滤波多音调制技术（FMT）中信道估计和同步技术研究
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摘要
未来宽带无线通信系统是满足高速率、大容量的系统,现有技术很难完全满足未来宽带无线通信系统要求。在这样的背景下,论文以作为多载波调制技术之一的FMT(Filtered Multitone)为研究对象,主要研究了FMT信道估计技术和同步技术。
首先,论文探讨了FMT实现结构,并详细分析了FMT信号。首次采用数形结合方式推导了FMT系统基于IDFT/DFT快速算法和多相滤波的有效实现结构,更生动形象地解释了FMT从原理模型结如何转化为有效实现结构;论文还从时域和频域两个角度深入分析和研究了FMT信号,解释了原型滤波器和多径信道与FMT信号中有用信号、ISI和ICI之间的关系。
其次,研究了FMT时域信道估计方法。现有FMT时域信道估计算法均是有偏的,在高信噪比下会出现地板效应。为此,论文提出了基于PN码序列的改进无偏估计算法和基于一种新序列的信道估计算法。相比于现有算法,两种算法均是无偏估计,估计性能与信道特性无关,估计精度更高。新序列与PN码序列的互相关是单值函数,基于该新序列的估计算法具有更低的运算量,实现更加简单。由于PN码序列数量有限,选择余地小,论文提出基于OCI(Optimum Channel Independent)序列的短周期平均信道估计算法。该算法利用序列的正交周期特性以及周期长度灵活可调的特点,获得了比前面的估计算法更高的估计性能。借助于IFFT/FFT,算法的复数乘法器数量只相当于序列周期大小。为避免在低信噪比下小路径增益对估计性能起负面作用,论文提出了噪声功率估计方法,并基于噪声抑制改善的信道估计性能,通过将淹没在噪声中的小路径增益置零来降低噪声对估计的影响,提高了低信噪比下的估计性能。
再者,研究了FMT频域信道估计方法和频域补偿方法。为克服使用时域信道估计时频繁插入时域导频的缺点,避免采用空时联合信道估计的高复杂度,论文提出了FMT频域导频辅助信道估计算法。该算法在频域若干子载波上插入导频数据,对应子载波信号表现为信道加权频域响应,而加权值是由原型滤波器唯一确定,由此可获得信道时域响应估计,算法具有较高估计精度并获得较好系统性能;使用信道时域补偿时需要进行矩阵求逆或伪逆运算,在子载波数较大时,运算量会很大,为此论文提出了FMT单抽头频域均衡算法。在非频率选择性衰落信道下,该算法体现出优于时域补偿的性能,并且具有更低的复杂度和运算量;论文还研究了CP-FMT(Cyclic Prefix FMT),讨论了CP-FMT下的信道估计和补偿方法以及实现结构,在频率选择性衰落信道,CP-FMT表现出远高于FMT的性能。
最后,研究了FMT同步技术。在FMT系统中,原型滤波器阶数过大,使FMT信号产生长记忆效应,从而导致时域训练数据周期变长、小数倍载波频率偏差捕获范围缩小、同步开销大。为解决以上问题,论文提出了短周期循环同步算法。与其他FMT同步算法不同,该算法只在若干等间隔子载波上保持训练数据非零,缩短了时域训练数据周期,扩展了小数倍载波频率偏差范围估计范围,提高了定时位置估计精度;为进一步提高定时同步性能,降低同步开销,论文提出了可变窗长同步算法,算法利用接收信号与本地训练数据的相关性获取符号定时偏差和小数倍载波频率偏差。与之前的算法相比,该算法只需一个符号的同步开销,定时同步位置估计达到100%,小数倍载波频率偏差可扩展到最大范围,而且捕获精度要高得多;以上同步算法只能估计小数倍载波频率偏差,为纠正整数倍频率偏差,论文提出了能量检测判决算法、均衡后和均衡前PN码相关检测算法。能量检测判决算法利用短周期循环同步算法中训练符号在子载波上能量等间隔分布的规律来观察子载波能量峰值,能量峰值的偏移即为子载波偏移。该算法只能获取小于训练符号非零数据间隔的整数倍载波频率偏差,估计精度很高,即使在0dB信噪比下正确捕获概率也可达到99%以上;均衡后PN码相关检测算法首先在均衡判决后的数据流中通过同步码寻找PN码在时间方向上的位置,再根据PN码相关峰值在子载波频率方向上的偏移来确定整数倍载波频率偏差。算法在低信噪比下仍表现出高于94%的正确捕获概率,但该算法受均衡器性能的限制;均衡前PN码检测算法在两个发送符号中插入相同PN码,在FFT之后搜索这两个符号与本地PN码之间的相关峰值,在时间和频率方向该峰值均表现出唯一性,其正确捕获概率达到100%。
A future wireless broadband communication system will necessarily be a high speed and large capacity system that can not be supported by all existing communication technologies. In this case, this paper researched FMT technology, one of multicarrier modulation technologies, where channel estimation technology and synchronization technology are two mainly researched aspects.
