水生植物对水中磺胺嘧啶和左炔诺孕酮去除机理研究
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摘要
有机药物污染物是一类新兴的微污染物,其中以激素类和抗生素类药物最为典型。这些药物微污染物正对人类健康和水生生态系统安全产生持久的、潜在的威胁。然而常规的污水处理技术无法有效去除这类物质,一些高级氧化处理技术虽然可以有效去除这类物质,但成本高,且容易造成二次污染。植物修复技术具有造价低、处理简单、生态效应好等优点,在有机药物污染治理方面具有很大潜力。目前将水生植物应用于有机药物污染治理,尤其是水体中抗生素和激素类微污染药物处理方面的研究报道都还很鲜见。本课题通过实验研究,对水生植物去除左炔诺孕酮和磺胺嘧啶两种有机药物的去除效率和去除机理进行了探索,为日后水体中有机药物的去除提供参考。
研究通过定期检测水溶液中左炔诺孕酮(LNG)和磺胺嘧啶(SD)两种药物的含量,比较四种水生植物风车草、凤眼莲、水生美人蕉、菖蒲对两种药物的表观去除率,从中优选出了去除率较好的两种植物风车草和凤眼莲,进一步研究水生植物对两种有机药物的去除机理。机理研究中通过分析两种药物在水溶液、植物根表面、根茎叶各部位浓度、系统内药物物料平衡及环境中各种物理化学指标的变化情况,探讨植物去除、微生物分解、光解等各种作用的权重因子以及植物对药物的去除方式。
研究发现,风车草和凤眼莲根表面或根组织内LNG的分解、转化等代谢作用是水溶液中LNG去除的主要方式,并且植物数量的增加可以提高溶液中LNG的去除率,缩短去除时间。光照和微生物对左炔诺孕酮的去除作用较小。植物去除作用中,根表面和体内LNG残留量较少,仅占植物LNG去除总量的2.09±0.51% ~21.30±3.05%(风车草)和2.09±0.51% ~21.30±3.05%(凤眼莲)。
光照条件下,水中SD的主要去除作用是光解,植物对SD的去除率较小,但植物的存在可以提高水中SD的去除率,缩短去除时间。遮光条件下,植物是水溶液中SD的主要去除因素,微生物等其他因素对SD的去除作用较小。风车草和凤眼莲去除SD的主要方式是植物根部从水溶液中吸收SD,并由根通过茎运输到叶,在叶组织内转化为代谢产物被植物利用或挥发到空气中。根表面和体内残留量在植物SD去除总量中所占比例较少,仅为0.42±0.09%~3.23±0.42%(风车草)和0.21±0.07%~4.13±1.40%(凤眼莲)。
Organic pharmaceutical pollutants are new classes of micro-pollutants,in which steroids and antibiotics are most typical. These micro-pollutants are generating persistent and potential threats to human health and security of aquatic ecological system. However, conventional treatments cannot remove these pollutants effectively from water, some advanced oxidation process technologies can effectively remove them, but the cost is too much and these technologies are liable to cause secondary pollution. Phytoremediation has advantages of low cost, simple operation and friendly ecological effects, which has great potential in the pollution prevention of organic pharmaceuticals. Nowadays, there are limited reports on the using of aquatic plants into pollutants prevention of organic pharmaceutical, especially of micro-pollutants as steroids and antibiotics in water. This research discussed about the removal rate and removal mechanisms of levonorgestrel (LNG) and sulfadiazine (SD) in aqueous solutions with aquatic plants by experiments, providing references of organic pharmaceutical removal in water for future.
By termly detecting concentrations of the two drugs in aqueous solutions, this research had compared the removal rates of levonorgestrel and sulfadiazine separately with four aquatic plants including cyperus alternifolius, eichhornia crassipes, canna glauca and calamus, from which cyperus alternifolius and eichhornia crassipes were picked out due to better removal rates, and removal mechanisms of the two drugs were studied with the selected aquatic plants for further. In the mechanism study, concentrations of LNG and SD in the aqueous solutions, root surfaces, plant bodies, balance of drugs in reactors as well as some physical and chemical indices in the environment were analyzed separately in order to analyze contributions of each removal factors of drugs including plant removal, microbiological degradation, photodecomposition etc., removal ways of the drugs by the plants were analyzed as well.
It was found that the main removal ways of LNG in aqueous solutions were due to the metabolism including decompose or phytotransformation on the root surfaces or in the roots of cyperus alternifolius and eichhornia crassipes, and the amount increase of the plants can improve the removal rate and reduce exist time of LNG in aqueous solutions. Photolysis and microbiological degradation of LNG was weaker. In the process of plant removal, quantities of LNG on the root surfaces and in the roots were less, only taking 2.09±0.51%~21.30±3.05% of the total LNG removed by cyperus alternifolius, and 2.09±0.51%~21.30±3.05% of the total LNG removed by eichhornia crassipes.
