农村中小企业信贷可得性研究
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摘要
中国农村中小企业信贷融资难问题由来已久,然而,对于一个非正规金融与正规金融并存的农村信贷市场,仅运用纯经济理论或将非正规和正规信贷市场割裂开来研究农村中小企业信贷融资似乎凸显功力不足。不难发现,农村中小企业作为一个企业组织嵌入在农村这个熟人社会或至少是半熟人社会,其信贷融资带有很强的社会性,血缘、亲缘、地缘等非经济因素已经成为企业信贷融资不可忽略的重要影响因素。基于以上考虑,本文选择从社会资本角度研究农村中小企业信贷可得性,一方面可以弥补传统研究的局限,另一方面可以从一个全新的角度为破解农村中小企业信贷融资困境提供崭新思路及其现实途径。
本文的研究主旨是运用社会资本理论考察农村中小企业信贷获得的作用机理,实证研究分析社会资本对农村中小企业非正规信贷和正规信贷可得性的影响,主要研究内容有:(1)对企业主社会资本进行操作化定义,采用问卷调查数据从企业主的社会关系网络、信任、规范三个社会资本分量对企业主社会资本进行描述分析,归纳企业主的社会资本特征,为本文研究构建社会资本的理论分析框架;(2)从企业主的社会资本角度探讨农村中小企业非正规信贷和正规信贷获得的作用机理,为本文的实证研究提供理论依据;(3)采用样本数据和典型案例对企业主社会资本影响农村中小企业非正规信贷和正规信贷可得性进行分析,为本文的理论研究提供实证支持;(4)从社会资本角度提出破解农村中小企业信贷融资困境的政策建议。
在研究方法上,本文主要运用规范研究与实证研究、定性与定量相结合的方法对农村中小企业信贷可得性进行研究。在实证研究过程中,第三章运用描述性统计方法分析农村中小企业业主的社会资本状况和特征。第五章运用因子分析方法对企业主社会资本进行因子分析,采用主成分分析方法提取了企业主社会资本的7个公共因子,进一步将所得因子值与农村中小企业非正规信贷和正规信贷可得性进行Logistic回归检验。第六章采用多案例研究方法分类例证企业主社会资本对农村中小企业信贷可得性的影响。
本文通过理论和实证研究得到以下主要结论:(1)企业主社会资本作为整体对农村中小企业信贷可得性的影响较为显著,社会资本越传统,企业越依赖非正规信贷;社会资本越现代,企业越容易获得正规信贷。(2)在社会资本的分量指数中,熟人信任、普遍信任、规范对企业非正规信贷可得性具有显著的正向影响,其他社会资本分量指数对企业非正规信贷可得性的影响并不显著。(3)传统社会资本的负面效应使得企业难以突破对非正规信贷的融资依赖。(4)在社会资本分量指数中,网顶、熟人信任、贷款认知性三个变量对企业正规信贷可得性的影响是显著的,且是正向关系;普遍信任、规范两个变量的影响是显著的,且是负向关系;其他社会资本分量指数对企业正规信贷可得性的影响则不显著。(5)整合社会资本对企业获得正规金融机构贷款具有重要的作用。
从社会资本角度系统研究农村中小企业信贷可得性是一个新的尝试,因此,本文的研究具有一定的开创性,并试图达到以下创新之处:第一,采用可操作性强的24个指标测量企业主社会资本,较为全面、客观地衡量了农村中小企业业主的社会资本;第二,从社会资本角度透视农村中小企业非正规信贷嵌入性依赖的机制,剖析农村中小企业突破正规信贷融资障碍的社会资本机理,构建了一个较完整的分析农村中小企业信贷融资的社会资本理论视角;第三,将因子分析方法和Logistic回归模型运用于企业主社会资本对农村中小企业信贷可得性的研究,实现了研究方法应用上的创新;第四,从社会资本这个全新的角度提出破解企业信贷融资困境的政策建议。
当然,社会资本作为一个研究企业信贷融资的新视角,还有许多有待进一步开展的研究,如由于数据的可得性和研究的难度,部分研究的结论难以采用数据进行直接检验,只能通过典型案例进行佐证,因此,如何采集数据进一步拓展研究结论的应用范围值得继续探索。又如从企业主社会资本切入分析农村中小企业信贷融资问题,抓住了企业社会资本中的核心组成部分,而如何进一步系统全面地分析企业社会资本影响农村中小企业信贷可得性成了将来研究的方向。
In China, the difficulty in rural small and medium-sized enterprises’credit financing is a long-standing problem. However, for the informal finance and formal finance co-exist in rural credit markets, only the use of economic theory or separate informal and formal credit market to study small and medium-sized enterprises’credit financing in rural areas seems inadequate. It’s obvious that rural small and medium-sized enterprises as the organizations embedded in the rural acquaintances or, at least, semi-acquaintances society have made their credit financing bear a remarkable sociality, and the non-economic factors such as blood, kinship and geopolitical relations have become the important ones to impact the enterprises credit financing. Based on the above considerations, the thesis chooses to study the availability of rural small and medium-sized enterprises’credit financing from the perspective of social capital, so as to make up for the deficiencies of the traditional researches, and to offer new ideas and realistic approaches to overcome the rural small and medium-sized enterprises’credit financing plight from a new perspective.
