竹叶黄酮和挥发油的制备及生物活性的研究
|
摘要
黄酮类化合物和挥发油是竹叶中的主要功能性成分,具有显著的生物学功效,应用前景广阔。本文以来自福建省南屏市的毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.)Mitford Cv.Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.)、苦竹(Pleioblastus amarus(Keng)Keng f.)、绿竹(Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro)Keng f.)、黄甜竹(Acidosasa edulis Wen)为实验材料,通过高效液相色谱仪/四级杆-飞行时间/串联质谱联用仪(HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS)手段鉴定了四种竹叶提取液中常量、微量及痕量的黄酮类化合物结构;建立了简便快捷的竹叶中黄酮类化合物质量监控的二极管阵列高效液相色谱(HPLC-DAD)方法,对四种竹叶中总黄酮化合物及主要黄酮化合物进行了定量测定,获得了竹叶黄酮类化合物随种类、季节变化的数据资料;优化了无污染溶剂提取竹叶黄酮的工艺,以大孔树脂吸附法对竹叶黄酮粗提物进行了纯化;采用体外化学方法及大鼠体内模型评价了不同竹叶提取物的抗氧化能力,并结合竹叶黄酮化合物指纹图谱,探讨了其抗氧化机理;用不同提取方法研究竹叶挥发油,以气质联用仪(GC/MS)为分析手段,鉴定了毛竹、苦竹、绿竹和黄甜竹叶挥发油组分结构;建立了竹叶挥发油组分快速、简便的气相色谱(GC)内标定量法,获得竹叶挥发油组分随种类变化的数据资料;研究了毛竹、苦竹、绿竹和黄甜竹叶的挥发油的抑菌效果,并结合竹叶挥发油指纹图谱,探讨了其挥发油的抑菌机理。
1.竹叶黄酮化合物的结构鉴定
首次使用HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS/MS技术对毛竹、苦竹、绿竹及黄甜竹四种竹种竹叶黄酮化合物结构进行了鉴定,已鉴定16种毛竹叶黄酮化合物(其中Mono-C-glyeosylflavones 5种,O-glyeosylflavones 3种,Flavonoid aglyeones 1种,其他类黄酮化合物7种)、24种苦竹叶黄酮化合物(其中Di-C-glyeosylflavones 4种,Mono-C-glyeosylflavones 1种,O,C-Diglyeosylflavones 11种,O-glyeosylflavones 2种,Flavonoid aglycones 1种,其他类黄酮化合物5种)、绿竹叶黄酮化合物17种(其中Mono-C-glycosylflavones 5种,O,C-Diglycosylflavones 2种,O-glycosylflavones 3种,Flavonoid aglycones 2种,其他类黄酮化合物5种)、黄甜竹叶黄酮化合物25种(其中Di-C-glycosylflavones 2种,Mono-C-glyeosylflavones 1种,O,C-Diglycosylflavones 7种,O-glycosylflavones 1种,Flavonoid aglycones 1种,其他类黄酮化合物13种)。
2.竹叶黄酮化合物的季节变化
(1)以月为周期,收集2007年09月至2008年06月期间福建省南屏市毛竹、苦竹、绿竹及黄甜竹竹叶,对四种竹叶黄酮化合物的研究发现,从秋季、冬季、春季至夏季,四种竹叶中黄酮含量呈上升的趋势,即随着叶片的发育和成熟,总黄酮(TF)的含量也在增加。
(2)从秋初到夏初,四种竹叶中黄酮化合物的变化趋势与其总黄酮的变化趋势相同,呈现上升的趋势,不同的是来自毛竹叶6种黄酮化合物、苦竹叶8种黄酮化合物、绿竹叶6种黄酮化合物以及黄甜竹叶8种黄酮化合物的变化幅度大小不一。
3.竹叶黄酮提取工艺研究
(1)以热回流提取为竹叶黄酮的提取手段,利用二次回归正交旋转组合设计试验,得到竹叶黄酮提取得率y与各影响因素(提取剂乙醇浓度X_1、提取时间X_2、液固比X_3)间的回归数学模型:y=-12.6432+0.3114X_+1.7292X_2+0.5018X_3-0.0106X_1X_2+0.1115X_2X_3-0.0023X_1~2-0.2808X_2~2-0.0459X_3~2,对模型进行主效应、单因素和交互效应分析,竹叶黄酮提取得率因素的主次顺序为提取时间、液固比、提取剂乙醇浓度,提取剂乙醇浓度与提取时间之间、提取时间与液固比之间的交互作用显著,而提取剂乙醇浓度与液固比之间的交互作用不显著;利用理想点法,对数学模型求解,获得最优的竹叶黄酮提取参数(即乙醇浓度为59.86%,提取时间3.94小时,液固比为10:1);试验验证,预测值和试验值的误差不超过3%。
(2)采用最优化提取条件,提取毛竹、苦竹、绿竹及黄甜竹竹叶黄酮化合物,得到黄酮化合物粗提物,其中总黄酮含量3.74%-5.88%,总黄酮回收率58.6%-84.9%,粗提物实物得率6.5%-15.03%。利用选择性好、性价比高的HP-20树脂,对竹叶黄酮粗提物进行柱纯化,黄酮粗提取含量可由4.76%增至20.78%(HPLC测定)。
4.竹叶黄酮抗氧化研究