Firstly, this paper researches an efficient implementation of FMT systems and analyzed FMT signal in detail. A method with mathematics reasoning and graph analyzing is first used to show how to transform an irrealizable theory structure into an efficient implementation structure. The efficient structure is based on IFFT/FFT and a polyphase structure of a prototype filter. And then FMT signal is first analyzed in time domain and frequency domain, which explains the relations between a prototype filter, a multipath channel and three components of FMT signal including the useful signal, ISI and ICI.
Secondly, this paper researches FMT channel estimation methods in time domain. Because the existing time-domain estimation algorithms are biased, a floor effect appears when SNR is high. Therefore, two algorithms are presented in this paper. The one is a modified unbiased estimation algorithm based on PN code, and the other is a estimation algorithm based on a new sequence whose correlation with PN code is an uniform function. Compared with the existing algorithms, these two algorithms are both unbiased and have performances independent of channel characteristics. Their estimation precisions are higher. And the second algorithm can be realized more easiler for its lower computing cost. Because the limited amount of PN code results in a small selected range, this paper presented an averaged short period channel estimation algorithm based on OCI (Optimum Channel Independent) sequence. OCI sequence is periodic and orthogonal with an adjustable period. The computing cost only approximates the value of the sequence’s period by virtue of IFFT/FFT, which is lower than the first above algorithm. This algorithm also gains better performance than the above two algorithms. To avoid a negative effect on estimation performance from some small ray gains, this paper also presented methods for estimating the noise power. A method of restraining noise, based on the estimated noise power, is used to improve the performance of channel estimations.. These methods set the small ray gains undistinguishable from noise to zeros. They reduce the effect of the small gains on estimations and improve estimation performance when SNR is low.
Thirdly, this paper researches a estimation method and a channel equalization method in FMT frequency domain. When a channel estimation is implemented in time domain, time pilot data will be frequently inserted. And when space-time joint channel estimation is adopted, a high complexity is also inevitable. To overcome the above two defaults, FMT frequency pilot assisted channel estimation algorithm is presented. When pilots are inserted in frequency domain, signals in corresponding subcarriers are expressed as a weighed frequency response of channel where weights are determined only by the prototype filter and the matched filter. This algorithm shows a good estimation performance that helps FMT to get a good system performance. It is known that operations including matrix inverse or pseudoinverse are inevitable when the FMT signal is equalized by the estimated channel in time domain. That will bring a very high computing cost especially when the amount of subcarriers is great. Thereby a frequency-domain single tapped equalization method is presented. When the channel is not frequency selective, the performance of this algorithm is better than that of a time-domain equalization. And it has a lower complexity and a lower computing cost. This paper also researches estimation and equalization methods of CP-FMT (Cyclic Prefix FMT). In a frequency selective channel, CP-FMT performs better than FMT.