The theme of this research is to apply social capital theory to study the mechanism of rural small and medium-sized enterprises obtaining credit financing, and to empirically analyze the influence of social capital on the rural small and medium-sized enterprises’informal and formal credits availability. Its major contents of research are included as follows. (1) The business owners’social capital is defined in applicability. According to the data from questionnaire, the business owners’social capital is described in the regard of three social capital components such as the business owners’social relationship network, trust and norms, and the business owners’social capital characteristics are summarized to offer the analytical framework in theory of social capital for this research. (2) In the regard of business owners’social capital, the mechanism of rural small and medium-sized enterprises obtaining informal and formal credit financing is detected so as to offer the theoretical basis for the empirical study of this thesis. (3) Sampling data and typical cases are used to analyze the influence of business owners’social capital on the rural small and medium–sized enterprises’informal and formal credits availability, so as to offer the empirical support for this thesis’theoretical research. (4) The policies to deal with the rural small and medium-sized enterprises’credit financing difficulties are proposed from the perspective of social capital.
This thesis combines the normative study and empirical study, the qualitative and quantitative methods to study the rural small and medium-sized enterprises’credit availability. In the empirical research, Chapter III analyzes the current status and characteristics of rural small and medium-sized business owners’social capital by the use of descriptive statistical method. Chapter V analyzes the factors of the business owners’social capital by the method of factor analysis, and extracts seven public factors of the business owners’social capital by the method of principal component analysis. Furthermore, the collected factor values are taken to conduct Logistic regression test to verify the rural small and medium-sized enterprises’informal and formal credit availability. Chapter VI proves the influence of the business owners’social capital on the rural small and medium-sized enterprises’credit availability with the classified cases by the method of multi-cases study.
This thesis, through theoretical and empirical research, has attained the following major conclusions. (1) Business owners’social capital as a whole has a significant effect on rural small and medium-sized enterprises’credit financing availability. The more traditional the social capital is, the more dependent on informal credit financing the enterprises are. The more modernized the social capital is, the easier the enterprises are to obtain formal credits. (2) Of the social capital component indexes, acquaintances trust, general trust, norms have significant positive effects on the enterprises’informal credit financing availability, other social capital component indexes do not impact the enterprises’informal credit financing availability significantly. (3) The negative effects of traditional social capital make it difficult for the enterprises to break through their dependence on informal credit financing. (4) Of the social capital component indexes, three variables such as net top, trust from acquaintances, loan cognition influence the enterprises’formal credit availability significantly and positively. The influence of other two variables, general trust and norms, are also significant, but negative. Other social capital component indexes affect the enterprises’formal credit financing availability insignificantly. (5) The integration of social capital plays an important role in the enterprises’obtaining loans from formal financial institutions.
It is a new attempt to systematically study rural small and medium-sized enterprises’credit financing availability from the perspective of social capital. Therefore, this thesis has some ground-breaking researches and has tried to achieve the following innovations. Firstly, 24 feasible indexes are used to actually measure the rural small and medium-sized business owners’social capital in an all-round way.