(1)以每克提取物相当的VC质量表示其总抗氧化能力测试表明,毛竹的总抗氧化能力是0.102 gVC/g粗提物,苦竹是0.088 gVC/g粗提物,绿竹是0.084 gVC/g粗提物,黄甜竹是0.068 gVC/g粗提物:毛竹柱纯化物的总抗氧化能力是0.101gVC/g毛竹柱纯化物。以每克提取物相当的槲皮素的质量表示其还原能力测试表明,毛竹的还原能力是0.069g槲皮素/g粗提物,苦竹是0.068g槲皮素/g粗提物,绿竹是0.074g槲皮素/g粗提物,黄甜竹是0.062g槲皮素/g粗提物;毛竹柱纯化物的还原能力是0.131g槲皮素/g毛竹柱纯化物。以IC50表示其清除DPPH自由基能力测试表明,毛竹清除DPPH自由基能力是2.26 mg/g,苦竹是2.46 mg/g,绿竹是2.22 mg/g,黄甜竹是2.67 mg/g;毛竹柱纯化物清除DPPH自由基能力是0.96 mg/g。以8mg/g含量的四种竹叶粗提物计算,黄甜竹的清除羟基自由基的能力最强,其次是绿竹、苦竹和毛竹。综合上述结果,可以看出四种竹叶提取物均具有良好的体外抗氧化作用,以绿竹的抗氧化能力尤为突出。
(2)基于体外抗氧化试验结果,选取绿竹粗提物作为大鼠体内抗氧化测试的原料,将大鼠划分为:①空白组(喂养未加胆固醇饲料和每天灌喂生理盐水);②负对照组(喂养加胆固醇饲料和每天灌生理盐水);③正对照组(喂养加胆固醇饲料和每天灌VE,VE用量为0.0025g/kg体重),④低剂量组(喂养加胆固醇饲料和每天灌100mg/kg体重竹叶提取物),⑤高剂量组(喂养加胆固醇饲料和每天灌400mg/kg体重竹叶提取物),饲养6周后,对肝脏组织检测表明,喂胆固醇饲料及大浓度的竹叶提取物高剂量组大鼠的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力最小,与其他组的差异显著;低剂量组的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力最大,与负对照组和高剂量组差异不显著,与空白组及正对照组差异显著;谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力高剂量组的值最低,与其它四组差异显著;对丙二醛(MDA)而言,高剂量组值最低,与正负对照组差异显著,与空白和低剂量组差异不显著。对肾脏组织检测而言,SOD活力同样是高剂量组最小,与其他组的差异显著;CAT的活力空白组最大,与其他组差异显著;GSH-Px在高剂量组偏低,但差异不显著;MDA在高、低剂量组的偏低,两组间差异不显著,与其它三组差异显著,负对照组的MDA值最大,其次是空白组,这两组间差异不显著,正对照组的MDA值居于中间,与其它四组差异显著。竹叶提取物显著影响大鼠的肝肾抗氧化酶活力及MDA水平,且提高竹叶提取物含量能明显提升大鼠的抗氧化能力。
5.竹叶挥发油研究
(1)采用同时水蒸气蒸馏萃取(SDE)、挥发油提取器(VOD)、超临界萃取(SFE)和索氏提取(SEM)等四种提取方法研究竹叶挥发油,采用SDE和VOD提取的化合物以醇、羧酸、烷烃类为主,SFE获得的化合物以烷烃、羧酸为主,SEM获得的化合物以烷烃类为主,SDE和VOD提取到的挥发油信息较多。
(2)用SDE收集毛竹、苦竹、绿竹及黄甜竹竹叶挥发油,四种竹叶的挥发油实物得率在0.1%-0.3%之间,以苦竹为最大,其次为黄甜竹、绿竹和毛竹。毛竹叶挥发油以羧酸、烷烃和醇类化合物为主;苦竹叶挥发油成分与毛竹叶很相似;绿竹、黄甜竹叶挥发油成分以羧酸、醛和烷烃类化合物为主。
(3)用内标法定量研究了竹叶挥发油中7种主要化合物(十二烷酸,十四酸,6,10,14-三甲基-2-十五酮,十六烷酸,二十三烷,二十七烷,9-十八烯醛),十六烷酸在四种竹叶挥发油中的含量最高;毛竹和苦竹中居于第二位的是十二烷酸,而绿竹和黄甜竹居于第二位的是9-十八烯醛;毛竹、苦竹中居于第三位的是6,1014-三甲基-2-十五酮;绿竹和黄甜竹居于第三位的是十二烷酸。
(4)研究了毛竹叶挥发油对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coil)、枯草杆菌(Escherichia coli)、荧光假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)、黄杆菌(Flavobacterium)和酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)等8种测试菌株的抑菌作用,结果显示毛竹叶挥发油均表现出较强的抑菌活性,且对大肠杆菌(革兰氏阳性菌)和枯草杆菌(革兰氏阴性菌)的最低抑菌浓度为2.25mg/mL。
综上所述,竹叶中含有丰富的黄酮类及挥发油等活性物质,这两类化合物随竹种、季节的变化而变化,具有显著的抗氧化和抑菌活性,这些资料有利于竹类资源品质甄别及其在食品领域的深加工利用。
Bamboo-leaf-flavonoids and bamboo-leaf-volatile oils are claimed to have bioactivities and be potential for use as functional components.The leaves of Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mitford cv.Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh., Pleioblastus amarus(Keng) Keng f.,Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f.and Acidosasa edulis Wen were collected monthly from the Nanping City of Fujian Province from Sep.2007 to Jun.2008.Electrospray ionization(ESI)-tandem quadrupole/orthogonal-acceleration time-of-flight(Q-TOF) mass spectrometer,in combination with high performance liquid chromatograph(HPLC) was