Lastly,this paper researches FMT synchronization technologies. In FMT systems, the high-order prototype filter causes long memory between successive transmitted FMT symbols. Because of this, the period of time-domain training data is long that increases synchronization overheads, and shrinks a range of the captured fractional carrier frequency offset. To settle the above questions, this paper presented a shortened cyclic synchronization algorithm. It inserts nonzero training data in subcarriers with a same interval. Compared with other FMT synchronization algorithms, it decreases the period of time-domain training data and shrinks the synchronization window. Therefore, it extends the range of the captured frequency offset and improves the estimation precision of the time offset. In order to further synchronization performance and reduce synchronization overheads, this paper presented a synchronization algorithm with an adjustable window. It estimates the time offset and the frequency offset based on the correlativity between the received signal and the local training data. It requires only one training symbol and estimates the time offset with a probability as 100%. It also extends the range of the frequency offset to maximum and improves the estimation precision approximating 100%. Carrier frequency offset includes a fractional offset and an integer offset relative to a frequency interval between subcarriers. The above synchronization algorithms only estimate the fractional offset. Therefore, in order to determine the integer carrier frequency offset,this paper presents energy detecting and deciding algorithm、post-equalizer and pre-equalizer PN correlative detecting algorithms. The first one detects an energy distribution of all subcarriers that is based on the energy distribution rule of training symbols used in the shortened cyclic synchronization algorithm. The offset of the energy peak equals to the normalized integer carrier frequency offset with the frequency interval. Its precision is so high that the probability can be larger than 99% even if SNR is 0dB. However, this algorithm only determines the integer carrier frequency offset smaller than the interval between nonzero values in training symbols. The second one searches the position of a PN code in signals from equalizers, which depends on a synchronous code before the PN code. Then the offset is determined by detecting the position of the correlative peak of the found and a local PN code in frequency domain. The default is that the performance of this algorithm depends on FMT equalizers. However, this algorithm shows a high probability of determining the offset correctly that exceeds 94%. The third one inserts two same PN codes into the transmitted FMT symbols in frequency domain. The offset is determined by detecting the correlative peak between the two PN codes and a local PN code. The peak is unique in time domain and frequency domain that results in a probability 100% of capturing the offset correctly.