Secondly, the mechanism for the rural small and medium-sized enterprises’embedding-dependence on informal credit financing is explored from the perspective of social capital, and the social capital mechanism for the rural small and medium-sized enterprises to overcome the formal credit financing barriers is analyzed, so as to form a perfect theoretical perspective of social capital to analyze rural small and medium-sized enterprises’credit financing. Thirdly, the factor analysis and Logistic regression model are used to investigate the effect of social capital on the rural small and medium-sized enterprises’credit financing availability so as to bring about the innovation of research methods application. Fourthly, the policies to deal with the enterprises’credit financing difficulties are proposed from a new perspective of social capital.
Of course, social capital, as a new perspective to study enterprises’credit financing, still has much for further research. For example, because of the difficulties of data availability and study, some conclusions can not be put into direct data test, and they have to be proved by typical cases only. Therefore, how to collect data to extend the range of application of the research conclusions is worth further exploration. Meanwhile it only deals with a major part of enterprises’social capital to analyze rural small and medium-sized enterprises credit financing based on business owners’social capital. And how to conduct a further systematic analysis of the impact of enterprises’social capital on the rural small and medium-sized enterprises credit financing availability in an all-round way becomes the future research direction.
本文的研究主旨是运用社会资本理论考察农村中小企业信贷获得的作用机理,实证研究分析社会资本对农村中小企业非正规信贷和正规信贷可得性的影响,主要研究内容有:(1)对企业主社会资本进行操作化定义,采用问卷调查数据从企业主的社会关系网络、信任、规范三个社会资本分量对企业主社会资本进行描述分析,归纳企业主的社会资本特征,为本文研究构建社会资本的理论分析框架;(2)从企业主的社会资本角度探讨农村中小企业非正规信贷和正规信贷获得的作用机理,为本文的实证研究提供理论依据;(3)采用样本数据和典型案例对企业主社会资本影响农村中小企业非正规信贷和正规信贷可得性进行分析,为本文的理论研究提供实证支持;(4)从社会资本角度提出破解农村中小企业信贷融资困境的政策建议。
在研究方法上,本文主要运用规范研究与实证研究、定性与定量相结合的方法对农村中小企业信贷可得性进行研究。在实证研究过程中,第三章运用描述性统计方法分析农村中小企业业主的社会资本状况和特征。第五章运用因子分析方法对企业主社会资本进行因子分析,采用主成分分析方法提取了企业主社会资本的7个公共因子,进一步将所得因子值与农村中小企业非正规信贷和正规信贷可得性进行Logistic回归检验。第六章采用多案例研究方法分类例证企业主社会资本对农村中小企业信贷可得性的影响。
本文通过理论和实证研究得到以下主要结论:(1)企业主社会资本作为整体对农村中小企业信贷可得性的影响较为显著,社会资本越传统,企业越依赖非正规信贷;社会资本越现代,企业越容易获得正规信贷。(2)在社会资本的分量指数中,熟人信任、普遍信任、规范对企业非正规信贷可得性具有显著的正向影响,其他社会资本分量指数对企业非正规信贷可得性的影响并不显著。(3)传统社会资本的负面效应使得企业难以突破对非正规信贷的融资依赖。(4)在社会资本分量指数中,网顶、熟人信任、贷款认知性三个变量对企业正规信贷可得性的影响是显著的,且是正向关系;普遍信任、规范两个变量的影响是显著的,且是负向关系;其他社会资本分量指数对企业正规信贷可得性的影响则不显著。(5)整合社会资本对企业获得正规金融机构贷款具有重要的作用。
从社会资本角度系统研究农村中小企业信贷可得性是一个新的尝试,因此,本文的研究具有一定的开创性,并试图达到以下创新之处:第一,采用可操作性强的24个指标测量企业主社会资本,较为全面、客观地衡量了农村中小企业业主的社会资本;第二,从社会资本角度透视农村中小企业非正规信贷嵌入性依赖的机制,剖析农村中小企业突破正规信贷融资障碍的社会资本机理,构建了一个较完整的分析农村中小企业信贷融资的社会资本理论视角;第三,将因子分析方法和Logistic回归模型运用于企业主社会资本对农村中小企业信贷可得性的研究,实现了研究方法应用上的创新;第四,从社会资本这个全新的角度提出破解企业信贷融资困境的政策建议。
当然,社会资本作为一个研究企业信贷融资的新视角,还有许多有待进一步开展的研究,如由于数据的可得性和研究的难度,部分研究的结论难以采用数据进行直接检验,只能通过典型案例进行佐证,因此,如何采集数据进一步拓展研究结论的应用范围值得继续探索。又如从企业主社会资本切入分析农村中小企业信贷融资问题,抓住了企业社会资本中的核心组成部分,而如何进一步系统全面地分析企业社会资本影响农村中小企业信贷可得性成了将来研究的方向。
In China, the difficulty in rural small and medium-sized enterprises’credit financing is a long-standing problem. However, for the informal finance and formal finance co-exist in rural credit markets, only the use of economic theory or separate informal and formal credit market to study small and medium-sized enterprises’credit financing in rural areas seems inadequate. It’s obvious that rural small and medium-sized enterprises as the organizations embedded in the rural acquaintances or, at least, semi-acquaintances society have made their credit financing bear a remarkable sociality, and the non-economic factors such as blood, kinship and geopolitical relations have become the important ones to impact the enterprises credit financing. Based on the above considerations, the thesis chooses to study the availability of rural small and medium-sized enterprises’credit financing from the perspective of social capital, so as to make up for the deficiencies of the traditional researches, and to offer new ideas and realistic approaches to overcome the rural small and medium-sized enterprises’credit financing plight from a new perspective.
