
In this paper,(1-x)Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_3-xBaTiO_3lead-free piezoelectric ceramics were perapared by solid state sintering method and learned by preparational technique,design of compositon and solid solution formation.
The effects of process conditions on the structure of piezoelectric ceramics (Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))_(0.94)Ba_(0.06)TiO_3(Abbr.BNBT06)were studied by TG/DSC,XRD,SEM and the other analytic methods,and the effects of calcining temperature,sintering temperature and soaking time on the crystalline structure and electrical properties were girven in order to get the most optimization of process condition.The results indicate:the optimization conditions were calcining temperature for 800～850℃,sitering temperature for 1140～1160℃,and soaking time for 2h.BNBT ceramics were investigated with phase transition,microstructure,piezoelectric,and relaxation properties.XRD results show:all the samples were perovsldte structure with relaxation properties.The morphotropic boundary lies in the compositon of 0.06～0.08mol BT content.It has been got the most optimization properties for composition of 0.94BNT-0.06BT and the value of d_(33),K_p,ε_r,tanδwere 127pC/N,0.22,1388 and 0.05 respectively.
In order to improve propterties of piezoelectric ceramics,Li_2CO_3 were added into form solid solution.The results show:all the samples were perovskite structure and Li_2CO_3 added did not destroy the morphotropic boundary of BNBT06 ceramics.The rhombohedral phase decrease as well as the tetragonal phase increase in the morphotropic boundary of BNBT06 ceramic with Li_2CO_3 increased.SEM photos show: all the crystal turns to smaller and the square crystalline boundary changed into round with Li_2CO_3 increased.The dielectric constantε_r increased at fist and then decreased with Li_2CO_3 added.When Li~+ ions were 0.03mol,the dielectric constantε_r whose value was 1869 got best properties of all the samples.At the same time the dissipation tanδgot the smallest value of 0.04.When the Li~+ ions were 0.05mol,the piezoelectric properties of ceramic got the best value,wich d_(33)K_p were 160pC/N,0.3 respectively. Though Li_2CO_3 excess,the crystal structure of ceramics were perovskite structure still. The relaxation of ceramics increase but the dielectric constantε_r and piezoelectric constant d_(33)decrease.When the Li~+ excess was 0.07mol,the piezoelectric properties d_(33), K_p were 105pC/N,0.1 respectively.
In the end,in order to analyse the relaxor behavior of BNT-BT ceramics,we prepared(1-x)BaTiO_3-xBi_(0.5_Na_(0.5)TiO_3(x=0.05,0.10,0.2,0.3)ceramics by the conventional electric ceramic preparation technique.X-ray diffraction patterns indicate all the Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_3 composition doping could be fully incorporated into the pervoskite lattice of BaTiO_3.Compared with pure BaTiO_3 ceramic,the(1-x) BaTiO_3-xBi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_3 ceramics samples show ferroelectfics with diffuse phase transition.It could be got by decreasing dissipation factor,broaden dielectric peaks, increasing curie temperature,improving temperature stability with the Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_3 solution.