Under sunlight condition, the main removal ways of SD in aqueous solutions was photolysis, contributions of the plants removal were weaker, but the performance of the plants can improve removal rate and reduce exist time of SD in aqueous solutions. In shading condition, plants were the main SD removal factors in aqueous solutions, removal factors such as photolysis and microbiological degradation were weaker. The main SD removal ways of cyperus alternifolius and eichhornia crassipes were that SD was taken up by the plant roots, and transported to the leaves via stem, in the leaves SD was metabolized and became compositions of leaves or volatilized into air through leaves. Quantities of SD on the root surfaces and in the roots were less, only taking 0.42±0.09%~3.23±0.42% of the total SD removed by cyperus alternifolius, and 0.21±0.07%~4.13±1.40% of the total SD removed by eichhornia crassipes.
研究通过定期检测水溶液中左炔诺孕酮(LNG)和磺胺嘧啶(SD)两种药物的含量,比较四种水生植物风车草、凤眼莲、水生美人蕉、菖蒲对两种药物的表观去除率,从中优选出了去除率较好的两种植物风车草和凤眼莲,进一步研究水生植物对两种有机药物的去除机理。机理研究中通过分析两种药物在水溶液、植物根表面、根茎叶各部位浓度、系统内药物物料平衡及环境中各种物理化学指标的变化情况,探讨植物去除、微生物分解、光解等各种作用的权重因子以及植物对药物的去除方式。
研究发现,风车草和凤眼莲根表面或根组织内LNG的分解、转化等代谢作用是水溶液中LNG去除的主要方式,并且植物数量的增加可以提高溶液中LNG的去除率,缩短去除时间。光照和微生物对左炔诺孕酮的去除作用较小。植物去除作用中,根表面和体内LNG残留量较少,仅占植物LNG去除总量的2.09±0.51% ~21.30±3.05%(风车草)和2.09±0.51% ~21.30±3.05%(凤眼莲)。
光照条件下,水中SD的主要去除作用是光解,植物对SD的去除率较小,但植物的存在可以提高水中SD的去除率,缩短去除时间。遮光条件下,植物是水溶液中SD的主要去除因素,微生物等其他因素对SD的去除作用较小。风车草和凤眼莲去除SD的主要方式是植物根部从水溶液中吸收SD,并由根通过茎运输到叶,在叶组织内转化为代谢产物被植物利用或挥发到空气中。根表面和体内残留量在植物SD去除总量中所占比例较少,仅为0.42±0.09%~3.23±0.42%(风车草)和0.21±0.07%~4.13±1.40%(凤眼莲)。
Organic pharmaceutical pollutants are new classes of micro-pollutants,in which steroids and antibiotics are most typical. These micro-pollutants are generating persistent and potential threats to human health and security of aquatic ecological system. However, conventional treatments cannot remove these pollutants effectively from water, some advanced oxidation process technologies can effectively remove them, but the cost is too much and these technologies are liable to cause secondary pollution. Phytoremediation has advantages of low cost, simple operation and friendly ecological effects, which has great potential in the pollution prevention of organic pharmaceuticals. Nowadays, there are limited reports on the using of aquatic plants into pollutants prevention of organic pharmaceutical, especially of micro-pollutants as steroids and antibiotics in water. This research discussed about the removal rate and removal mechanisms of levonorgestrel (LNG) and sulfadiazine (SD) in aqueous solutions with aquatic plants by experiments, providing references of organic pharmaceutical removal in water for future.
By termly detecting concentrations of the two drugs in aqueous solutions, this research had compared the removal rates of levonorgestrel and sulfadiazine separately with four aquatic plants including cyperus alternifolius, eichhornia crassipes, canna glauca and calamus, from which cyperus alternifolius and eichhornia crassipes were picked out due to better removal rates, and removal mechanisms of the two drugs were studied with the selected aquatic plants for further. In the mechanism study, concentrations of LNG and SD in the aqueous solutions, root surfaces, plant bodies, balance of drugs in reactors as well as some physical and chemical indices in the environment were analyzed separately in order to analyze contributions of each removal factors of drugs including plant removal, microbiological degradation, photodecomposition etc., removal ways of the drugs by the plants were analyzed as well.
It was found that the main removal ways of LNG in aqueous solutions were due to the metabolism including decompose or phytotransformation on the root surfaces or in the roots of cyperus alternifolius and eichhornia crassipes, and the amount increase of the plants can improve the removal rate and reduce exist time of LNG in aqueous solutions. Photolysis and microbiological degradation of LNG was weaker. In the process of plant removal, quantities of LNG on the root surfaces and in the roots were less, only taking 2.09±0.51%~21.30±3.05% of the total LNG removed by cyperus alternifolius, and 2.09±0.51%~21.30±3.05% of the total LNG removed by eichhornia crassipes.
Under sunlight condition, the main removal ways of SD in aqueous solutions was photolysis, contributions of the plants removal were weaker, but the performance of the plants can improve removal rate and reduce exist time of SD in aqueous solutions. In shading condition, plants were the main SD removal factors in aqueous solutions, removal factors such as photolysis and microbiological degradation were weaker. The main SD removal ways of cyperus alternifolius and eichhornia crassipes were that SD was taken up by the plant roots, and transported to the leaves via stem, in the leaves SD was metabolized and became compositions of leaves or volatilized into air through leaves. Quantities of SD on the root surfaces and in the roots were less, only taking 0.42±0.09%~3.23±0.42% of the total SD removed by cyperus alternifolius, and 0.21±0.07%~4.13±1.40% of the total SD removed by eichhornia crassipes.
引文
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