首先,论文探讨了FMT实现结构,并详细分析了FMT信号。首次采用数形结合方式推导了FMT系统基于IDFT/DFT快速算法和多相滤波的有效实现结构,更生动形象地解释了FMT从原理模型结如何转化为有效实现结构;论文还从时域和频域两个角度深入分析和研究了FMT信号,解释了原型滤波器和多径信道与FMT信号中有用信号、ISI和ICI之间的关系。
其次,研究了FMT时域信道估计方法。现有FMT时域信道估计算法均是有偏的,在高信噪比下会出现地板效应。为此,论文提出了基于PN码序列的改进无偏估计算法和基于一种新序列的信道估计算法。相比于现有算法,两种算法均是无偏估计,估计性能与信道特性无关,估计精度更高。新序列与PN码序列的互相关是单值函数,基于该新序列的估计算法具有更低的运算量,实现更加简单。由于PN码序列数量有限,选择余地小,论文提出基于OCI(Optimum Channel Independent)序列的短周期平均信道估计算法。该算法利用序列的正交周期特性以及周期长度灵活可调的特点,获得了比前面的估计算法更高的估计性能。借助于IFFT/FFT,算法的复数乘法器数量只相当于序列周期大小。为避免在低信噪比下小路径增益对估计性能起负面作用,论文提出了噪声功率估计方法,并基于噪声抑制改善的信道估计性能,通过将淹没在噪声中的小路径增益置零来降低噪声对估计的影响,提高了低信噪比下的估计性能。
再者,研究了FMT频域信道估计方法和频域补偿方法。为克服使用时域信道估计时频繁插入时域导频的缺点,避免采用空时联合信道估计的高复杂度,论文提出了FMT频域导频辅助信道估计算法。该算法在频域若干子载波上插入导频数据,对应子载波信号表现为信道加权频域响应,而加权值是由原型滤波器唯一确定,由此可获得信道时域响应估计,算法具有较高估计精度并获得较好系统性能;使用信道时域补偿时需要进行矩阵求逆或伪逆运算,在子载波数较大时,运算量会很大,为此论文提出了FMT单抽头频域均衡算法。在非频率选择性衰落信道下,该算法体现出优于时域补偿的性能,并且具有更低的复杂度和运算量;论文还研究了CP-FMT(Cyclic Prefix FMT),讨论了CP-FMT下的信道估计和补偿方法以及实现结构,在频率选择性衰落信道,CP-FMT表现出远高于FMT的性能。
最后,研究了FMT同步技术。在FMT系统中,原型滤波器阶数过大,使FMT信号产生长记忆效应,从而导致时域训练数据周期变长、小数倍载波频率偏差捕获范围缩小、同步开销大。为解决以上问题,论文提出了短周期循环同步算法。与其他FMT同步算法不同,该算法只在若干等间隔子载波上保持训练数据非零,缩短了时域训练数据周期,扩展了小数倍载波频率偏差范围估计范围,提高了定时位置估计精度;为进一步提高定时同步性能,降低同步开销,论文提出了可变窗长同步算法,算法利用接收信号与本地训练数据的相关性获取符号定时偏差和小数倍载波频率偏差。与之前的算法相比,该算法只需一个符号的同步开销,定时同步位置估计达到100%,小数倍载波频率偏差可扩展到最大范围,而且捕获精度要高得多;以上同步算法只能估计小数倍载波频率偏差,为纠正整数倍频率偏差,论文提出了能量检测判决算法、均衡后和均衡前PN码相关检测算法。能量检测判决算法利用短周期循环同步算法中训练符号在子载波上能量等间隔分布的规律来观察子载波能量峰值,能量峰值的偏移即为子载波偏移。该算法只能获取小于训练符号非零数据间隔的整数倍载波频率偏差,估计精度很高,即使在0dB信噪比下正确捕获概率也可达到99%以上;均衡后PN码相关检测算法首先在均衡判决后的数据流中通过同步码寻找PN码在时间方向上的位置,再根据PN码相关峰值在子载波频率方向上的偏移来确定整数倍载波频率偏差。算法在低信噪比下仍表现出高于94%的正确捕获概率,但该算法受均衡器性能的限制;均衡前PN码检测算法在两个发送符号中插入相同PN码,在FFT之后搜索这两个符号与本地PN码之间的相关峰值,在时间和频率方向该峰值均表现出唯一性,其正确捕获概率达到100%。
A future wireless broadband communication system will necessarily be a high speed and large capacity system that can not be supported by all existing communication technologies. In this case, this paper researched FMT technology, one of multicarrier modulation technologies, where channel estimation technology and synchronization technology are two mainly researched aspects.
Firstly, this paper researches an efficient implementation of FMT systems and analyzed FMT signal in detail. A method with mathematics reasoning and graph analyzing is first used to show how to transform an irrealizable theory structure into an efficient implementation structure. The efficient structure is based on IFFT/FFT and a polyphase structure of a prototype filter. And then FMT signal is first analyzed in time domain and frequency domain, which explains the relations between a prototype filter, a multipath channel and three components of FMT signal including the useful signal, ISI and ICI.