The theme of this research is to apply social capital theory to study the mechanism of rural small and medium-sized enterprises obtaining credit financing, and to empirically analyze the influence of social capital on the rural small and medium-sized enterprises’informal and formal credits availability. Its major contents of research are included as follows. (1) The business owners’social capital is defined in applicability. According to the data from questionnaire, the business owners’social capital is described in the regard of three social capital components such as the business owners’social relationship network, trust and norms, and the business owners’social capital characteristics are summarized to offer the analytical framework in theory of social capital for this research. (2) In the regard of business owners’social capital, the mechanism of rural small and medium-sized enterprises obtaining informal and formal credit financing is detected so as to offer the theoretical basis for the empirical study of this thesis. (3) Sampling data and typical cases are used to analyze the influence of business owners’social capital on the rural small and medium–sized enterprises’informal and formal credits availability, so as to offer the empirical support for this thesis’theoretical research. (4) The policies to deal with the rural small and medium-sized enterprises’credit financing difficulties are proposed from the perspective of social capital.
This thesis combines the normative study and empirical study, the qualitative and quantitative methods to study the rural small and medium-sized enterprises’credit availability. In the empirical research, Chapter III analyzes the current status and characteristics of rural small and medium-sized business owners’social capital by the use of descriptive statistical method. Chapter V analyzes the factors of the business owners’social capital by the method of factor analysis, and extracts seven public factors of the business owners’social capital by the method of principal component analysis. Furthermore, the collected factor values are taken to conduct Logistic regression test to verify the rural small and medium-sized enterprises’informal and formal credit availability. Chapter VI proves the influence of the business owners’social capital on the rural small and medium-sized enterprises’credit availability with the classified cases by the method of multi-cases study.
This thesis, through theoretical and empirical research, has attained the following major conclusions. (1) Business owners’social capital as a whole has a significant effect on rural small and medium-sized enterprises’credit financing availability. The more traditional the social capital is, the more dependent on informal credit financing the enterprises are. The more modernized the social capital is, the easier the enterprises are to obtain formal credits. (2) Of the social capital component indexes, acquaintances trust, general trust, norms have significant positive effects on the enterprises’informal credit financing availability, other social capital component indexes do not impact the enterprises’informal credit financing availability significantly. (3) The negative effects of traditional social capital make it difficult for the enterprises to break through their dependence on informal credit financing. (4) Of the social capital component indexes, three variables such as net top, trust from acquaintances, loan cognition influence the enterprises’formal credit availability significantly and positively. The influence of other two variables, general trust and norms, are also significant, but negative. Other social capital component indexes affect the enterprises’formal credit financing availability insignificantly. (5) The integration of social capital plays an important role in the enterprises’obtaining loans from formal financial institutions.