used to identify the structures of trace,tiny or ordinary flavonoid compounds extracted from the four kinds of bamboo leaves.Total flavonoids' level and the main flavonoid compounds from the four kinds of bamboo leaves were quantified with the help of diode array high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC-DAD).GC/MS was used to confirm the volatile oil components of bamboo leaves collected from Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mitford cv. Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.,Pleioblastus amarus(Keng) Keng f., Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f.and Acidosasa edulis Wen.The objectives of this study were to:(1) obtain the data of bamboo leaves flavonoids according to differences in growing seasons and bamboo's species;(2) establish to an optimized and unpolluted process to extract and purify bamboo's flavonoids;(3) evaluate the antioxidant activities of extracted bamboo-leaf flavonoids in vitro and in vivo according to obtained flavonoid's fingerprint data;(4) set up a quick GC internal standard quantitative method to accumulate the data of bamboo-leaf volatile oil according to the varying in growing seasons and species;and(5) deal with the antimicrobial activities of volatile oil from Phyllostachys heterocycla(Can'.) Mitford cv.Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh., Pleioblastus amarus(Keng) Keng f.,Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f.and Acidosasa edulis Wen bamboo leaves in combination with volatile oils' fingerprint data.
1.The structures identification of bamboo-leaf-fiavonoids 16 flavonoid's compounds were identified from the bamboo-leaves of Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mitford cv.Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.,including 5 mono-C-glycosylflavones,3 O-glycosylflavones,1 flavonoid aglycones and 7 other flavonoids;24 from Pleioblastus amarus(Keng) Keng f.leaves,including 4 Di-C-glycosylflavones,1 mono-C-glycosylflavones,11 O,C-Diglycosylflavones,2 O-glycosylflavones,1 flavonoid aglycones and 5 other flavonoids;17 from Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f.leaves,including mono-C-glycosylflavones,2 O,C-Diglycosylflavones,3 O-glycosylflavones,2 flavonoid aglycones and 5 other flavonoids;and 25 from Acidosasa edulis Wen leaves,including 2 Di-C-glycosylflavones, 1 mono-C-glycosylflavones,7 O,C-Diglycosylflavones,1 O-glycosylflavones,1 flavonoid aglycones and 13 other flavonoids,respectively.