Secondly, this paper researches FMT channel estimation methods in time domain. Because the existing time-domain estimation algorithms are biased, a floor effect appears when SNR is high. Therefore, two algorithms are presented in this paper. The one is a modified unbiased estimation algorithm based on PN code, and the other is a estimation algorithm based on a new sequence whose correlation with PN code is an uniform function. Compared with the existing algorithms, these two algorithms are both unbiased and have performances independent of channel characteristics. Their estimation precisions are higher. And the second algorithm can be realized more easiler for its lower computing cost. Because the limited amount of PN code results in a small selected range, this paper presented an averaged short period channel estimation algorithm based on OCI (Optimum Channel Independent) sequence. OCI sequence is periodic and orthogonal with an adjustable period. The computing cost only approximates the value of the sequence’s period by virtue of IFFT/FFT, which is lower than the first above algorithm. This algorithm also gains better performance than the above two algorithms. To avoid a negative effect on estimation performance from some small ray gains, this paper also presented methods for estimating the noise power. A method of restraining noise, based on the estimated noise power, is used to improve the performance of channel estimations.. These methods set the small ray gains undistinguishable from noise to zeros. They reduce the effect of the small gains on estimations and improve estimation performance when SNR is low.
Thirdly, this paper researches a estimation method and a channel equalization method in FMT frequency domain. When a channel estimation is implemented in time domain, time pilot data will be frequently inserted. And when space-time joint channel estimation is adopted, a high complexity is also inevitable. To overcome the above two defaults, FMT frequency pilot assisted channel estimation algorithm is presented. When pilots are inserted in frequency domain, signals in corresponding subcarriers are expressed as a weighed frequency response of channel where weights are determined only by the prototype filter and the matched filter. This algorithm shows a good estimation performance that helps FMT to get a good system performance. It is known that operations including matrix inverse or pseudoinverse are inevitable when the FMT signal is equalized by the estimated channel in time domain. That will bring a very high computing cost especially when the amount of subcarriers is great. Thereby a frequency-domain single tapped equalization method is presented. When the channel is not frequency selective, the performance of this algorithm is better than that of a time-domain equalization. And it has a lower complexity and a lower computing cost. This paper also researches estimation and equalization methods of CP-FMT (Cyclic Prefix FMT). In a frequency selective channel, CP-FMT performs better than FMT.
Lastly,this paper researches FMT synchronization technologies. In FMT systems, the high-order prototype filter causes long memory between successive transmitted FMT symbols. Because of this, the period of time-domain training data is long that increases synchronization overheads, and shrinks a range of the captured fractional carrier frequency offset. To settle the above questions, this paper presented a shortened cyclic synchronization algorithm. It inserts nonzero training data in subcarriers with a same interval. Compared with other FMT synchronization algorithms, it decreases the period of time-domain training data and shrinks the synchronization window. Therefore, it extends the range of the captured frequency offset and improves the estimation precision of the time offset. In order to further synchronization performance and reduce synchronization overheads, this paper presented a synchronization algorithm with an adjustable window. It estimates the time offset and the frequency offset based on the correlativity between the received signal and the local training data. It requires only one training symbol and estimates the time offset with a probability as 100%. It also extends the range of the frequency offset to maximum and improves the estimation precision approximating 100%. Carrier frequency offset includes a fractional offset and an integer offset relative to a frequency interval between subcarriers. The above synchronization algorithms only estimate the fractional offset. Therefore, in order to determine the integer carrier frequency offset,this paper presents energy detecting and deciding algorithm、post-equalizer and pre-equalizer PN correlative detecting algorithms. The first one detects an energy distribution of all subcarriers that is based on the energy distribution rule of training symbols used in the shortened cyclic synchronization algorithm. The offset of the energy peak equals to the normalized integer carrier frequency offset with the frequency interval. Its precision is so high that the probability can be larger than 99% even if SNR is 0dB. However, this algorithm only determines the integer carrier frequency offset smaller than the interval between nonzero values in training symbols. The second one searches the position of a PN code in signals from equalizers, which depends on a synchronous code before the PN code. Then the offset is determined by detecting the position of the correlative peak of the found and a local PN code in frequency domain. The default is that the performance of this algorithm depends on FMT equalizers. However, this algorithm shows a high probability of determining the offset correctly that exceeds 94%. The third one inserts two same PN codes into the transmitted FMT symbols in frequency domain. The offset is determined by detecting the correlative peak between the two PN codes and a local PN code. The peak is unique in time domain and frequency domain that results in a probability 100% of capturing the offset correctly.
引文
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