It is a new attempt to systematically study rural small and medium-sized enterprises’credit financing availability from the perspective of social capital. Therefore, this thesis has some ground-breaking researches and has tried to achieve the following innovations. Firstly, 24 feasible indexes are used to actually measure the rural small and medium-sized business owners’social capital in an all-round way.
Secondly, the mechanism for the rural small and medium-sized enterprises’embedding-dependence on informal credit financing is explored from the perspective of social capital, and the social capital mechanism for the rural small and medium-sized enterprises to overcome the formal credit financing barriers is analyzed, so as to form a perfect theoretical perspective of social capital to analyze rural small and medium-sized enterprises’credit financing. Thirdly, the factor analysis and Logistic regression model are used to investigate the effect of social capital on the rural small and medium-sized enterprises’credit financing availability so as to bring about the innovation of research methods application. Fourthly, the policies to deal with the enterprises’credit financing difficulties are proposed from a new perspective of social capital.
Of course, social capital, as a new perspective to study enterprises’credit financing, still has much for further research. For example, because of the difficulties of data availability and study, some conclusions can not be put into direct data test, and they have to be proved by typical cases only. Therefore, how to collect data to extend the range of application of the research conclusions is worth further exploration. Meanwhile it only deals with a major part of enterprises’social capital to analyze rural small and medium-sized enterprises credit financing based on business owners’social capital. And how to conduct a further systematic analysis of the impact of enterprises’social capital on the rural small and medium-sized enterprises credit financing availability in an all-round way becomes the future research direction.
引文
6数据来源:中国人民银行.中国农村金融服务报告[EB/OL]. http://www.pbc.gov.cn/detail.asp?col=100&ID=2850&keyword=中国农村金融服务报告,2008-9-19/2009-2-16。
7资料来源:中国银行业监督管理委员会.中国银监会批准中国邮政储蓄银行开业[EB/OL]. http://www.cbrc.gov.cn/chinese/home/jsp/docView.jsp?docID=2006123157A07BDD8DEC
899EFF29B54110B35E00,2006-12-31/2008-07-25。82006年12月中国银行业监督管理委员会发布了《关于调整放宽农村地区银行业金融机构准入政策更好支持社会主义新农村建设的若干意见》,适度调整放宽农村地区银行业金融机构准入门槛。92008年9月16日起下调一年期人民币贷款基准利率0.27个百分点,意味着2004年4月25日起的“银根紧缩”周期结束。
10本文定义的农村中小企业是指在乡镇及其以下地区进行生产的,从事制造业、建筑业、批发零售业、住宿和餐馆业等行业,职工数、销售额和资产总额符合《中小企业标准暂行规定》(国经贸中小企业[2003]143号)、《统计上大中小型企业划分办法(暂行)》(国统字[2003]17号)和《部分非工企业大中小型划分补充标准(草案)(》国资厅评价函[2003]327号)规定的农村私营企业。在笔者的调查对象中,农村私营中小企业多数是家族式经营,因此,本文所指的农村中小企业与家族企业有着很大的交叉。
12(美)罗伯特·K·殷著,周海涛(主译).案例研究设计与方法[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2007:14-19.
18格兰诺维特1973年在美国《社会学》杂志上发表了“弱关系的强度”,从互动的频率、情感强度、亲密程度和互惠交换4个维度定义了关系强弱,认为互动的次数多、感情较深、关系亲密、互惠交换多则为强关系,反之则为弱关系。边燕杰(2001)将“相识”定为弱关系,将“朋友和亲属”定为强关系。本文借鉴了边燕杰(2001)的定义。
19本章的图表数据均来源于问卷调查数据的统计整理。
20这里的稀缺资源包括权力、地位、财富、资金、学识、机会、信息等等。参见边燕杰,丘海雄.企业的社会资本及其功效[J].中国社会科学,2000(2):87-99,207.