本文采用固相烧结方法,从陶瓷制备技术,组分设计,固溶掺杂等三个方面研究了(1-x)Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_3-xBaTiO_3基无铅压电陶瓷体系。
首先,本文以(Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))_(0.94)Ba_(0.06)TiO_3(简写为BNBT06)为工艺研究对象,采用TG/DSC,XRD,SEM等分析手段,研究了预烧温度、烧结温度和保温时间对该体系结构和性能的影响,确定出较佳的工艺参数。结果表明:800～850℃是合理的预烧温度,而1140～1160℃是理想的烧结温度范围,保温时间确定为2h。本文研究了BaTiO_3(BT)掺入量(2,4,6,8,10mol%)对该体系压电介电性能和微观结构的影响。结果表明,所有样品都具有纯钙钛矿结构,在所研究的组成范围内,均为驰豫型铁电体,BT掺入量为6～8mol%时,样品处于三方与四方共存的准同型相界。当BT含量为6mol%时,此时配方材料0.94BNT-0.06BT达到最佳性能,其d_(33)、K_p、ε_r、tanδ分别为127pC/N、0.22、1388和0.05。
为了提高无铅压电陶瓷的压电、介电性能性能,采用Li_2CO_3进行固溶改性研究。实验结果表明:固溶Li_2CO_3没有破坏BNBT06陶瓷体系的准同型相界结构。随着Li_2CO_3固溶量的增多,体系中三方相逐渐减小,而四方相不断增多。SEM表明,随着Li_2CO_3固溶量的增加,晶粒逐渐细化,四方形晶界逐渐转变为椭圆形晶界。Li_2CO_3固溶后陶瓷体系的介电常数表现为先增加后减少的趋势,而介电损耗变化不大。当Li~+含量为0.03mol时,介电常数ε_r达到最大值为1869,介电损耗为0.04。同时退极化温度T_d也表现为先升高后降低;当Li~+为0.05mol时,陶瓷体系达到了最佳压电性能,d_(33)为160pC/N,K_p为0.3。当Li~+过量掺杂时,陶瓷体系仍然为钙钛矿结构,而且陶瓷体系的弛豫性能不断增强,但介电常数不断减小,压电性能不断恶化。当Li~+过量为0.07mol时,陶瓷体系的压电常数d_(33)下降到105pC/N,K_p为0.1。
最后,本文研究了BNT含量的变化对(1-x)BaTiO_3-xBi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_3陶瓷体系的相结构,显微组织和介电性能的影响。研究表明,随着BNT含量的增加,降低了BT的烧结温度,使BT-BNT陶瓷体系由四方向三方转变,陶瓷颗粒不断细化。随着BNT组元的引入,提高了BT-BNT陶瓷体系的居里温度,降低了介电损耗,提高了温度稳定性。在1kHz下居里-外斯定律图得出,随着BNT掺量的增加,BT-BNT陶瓷体系由正常铁电体逐渐向弥散相变铁电体转变。
Pizoelectric ceramics is one kind of functional materials,wich can realize the transformation between mechanical energy and electric energy,and could be widely applied to electronic and micro-electronic equipment.The development of lead-free piezoelectric materials is more and more important especially the pollution of lead for the environment.Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_3 with better piezoelectric,high Curie temperature and without poison in the preparation,is a promising lead-free piezoelectric ceramic.
In this paper,(1-x)Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_3-xBaTiO_3lead-free piezoelectric ceramics were perapared by solid state sintering method and learned by preparational technique,design of compositon and solid solution formation.
The effects of process conditions on the structure of piezoelectric ceramics (Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))_(0.94)Ba_(0.06)TiO_3(Abbr.BNBT06)were studied by TG/DSC,XRD,SEM and the other analytic methods,and the effects of calcining temperature,sintering temperature and soaking time on the crystalline structure and electrical properties were girven in order to get the most optimization of process condition.The results indicate:the optimization conditions were calcining temperature for 800～850℃,sitering temperature for 1140～1160℃,and soaking time for 2h.BNBT ceramics were investigated with phase transition,microstructure,piezoelectric,and relaxation properties.XRD results show:all the samples were perovsldte structure with relaxation properties.The morphotropic boundary lies in the compositon of 0.06～0.08mol BT content.It has been got the most optimization properties for composition of 0.94BNT-0.06BT and the value of d_(33),K_p,ε_r,tanδwere 127pC/N,0.22,1388 and 0.05 respectively.