2.Seasonal diversification of bamboo-leaf flavonoids
(1) The contents of total flavonoids(TF),independent of bamboo's species,increased with the bamboo-leaf development and maturation throughout this study period,and showed an upward trending from the fall,winter,and spring to summer.
(2) Like TF from autumn to summer,the levels of individual flavonoid compounds in leaves of the four bamboo species showed an increasement during the whole growing seasons,but variation in the contents of individual flavonoid compounds depended on the bomboo's species.
3.Estiblishment of Bamboo-leaf flavonoids extraction technology
(1) The yields of bamboo-leaf flavonoids(y) were greatly affected by ethanol concentration(X_1),extraction time(X_2),and liquid-solid ratio(X_3).A return mathematical model,i.e.,y=-12.6432 + 0.3114X_1+ 1.7292X_2+ 0.5018X_3- 0.0106X_1X_2+ 0.1115X_2X_3-0.0023X_1~2 -0.2808X_2~2-0.0459X_3~2,was very good in describing the relationships between the extracted yields of bamboo-leaf flavonoids and the 3 parameters.Extraction time, liquid-solid ratio,and ethanol concentration in important order were interactive in influencing the yields of flavonoids extracted from bamboo leaves.The concentration of extracting agent and the extraction time,like the extraction time and liquid-solid ratio, showed an significant interaction to the yields of extracted flavonoids,whereas no significant interaction between the concentration of extracting agent and liquid-solid ratio was found in extracting bamboo-leaf flavonoids.The optimized procedure to extract bamboo-leaf flavonoids was 59.86%of ethanol concentration,3.94 hrs of extraction time, and the liquid-solid ratio of 10:1.The range in error differences between the predicted yields of flavonoids in mathematical model and the real yields of flavonids obtained from experiment did not exceed 3%.
(2) The crude extractions of flavonoids from the leaves of four bamboo species were collected using above-given optimized extraction parameters.TF contents ranged from 3.74%to 5.88%in crude extractions.Recoveries in TF were from 58.6%to 84.9%,and yields of the crude extractions in four bamboo's species were from 6.5%to 15.03%.The crude extractions of bamboo-leaf flavonoids were purified by column chromatography filled with HP-20 macroporons resin.HPLC determination showed that the contents of TF were increased from 4.76%to 20.78%after purfication.
4.The antioxidant activities of bamboo-leaf flavonoids confirmed in vtiro and in vivo
(1) Total antioxidant capacity in vitro,expressed as the equivalent quality of VC(g) per bamboo-leaf flavonoids extractions(g) was 0.102gVC/g for Phyllostaehys heterocycla(Corr.) Mitford cv.Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.,0.088gVC/g for Pleioblastus amarus(Keng) Keng f.,0.084gVC/g for Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f.and 0.068gVC/g for Acidosasa edulis Wen. Antioxidant capacity of flavonoid crude extracts obtained by purified-column in Phyllostachysheterocycla(Carr.) Mifford cv.PubescensMazel ex H.de leh.was 0.101gVC/g.Reduction ability,defined as the equivalent quality of quercetin(g) per bamboo-leaf flavonoids extractions(g),was 0.069g quercetin/g for Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mitfordcv.PubescensMazel ex H.de leh.,0.068g quercetin/g for Pleioblastus amarus(Keng) Keng f.,0.074g quercetin/g for Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f.,and 0.062g quercetin/g for Acidosasa edulis Wen.Reduction ability of flavonoid crude extract by purified-column in Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mifford cv.Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.was 0.131g quercetin/g.The ability of bamboo-leaf flavonoids to scavenge DPPH,defined by their IC50,was 2.26 mg/g for Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mifford cv.Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.,2.46 mg/g for Pleioblastus amarus(Keng) Keng f.,2.22 mg/g for Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f.,and 2.67 mg/g for Acidosasa edulis Wen. DPPH scavenged by column purified flavonoids crude extracts from Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mifford cv.Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.was 0.96 mg/g. Among four bamboo species,the flavonoids from Acidosasa edulis Wen leaves(calculated at 8mg/g) had the best performance in hydroxyl radical scavenging ability in vitro, followed by Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f.,Pleioblastus amarus(Keng) Keng f.and Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mifford cv.Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.