21格兰诺维特认为经济行为嵌入于社会结构,而核心的社会结构就是人们生活中的社会网络,嵌入的网络机制是信任。信任来源于社会网络,信任嵌入于社会网络之中,而人们的经济行为也嵌入于社会网络的信任结构之中。参见:Granovetter,M.. Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness[J].America Journal of Sociology, 1985,vol.91:481-510.
22吴小瑾,陈晓红认为企业主和企业两个主体之间并不存在绝对的分割,企业主的社会关系网络甚至等同于企业的关系网络。参见吴小瑾,陈晓红.基于社会资本的集群中小企业融资行为研究[J].中南财经政法大学学报,2008(03):121-127.
35本文在此参考了宇红,刘琛(2006)分析信任对供货商和销售商作用的方法。参见宇红,刘琛.信任与企业家社会资本[J].社会科学辑刊,2006(03):49-53.
40用因子值计算社会资本总指数和分量指数可参见曾寅初等.社会资本对农产品购销商经营绩效的影响研究[J].中国农村观察,2006(02):33-48,79.
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7资料来源:中国银行业监督管理委员会.中国银监会批准中国邮政储蓄银行开业[EB/OL]. http://www.cbrc.gov.cn/chinese/home/jsp/docView.jsp?docID=2006123157A07BDD8DEC
899EFF29B54110B35E00,2006-12-31/2008-07-25。82006年12月中国银行业监督管理委员会发布了《关于调整放宽农村地区银行业金融机构准入政策更好支持社会主义新农村建设的若干意见》,适度调整放宽农村地区银行业金融机构准入门槛。92008年9月16日起下调一年期人民币贷款基准利率0.27个百分点,意味着2004年4月25日起的“银根紧缩”周期结束。
10本文定义的农村中小企业是指在乡镇及其以下地区进行生产的,从事制造业、建筑业、批发零售业、住宿和餐馆业等行业,职工数、销售额和资产总额符合《中小企业标准暂行规定》(国经贸中小企业[2003]143号)、《统计上大中小型企业划分办法(暂行)》(国统字[2003]17号)和《部分非工企业大中小型划分补充标准(草案)(》国资厅评价函[2003]327号)规定的农村私营企业。在笔者的调查对象中,农村私营中小企业多数是家族式经营,因此,本文所指的农村中小企业与家族企业有着很大的交叉。
12(美)罗伯特·K·殷著,周海涛(主译).案例研究设计与方法[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2007:14-19.
18格兰诺维特1973年在美国《社会学》杂志上发表了“弱关系的强度”,从互动的频率、情感强度、亲密程度和互惠交换4个维度定义了关系强弱,认为互动的次数多、感情较深、关系亲密、互惠交换多则为强关系,反之则为弱关系。边燕杰(2001)将“相识”定为弱关系,将“朋友和亲属”定为强关系。本文借鉴了边燕杰(2001)的定义。
19本章的图表数据均来源于问卷调查数据的统计整理。
20这里的稀缺资源包括权力、地位、财富、资金、学识、机会、信息等等。参见边燕杰,丘海雄.企业的社会资本及其功效[J].中国社会科学,2000(2):87-99,207.
21格兰诺维特认为经济行为嵌入于社会结构,而核心的社会结构就是人们生活中的社会网络,嵌入的网络机制是信任。信任来源于社会网络,信任嵌入于社会网络之中,而人们的经济行为也嵌入于社会网络的信任结构之中。参见:Granovetter,M.. Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness[J].America Journal of Sociology, 1985,vol.91:481-510.
22吴小瑾,陈晓红认为企业主和企业两个主体之间并不存在绝对的分割,企业主的社会关系网络甚至等同于企业的关系网络。参见吴小瑾,陈晓红.基于社会资本的集群中小企业融资行为研究[J].中南财经政法大学学报,2008(03):121-127.
35本文在此参考了宇红,刘琛(2006)分析信任对供货商和销售商作用的方法。参见宇红,刘琛.信任与企业家社会资本[J].社会科学辑刊,2006(03):49-53.
40用因子值计算社会资本总指数和分量指数可参见曾寅初等.社会资本对农产品购销商经营绩效的影响研究[J].中国农村观察,2006(02):33-48,79.
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