In order to improve propterties of piezoelectric ceramics,Li_2CO_3 were added into form solid solution.The results show:all the samples were perovskite structure and Li_2CO_3 added did not destroy the morphotropic boundary of BNBT06 ceramics.The rhombohedral phase decrease as well as the tetragonal phase increase in the morphotropic boundary of BNBT06 ceramic with Li_2CO_3 increased.SEM photos show: all the crystal turns to smaller and the square crystalline boundary changed into round with Li_2CO_3 increased.The dielectric constantε_r increased at fist and then decreased with Li_2CO_3 added.When Li~+ ions were 0.03mol,the dielectric constantε_r whose value was 1869 got best properties of all the samples.At the same time the dissipation tanδgot the smallest value of 0.04.When the Li~+ ions were 0.05mol,the piezoelectric properties of ceramic got the best value,wich d_(33)K_p were 160pC/N,0.3 respectively. Though Li_2CO_3 excess,the crystal structure of ceramics were perovskite structure still. The relaxation of ceramics increase but the dielectric constantε_r and piezoelectric constant d_(33)decrease.When the Li~+ excess was 0.07mol,the piezoelectric properties d_(33), K_p were 105pC/N,0.1 respectively.
In the end,in order to analyse the relaxor behavior of BNT-BT ceramics,we prepared(1-x)BaTiO_3-xBi_(0.5_Na_(0.5)TiO_3(x=0.05,0.10,0.2,0.3)ceramics by the conventional electric ceramic preparation technique.X-ray diffraction patterns indicate all the Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_3 composition doping could be fully incorporated into the pervoskite lattice of BaTiO_3.Compared with pure BaTiO_3 ceramic,the(1-x) BaTiO_3-xBi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_3 ceramics samples show ferroelectfics with diffuse phase transition.It could be got by decreasing dissipation factor,broaden dielectric peaks, increasing curie temperature,improving temperature stability with the Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_3 solution.
引文
[1]山东大学压电铁电物理教研室.《压电陶瓷及其应用》[M].山东人民出版社,1973.
[2]孙康,张福学.《压电学》[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1984.
[3]Nye.J.E.《Pysical Properties of Crystala》[M].London:Oxford University Press,1979.
[4]《功能材料及其应用手册》编写组.功能材料及其应用手册[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1991.
[5]李远,秦白楷,周志刚.压电与铁电材料的测量[M].北京:科学出版社,1984.
[6]Thomas Abraham,Applications Markets Expand for Piezoelectric.Ceramics,Focus on Electrics.The American Ceramics Society Bulletin[J],2000:45.
[7]小西良弘,迁俊郎编,王兴斌译.电子陶瓷基础和应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1983.
[8]郝俊杰,李龙土,王晓慧.无铅压电陶瓷材料研究现状[J].硅酸盐学报,2004,32(2):189-194.
[9]Tadashi Takenaka,Hajime Nagata.Current status and prospects of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics[J].Journal of the European Ceramic Society,2005,25:2693-2700.
[10]肖定全,万征.环境协调型铁电压电陶瓷[J].压电与声光,1999,21(5):363-366.
[11]曾汉民等.高技术新材料要览[M].北京:中国科学出版社,1993.
[12]赁敦敏,肖定全,朱建国,余萍等.无铅压电陶瓷研究开发进展,压电与声光,2003,25:128-133.
[13]肖定全.压电、热释电与铁电材料[M].天津:天津大学出版社,2000.
[14]陈建华,裴志斌,车俊等.非铅基压电陶瓷体系的研究及进展,机械科学与技术[J]2004,23(10):1159.
[15]G O Jones,P.A.Thomas.Investigation of the structure and phase transitions in the novel A-site substituted distorted perovskite compound Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3[J].Acta.Cryst,2002,B58:168-178.
[16]C F Buhrer.Some properties of bismuth perovskites[J].J.Chem.Phys,1961,36:798-803.
[17]屈绍波.铅基弛豫铁电陶瓷的有序微区及其对介电和电致应变性能的影响,西北工业大学博士学位论文,2001:3-10.
[18]J Kreisel,A M Glazer,G O Jones et al,An X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy invention of A-site substituted perovskite compounds:the Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3-K_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3(0≤x≤1)solid solution[J].J.Phys.Condens.Mater.2000,12:3267-3280
[19]Smolensky G.A.,Jsupov V.A.New ferroelectrics of complex composition.Soviet Physics-solid State,1961,2(11):2651-2654.