(2) Thus the flavonoid extracts from Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f.leaves was further selected to investigate their antioxidant activity in rat's model.These rats were divided randomizely into five groups,named as blank control,negative control,positive control,low dosage bamboo-leaf extracts(LDBE) and high level dosage bamboo-leaf extracts groups(HLBE),respectively.Statistically,each group had seven individuals.Rats in the blank control were fed with no cholesterol-based diet which was not supplemented with any bamboo-leaf extracts or Vit.E.Rats in the negative control were fed with cholesterol-based diet without any supplementation of bamboo-leaf extracts or Vit.E. 0.0025%Vit.E was added to the cholesterol-based diet of rats in positive control. 100mg/kg or 400mg/kg of freeze-dried bamboo-leaf extracts in rat's body weight was added to the diets of LDBE or HLBE group,espectively.After feeding rats for six weeks, tissues collection from liver and kidney showed that bamboo-leaf extracts significantly influenced enzyme's activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT), glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) and concentation malonaldehyde(MDA) levels in all tesed rats well-controlled of above mentioned activities.The higher antioxidant activity proportional to the dose of bamboo leaf extracts was observed in tested rats.
5.The characteristics and activity of volatile oil compounds from bamboo leaves
(1) The bamboos leaves collected from Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mitford cv. Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.were pre-treated with four techniques,i.e.simultaneous distillation extraction(SDE),volatile oil distillation(VOD),supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and Soxhlet's extraction method(SEM)) to extract volatile oils.The major composition of volatile oils when SDE or VOD was used were alcohols,carboxylic acids, and alkane hydrocarbons.If SFE technique was chosen to treat bamboo leaves,the main compounds of the volatile oils were alkane hydrocarbons and carboxylic acids.Use of SEM technique to treat bamboo leaves produced more alkane hydrocarbons from volatile oil.It was clear that differences in the profiles of the volatile oil of bamboo leaves existed due to the application of different extraction techniques.The present study indicated that the use of SDE or VOD to extract bamboo leaves would give more information on volatile oils composition than the other techniques.
(2) The yields of volatile oils of four bamboo species collected by SDE were between 0.1% and 0.3%,with Pleioblastus amarus(Keng) Keng f.the largest,followed by Acidosasa edulis Wen,Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f.and Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mitford cv.Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh..The volatile oil compounds of Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mifford cv.Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.were mainly alcohols,carboxySc acids and alkane hydrocarbons.Volatile oil composition of Acidosasa edulis Wen was very similar to that of Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mitford cv.Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.The volatile oil compounds of Acidosasa edulis Wen and Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f. mainly composed of carboxylic acids,aldehydes and alkane hydrocarbon.
(3) Internal standard quantitative method confirmed 7 volatile oil compounds,including Dodecanoic acid,6,10,14-trimethyl-2-Pentadecanone,tetradecanoic acid,tricosane, heptacosane,hexadecanoic acid,and 9-octadecanal.The content of hexadecanoic acid was the highest in all of bamboo-leaf volatile oil.The next was dodecanoic acid in Pleioblastus amarus(Keng) Keng f.and Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mitford cv. Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.leaves.9-octadecanal ranked in the second position in Acidosasa edulis Wen or Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f.leaves. 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-Pentadecanone ranked as the third position in Pleioblastus amarus(Keng) Keng f.and Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mitford cv. Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.leaves.Among volatile oil compounds determined, dodecanoic acid ranked in the third positon in Acidosasa edulis Wen and Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f.
(4) Bacillus subtilis,Escherichia coli,2 Pseudomonas fluorescens strains SHL5 and SHL7, Flavobacterium SHL45 and three Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains Ja64,Tokay and Y8 were tested to evaluate growth inhibition of tesed organims bamboo-leaf volatile oils. Among those four bamboo species,the volatile oil from the leaves of Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mitford cv.Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.showed strongest antimicrobial activity.The minimal inhibition concentration(MIC) toward Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis were 2.25mg/mL.
In collusions,the present study proved that bamboo leaves contained large amount of flavonoids and volatile oils,with diversity in their composition.The levels of bamboo-leaf flavonoids or volatile oil depended on the species of bamboo and growing seasons, exhibiting good performances in antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.The collection of these data should be very useful in identifying the species of bamboo,and promoting fine production of bamboo leaves as food additives.