[20]Jung-Kun Lee,Kug Sun Hong.Phase transitions and dielectric properties in A-site ion substituted(Na_(1/2)Bi_(1/2))TiO3 ceramics(A=Pb and Sr)[J]Journal of Applied Physics,2002,91(7):4538-4541.
[21]马晋毅,谢道华,吴裕功等.A位非等配比对(1-x)(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))-xBaTiO_3性能的影响[J].压电 与声光,2003,25(3):224-226.
[22]Herabut A,Safari A.processing and electromechanical properties of(Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))_((1-1.5x))La_xTiO_3Ceramics[J].Journal of the American Ceramics Society,1997,80:2954-2958.
[23]Nagata H,Takenaka T.Effects of substitution on electrical properties of(Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))TiO_3-based lead-free ferroelectrics[J].Ferroelectrics,1995,131:45-51.
[24]Nagata H,Takenaka T.Additive effects on electrical properties of(Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))TiO_3 ferroelectrics ceramics[J].Journal of the European Ceramics Society,2001,21:1299-1302.
[25]Lin yuanhua,Zhao shujin,Cai Ning.et al.Effects of doping Eu_2O_3 on the phase transformation and piezoelectric properties of Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3-based ceramics[J].Materials Science and Engineering,2003,B99:449-452.
[26]T.Takenaka,H.Nagata.Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics of(NaBi)_(0.5)TiO_3-1/2(Bi_2O_3·Sc_2O_3)System[J].Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1997,36(1):6055 -6057.
[27]T.Takenaka,H.Nagata.Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics of(NaBi)_(0.5)TiO_3-KNbO_3-1/2(Bi_2O3·Sc2O3)System[J].Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1998,37:5311～5314.
[28]田顺宝,林祖襄,祝炳和.无机材料化学[M].北京:科学出版社,1993,10:106-115.
[29]候育冬,崔斌,高峰,杨祖培,田长生.(NaBi)_(0.5)TiO_3基无铅压电陶瓷研究进[J].材料导报,2002,(16)4:41-43.
[30]王天宝,王列娥.Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3-K_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3系富钠区陶瓷固溶体的电物理性能研究[J].硅酸盐学报,1986,14(1):14-22.
[31]王天宝,高敏.非铅系统压电陶瓷的研究[J].无机材料学报,1987,2(3):223-232.
[32]Sasaki A,Chiba T,Mamiya Y,et al.Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of (Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))TiO_3-(Bi_(0.5)K_(0.5))TiO_3 systems[J].Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1999,38:5564-5567.
[33]Takenka T,Maruyama K,et al.(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))TiO_3-BaTiO_3 system for lead-free piezoelectric ceramics[J].Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1991,30(9B),2236-2239.
[34]Chu B J,Chen D R,Li G R,et al.Electrical properties of(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))TiO_3-BaTiO_3 ceramics [J].Journal of the European Ceramics Society,2002,22:2115-2121.
[35]Park S E,Hong K S.Variations of structure and dielectric properties on substituting A-site cations for Sr~(2+)in Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3[J].Journal of Materials Research,1997,12(8):2152-2157.
[36]Park S E,Hong K S.Phase relations in the system of(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))TiO_3-PbTiO_3[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1996,79(1):383-287.
[37]Takenaka T,Okuda T,Takegahara K.Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics based on(Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))TiO_3-NaNbO_3[J].Ferroelectrics 1997,196:175-178.
[38]Lin D M,Xiao D Q,Zhu J G,et al.Synthesis and piezoelectric properties of lead-free piezoelectric[Bi_(0.5)(Na_(1-x-y)K_xLi_y)_(0.5)]TiO_3 ceramics[J].Materials Letters,2004.58:615-618.
[39]Y G Wu,H L Zhang,Y Zhang,et al.Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics with composition of (0.97-x)(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))TiO_3-0.03NaNbO_3-xBaTiO_3,J.Mater.Sci.,2003,38:987-994.