1.竹叶黄酮化合物的结构鉴定
首次使用HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS/MS技术对毛竹、苦竹、绿竹及黄甜竹四种竹种竹叶黄酮化合物结构进行了鉴定,已鉴定16种毛竹叶黄酮化合物(其中Mono-C-glyeosylflavones 5种,O-glyeosylflavones 3种,Flavonoid aglyeones 1种,其他类黄酮化合物7种)、24种苦竹叶黄酮化合物(其中Di-C-glyeosylflavones 4种,Mono-C-glyeosylflavones 1种,O,C-Diglyeosylflavones 11种,O-glyeosylflavones 2种,Flavonoid aglycones 1种,其他类黄酮化合物5种)、绿竹叶黄酮化合物17种(其中Mono-C-glycosylflavones 5种,O,C-Diglycosylflavones 2种,O-glycosylflavones 3种,Flavonoid aglycones 2种,其他类黄酮化合物5种)、黄甜竹叶黄酮化合物25种(其中Di-C-glycosylflavones 2种,Mono-C-glyeosylflavones 1种,O,C-Diglycosylflavones 7种,O-glycosylflavones 1种,Flavonoid aglycones 1种,其他类黄酮化合物13种)。
2.竹叶黄酮化合物的季节变化
(1)以月为周期,收集2007年09月至2008年06月期间福建省南屏市毛竹、苦竹、绿竹及黄甜竹竹叶,对四种竹叶黄酮化合物的研究发现,从秋季、冬季、春季至夏季,四种竹叶中黄酮含量呈上升的趋势,即随着叶片的发育和成熟,总黄酮(TF)的含量也在增加。
(2)从秋初到夏初,四种竹叶中黄酮化合物的变化趋势与其总黄酮的变化趋势相同,呈现上升的趋势,不同的是来自毛竹叶6种黄酮化合物、苦竹叶8种黄酮化合物、绿竹叶6种黄酮化合物以及黄甜竹叶8种黄酮化合物的变化幅度大小不一。
3.竹叶黄酮提取工艺研究
(1)以热回流提取为竹叶黄酮的提取手段,利用二次回归正交旋转组合设计试验,得到竹叶黄酮提取得率y与各影响因素(提取剂乙醇浓度X_1、提取时间X_2、液固比X_3)间的回归数学模型:y=-12.6432+0.3114X_+1.7292X_2+0.5018X_3-0.0106X_1X_2+0.1115X_2X_3-0.0023X_1~2-0.2808X_2~2-0.0459X_3~2,对模型进行主效应、单因素和交互效应分析,竹叶黄酮提取得率因素的主次顺序为提取时间、液固比、提取剂乙醇浓度,提取剂乙醇浓度与提取时间之间、提取时间与液固比之间的交互作用显著,而提取剂乙醇浓度与液固比之间的交互作用不显著;利用理想点法,对数学模型求解,获得最优的竹叶黄酮提取参数(即乙醇浓度为59.86%,提取时间3.94小时,液固比为10:1);试验验证,预测值和试验值的误差不超过3%。
(2)采用最优化提取条件,提取毛竹、苦竹、绿竹及黄甜竹竹叶黄酮化合物,得到黄酮化合物粗提物,其中总黄酮含量3.74%-5.88%,总黄酮回收率58.6%-84.9%,粗提物实物得率6.5%-15.03%。利用选择性好、性价比高的HP-20树脂,对竹叶黄酮粗提物进行柱纯化,黄酮粗提取含量可由4.76%增至20.78%(HPLC测定)。
4.竹叶黄酮抗氧化研究
(1)以每克提取物相当的VC质量表示其总抗氧化能力测试表明,毛竹的总抗氧化能力是0.102 gVC/g粗提物,苦竹是0.088 gVC/g粗提物,绿竹是0.084 gVC/g粗提物,黄甜竹是0.068 gVC/g粗提物:毛竹柱纯化物的总抗氧化能力是0.101gVC/g毛竹柱纯化物。以每克提取物相当的槲皮素的质量表示其还原能力测试表明,毛竹的还原能力是0.069g槲皮素/g粗提物,苦竹是0.068g槲皮素/g粗提物,绿竹是0.074g槲皮素/g粗提物,黄甜竹是0.062g槲皮素/g粗提物;毛竹柱纯化物的还原能力是0.131g槲皮素/g毛竹柱纯化物。以IC50表示其清除DPPH自由基能力测试表明,毛竹清除DPPH自由基能力是2.26 mg/g,苦竹是2.46 mg/g,绿竹是2.22 mg/g,黄甜竹是2.67 mg/g;毛竹柱纯化物清除DPPH自由基能力是0.96 mg/g。以8mg/g含量的四种竹叶粗提物计算,黄甜竹的清除羟基自由基的能力最强,其次是绿竹、苦竹和毛竹。综合上述结果,可以看出四种竹叶提取物均具有良好的体外抗氧化作用,以绿竹的抗氧化能力尤为突出。