[40]H Nagata,M Yoshido,Yoichi Makiuchia,et al.Large piezoelectric constant and high curie temperature of lead-free piezoelectric ceramic ternary system based on bismuth sodium titanate-Bismuth potassium titanate-Barium titanate near the morphotropic Phase Boundary,Jpn.J.Appl.Phys.,2003,42:7401-7403.
[41]X X Wang,X L Chan,C L Choy.Piezoelectric and dielectric properties of CeO_2-added (Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))Ba_(0.06)TiO_3 lead-free ceramics,State State Commun.,2003,125:395-399.
[42]黎辉东,冯楚德,向平华,掺La~(3+)对(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))TiO_3和(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_(0.94)Ba_(0.06)TiO_3陶瓷介电行为和压电性能的影响,无机材料学报,2004,19:579-585.
[43]赵明磊,王春雷,钟维烈等.溶胶-凝胶法制备NBT陶瓷及其电学特性[J].物理学报,2003,52(1):229-232.
[44]Y.Seo,M.Miyayama,H.Yanagida.Vibration Absorption of PZT Piezoelectric Ceramics [J].Japanese Journal of Ceramic Society,1994,102:50-54.
[45]Takenaka T,Sakata,K.Grain Orientation and Electrical of Hot-forged Bi_4Ti_3O_(12)Ceramics[J].Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1980,19:31-39.
[46]Kimura.T,Yoshimotom t.Iida,N.Fujita.Mechanism of Grain Orientation during Hot-Pressing of Bismuth Titanate[J].Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1989,72:85-89.
[47]Xuezhen Jing,Yongxiang Li,Qunbao Yang.Influence of different templates on the textured Bi_(0.5)(Na_(1-x)K_x)_(0.5)TiO_3 piezoelectric ceramics by the reactive templated grain growth process[J].Ceramics International,2004,30:1889-1893.
[48]T.Kimura,T.Takahashi,T.Tani,Y.Saito,Preparation of crystallo-graphically textured ceramics by reactive-templated grain growth method[J].Ceramics International,2004,30:1161-1167.
[49]Jiang X P,Li L Z,Zeng M,etal.Dielectric properties of Mn-doped(Na_(0.8)K_(0.2))_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3ceramics[J].Materials Letters,2006,60:1786-1790.
[50]李标荣等,《电子陶瓷工艺原理》[M].华中工学院出版社,1986.
[51]Takenaka,T,Kei-ichi,M,etal.(Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))TiO_3-BaTiO_3 System for Lead-free Piezoelectric Ceramics[J].Jpn J Appl Phys.1991,30(9B):2236-2239.
[52]A.J.Moulson,J.M.Herbert.《电子陶瓷》武汉工业大学出版社,1993.
[53]初宝进,李国荣等.BNBT系陶瓷压电性及驰豫相变研究[J].无机材料学报2000,15(5):815-821.
[54]Hui-dong Li,Chu-de Feng,Wen-long Yao.Some effects of different additives on dielectric and piezoelectric properties of(Bi_(1/2)Na_(1/2))TiO_3-BaTiO_3 morphotropic-phase-boundary coposition[J].Materials Letters,2004,58:1194-1198.
[55]N W Thomas,Crystal structure-physical property relationships in perovskites,J Acta Crystal B,1989,B45:337-344.
[56]N Setter,L E Cross,The role of B-site cation disorder in diffuse phase transition behavior in ferroelectrics,J Appl Phys,1980,51(8):4356-4360.
[57]Toulouse J,Vugmeister B E,Pattnaik R.Collective Dynamics of off-center ions in K_(1-x)Li_xTaO_3:a model of relaxor behavior.Phys Rev Lett[J],1994,73:3467-3470.
[58]Lines M E,Glass A M.Principles and Applications of Ferroelectrics and Related [M].Materials,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997.
[59]Jaffe B,Cook W R,Jaffe H L.[J].Piezoelectric ceramics.London:Academic Press.1971:102.
[60]G.A.Smolenskii,V.A.Isupov,A.I.Agranovskaya,etal,New ferroelectrics of complex composition,Sov.Phys[J].Solid State 2(11)(1961)2651-2654
[61]K.Sakata,Y.Masuda,Ferroelectfic and antiferroelectric properties of(Bi_(1/2)Na_(1/2))TiO_3-SrTiO_3solid solution ceramics[J].Ferroelectric 7(1974)347-349.
[62]G.A.Smolenskii.Physical phenomena in ferroelectrics with diffuse phase transition[J].Jpn,J.Phys.Soc.28(1970)26-37.
[63]Lanfang Gao,Yanqiu Huang,Yan Hu,etal Dielectric and ferroelectric properties of (1-x)BaTiO_3-xBi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_3 ceramics[J].Ceramics International 33(2007)1041 - 1046.
[2]孙康,张福学.《压电学》[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1984.
[3]Nye.J.E.《Pysical Properties of Crystala》[M].London:Oxford University Press,1979.
[4]《功能材料及其应用手册》编写组.功能材料及其应用手册[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1991.
[5]李远,秦白楷,周志刚.压电与铁电材料的测量[M].北京:科学出版社,1984.
[6]Thomas Abraham,Applications Markets Expand for Piezoelectric.Ceramics,Focus on Electrics.The American Ceramics Society Bulletin[J],2000:45.
[7]小西良弘,迁俊郎编,王兴斌译.电子陶瓷基础和应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1983.
[8]郝俊杰,李龙土,王晓慧.无铅压电陶瓷材料研究现状[J].硅酸盐学报,2004,32(2):189-194.
[9]Tadashi Takenaka,Hajime Nagata.Current status and prospects of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics[J].Journal of the European Ceramic Society,2005,25:2693-2700.
[10]肖定全,万征.环境协调型铁电压电陶瓷[J].压电与声光,1999,21(5):363-366.
[11]曾汉民等.高技术新材料要览[M].北京:中国科学出版社,1993.
[12]赁敦敏,肖定全,朱建国,余萍等.无铅压电陶瓷研究开发进展,压电与声光,2003,25:128-133.
[13]肖定全.压电、热释电与铁电材料[M].天津:天津大学出版社,2000.
[14]陈建华,裴志斌,车俊等.非铅基压电陶瓷体系的研究及进展,机械科学与技术[J]2004,23(10):1159.
[15]G O Jones,P.A.Thomas.Investigation of the structure and phase transitions in the novel A-site substituted distorted perovskite compound Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3[J].Acta.Cryst,2002,B58:168-178.
[16]C F Buhrer.Some properties of bismuth perovskites[J].J.Chem.Phys,1961,36:798-803.
[17]屈绍波.铅基弛豫铁电陶瓷的有序微区及其对介电和电致应变性能的影响,西北工业大学博士学位论文,2001:3-10.
[18]J Kreisel,A M Glazer,G O Jones et al,An X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy invention of A-site substituted perovskite compounds:the Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3-K_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3(0≤x≤1)solid solution[J].J.Phys.Condens.Mater.2000,12:3267-3280
[19]Smolensky G.A.,Jsupov V.A.New ferroelectrics of complex composition.Soviet Physics-solid State,1961,2(11):2651-2654.
[20]Jung-Kun Lee,Kug Sun Hong.Phase transitions and dielectric properties in A-site ion substituted(Na_(1/2)Bi_(1/2))TiO3 ceramics(A=Pb and Sr)[J]Journal of Applied Physics,2002,91(7):4538-4541.
[21]马晋毅,谢道华,吴裕功等.A位非等配比对(1-x)(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))-xBaTiO_3性能的影响[J].压电 与声光,2003,25(3):224-226.
[22]Herabut A,Safari A.processing and electromechanical properties of(Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))_((1-1.5x))La_xTiO_3Ceramics[J].Journal of the American Ceramics Society,1997,80:2954-2958.
[23]Nagata H,Takenaka T.Effects of substitution on electrical properties of(Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))TiO_3-based lead-free ferroelectrics[J].Ferroelectrics,1995,131:45-51.
[24]Nagata H,Takenaka T.Additive effects on electrical properties of(Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))TiO_3 ferroelectrics ceramics[J].Journal of the European Ceramics Society,2001,21:1299-1302.
[25]Lin yuanhua,Zhao shujin,Cai Ning.et al.Effects of doping Eu_2O_3 on the phase transformation and piezoelectric properties of Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3-based ceramics[J].Materials Science and Engineering,2003,B99:449-452.
[26]T.Takenaka,H.Nagata.Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics of(NaBi)_(0.5)TiO_3-1/2(Bi_2O_3·Sc_2O_3)System[J].Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1997,36(1):6055 -6057.
[27]T.Takenaka,H.Nagata.Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics of(NaBi)_(0.5)TiO_3-KNbO_3-1/2(Bi_2O3·Sc2O3)System[J].Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1998,37:5311～5314.
[28]田顺宝,林祖襄,祝炳和.无机材料化学[M].北京:科学出版社,1993,10:106-115.
[29]候育冬,崔斌,高峰,杨祖培,田长生.(NaBi)_(0.5)TiO_3基无铅压电陶瓷研究进[J].材料导报,2002,(16)4:41-43.
[30]王天宝,王列娥.Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3-K_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3系富钠区陶瓷固溶体的电物理性能研究[J].硅酸盐学报,1986,14(1):14-22.
[31]王天宝,高敏.非铅系统压电陶瓷的研究[J].无机材料学报,1987,2(3):223-232.
[32]Sasaki A,Chiba T,Mamiya Y,et al.Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of (Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))TiO_3-(Bi_(0.5)K_(0.5))TiO_3 systems[J].Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1999,38:5564-5567.
[33]Takenka T,Maruyama K,et al.(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))TiO_3-BaTiO_3 system for lead-free piezoelectric ceramics[J].Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1991,30(9B),2236-2239.
[34]Chu B J,Chen D R,Li G R,et al.Electrical properties of(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))TiO_3-BaTiO_3 ceramics [J].Journal of the European Ceramics Society,2002,22:2115-2121.
[35]Park S E,Hong K S.Variations of structure and dielectric properties on substituting A-site cations for Sr~(2+)in Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3[J].Journal of Materials Research,1997,12(8):2152-2157.
[36]Park S E,Hong K S.Phase relations in the system of(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))TiO_3-PbTiO_3[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1996,79(1):383-287.
[37]Takenaka T,Okuda T,Takegahara K.Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics based on(Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))TiO_3-NaNbO_3[J].Ferroelectrics 1997,196:175-178.
[38]Lin D M,Xiao D Q,Zhu J G,et al.Synthesis and piezoelectric properties of lead-free piezoelectric[Bi_(0.5)(Na_(1-x-y)K_xLi_y)_(0.5)]TiO_3 ceramics[J].Materials Letters,2004.58:615-618.
[39]Y G Wu,H L Zhang,Y Zhang,et al.Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics with composition of (0.97-x)(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))TiO_3-0.03NaNbO_3-xBaTiO_3,J.Mater.Sci.,2003,38:987-994.
[40]H Nagata,M Yoshido,Yoichi Makiuchia,et al.Large piezoelectric constant and high curie temperature of lead-free piezoelectric ceramic ternary system based on bismuth sodium titanate-Bismuth potassium titanate-Barium titanate near the morphotropic Phase Boundary,Jpn.J.Appl.Phys.,2003,42:7401-7403.
[41]X X Wang,X L Chan,C L Choy.Piezoelectric and dielectric properties of CeO_2-added (Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))Ba_(0.06)TiO_3 lead-free ceramics,State State Commun.,2003,125:395-399.
[42]黎辉东,冯楚德,向平华,掺La~(3+)对(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))TiO_3和(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_(0.94)Ba_(0.06)TiO_3陶瓷介电行为和压电性能的影响,无机材料学报,2004,19:579-585.
[43]赵明磊,王春雷,钟维烈等.溶胶-凝胶法制备NBT陶瓷及其电学特性[J].物理学报,2003,52(1):229-232.
[44]Y.Seo,M.Miyayama,H.Yanagida.Vibration Absorption of PZT Piezoelectric Ceramics [J].Japanese Journal of Ceramic Society,1994,102:50-54.
[45]Takenaka T,Sakata,K.Grain Orientation and Electrical of Hot-forged Bi_4Ti_3O_(12)Ceramics[J].Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,1980,19:31-39.
[46]Kimura.T,Yoshimotom t.Iida,N.Fujita.Mechanism of Grain Orientation during Hot-Pressing of Bismuth Titanate[J].Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1989,72:85-89.
[47]Xuezhen Jing,Yongxiang Li,Qunbao Yang.Influence of different templates on the textured Bi_(0.5)(Na_(1-x)K_x)_(0.5)TiO_3 piezoelectric ceramics by the reactive templated grain growth process[J].Ceramics International,2004,30:1889-1893.
[48]T.Kimura,T.Takahashi,T.Tani,Y.Saito,Preparation of crystallo-graphically textured ceramics by reactive-templated grain growth method[J].Ceramics International,2004,30:1161-1167.
[49]Jiang X P,Li L Z,Zeng M,etal.Dielectric properties of Mn-doped(Na_(0.8)K_(0.2))_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3ceramics[J].Materials Letters,2006,60:1786-1790.
[50]李标荣等,《电子陶瓷工艺原理》[M].华中工学院出版社,1986.
[51]Takenaka,T,Kei-ichi,M,etal.(Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))TiO_3-BaTiO_3 System for Lead-free Piezoelectric Ceramics[J].Jpn J Appl Phys.1991,30(9B):2236-2239.
[52]A.J.Moulson,J.M.Herbert.《电子陶瓷》武汉工业大学出版社,1993.
[53]初宝进,李国荣等.BNBT系陶瓷压电性及驰豫相变研究[J].无机材料学报2000,15(5):815-821.
[54]Hui-dong Li,Chu-de Feng,Wen-long Yao.Some effects of different additives on dielectric and piezoelectric properties of(Bi_(1/2)Na_(1/2))TiO_3-BaTiO_3 morphotropic-phase-boundary coposition[J].Materials Letters,2004,58:1194-1198.
[55]N W Thomas,Crystal structure-physical property relationships in perovskites,J Acta Crystal B,1989,B45:337-344.
[56]N Setter,L E Cross,The role of B-site cation disorder in diffuse phase transition behavior in ferroelectrics,J Appl Phys,1980,51(8):4356-4360.
[57]Toulouse J,Vugmeister B E,Pattnaik R.Collective Dynamics of off-center ions in K_(1-x)Li_xTaO_3:a model of relaxor behavior.Phys Rev Lett[J],1994,73:3467-3470.
[58]Lines M E,Glass A M.Principles and Applications of Ferroelectrics and Related [M].Materials,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997.
[59]Jaffe B,Cook W R,Jaffe H L.[J].Piezoelectric ceramics.London:Academic Press.1971:102.
[60]G.A.Smolenskii,V.A.Isupov,A.I.Agranovskaya,etal,New ferroelectrics of complex composition,Sov.Phys[J].Solid State 2(11)(1961)2651-2654
[61]K.Sakata,Y.Masuda,Ferroelectfic and antiferroelectric properties of(Bi_(1/2)Na_(1/2))TiO_3-SrTiO_3solid solution ceramics[J].Ferroelectric 7(1974)347-349.
[62]G.A.Smolenskii.Physical phenomena in ferroelectrics with diffuse phase transition[J].Jpn,J.Phys.Soc.28(1970)26-37.
[63]Lanfang Gao,Yanqiu Huang,Yan Hu,etal Dielectric and ferroelectric properties of (1-x)BaTiO_3-xBi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_3 ceramics[J].Ceramics International 33(2007)1041 - 1046.