(2)基于体外抗氧化试验结果,选取绿竹粗提物作为大鼠体内抗氧化测试的原料,将大鼠划分为:①空白组(喂养未加胆固醇饲料和每天灌喂生理盐水);②负对照组(喂养加胆固醇饲料和每天灌生理盐水);③正对照组(喂养加胆固醇饲料和每天灌VE,VE用量为0.0025g/kg体重),④低剂量组(喂养加胆固醇饲料和每天灌100mg/kg体重竹叶提取物),⑤高剂量组(喂养加胆固醇饲料和每天灌400mg/kg体重竹叶提取物),饲养6周后,对肝脏组织检测表明,喂胆固醇饲料及大浓度的竹叶提取物高剂量组大鼠的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力最小,与其他组的差异显著;低剂量组的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力最大,与负对照组和高剂量组差异不显著,与空白组及正对照组差异显著;谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力高剂量组的值最低,与其它四组差异显著;对丙二醛(MDA)而言,高剂量组值最低,与正负对照组差异显著,与空白和低剂量组差异不显著。对肾脏组织检测而言,SOD活力同样是高剂量组最小,与其他组的差异显著;CAT的活力空白组最大,与其他组差异显著;GSH-Px在高剂量组偏低,但差异不显著;MDA在高、低剂量组的偏低,两组间差异不显著,与其它三组差异显著,负对照组的MDA值最大,其次是空白组,这两组间差异不显著,正对照组的MDA值居于中间,与其它四组差异显著。竹叶提取物显著影响大鼠的肝肾抗氧化酶活力及MDA水平,且提高竹叶提取物含量能明显提升大鼠的抗氧化能力。
5.竹叶挥发油研究
(1)采用同时水蒸气蒸馏萃取(SDE)、挥发油提取器(VOD)、超临界萃取(SFE)和索氏提取(SEM)等四种提取方法研究竹叶挥发油,采用SDE和VOD提取的化合物以醇、羧酸、烷烃类为主,SFE获得的化合物以烷烃、羧酸为主,SEM获得的化合物以烷烃类为主,SDE和VOD提取到的挥发油信息较多。
(2)用SDE收集毛竹、苦竹、绿竹及黄甜竹竹叶挥发油,四种竹叶的挥发油实物得率在0.1%-0.3%之间,以苦竹为最大,其次为黄甜竹、绿竹和毛竹。毛竹叶挥发油以羧酸、烷烃和醇类化合物为主;苦竹叶挥发油成分与毛竹叶很相似;绿竹、黄甜竹叶挥发油成分以羧酸、醛和烷烃类化合物为主。
(3)用内标法定量研究了竹叶挥发油中7种主要化合物(十二烷酸,十四酸,6,10,14-三甲基-2-十五酮,十六烷酸,二十三烷,二十七烷,9-十八烯醛),十六烷酸在四种竹叶挥发油中的含量最高;毛竹和苦竹中居于第二位的是十二烷酸,而绿竹和黄甜竹居于第二位的是9-十八烯醛;毛竹、苦竹中居于第三位的是6,1014-三甲基-2-十五酮;绿竹和黄甜竹居于第三位的是十二烷酸。
(4)研究了毛竹叶挥发油对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coil)、枯草杆菌(Escherichia coli)、荧光假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)、黄杆菌(Flavobacterium)和酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)等8种测试菌株的抑菌作用,结果显示毛竹叶挥发油均表现出较强的抑菌活性,且对大肠杆菌(革兰氏阳性菌)和枯草杆菌(革兰氏阴性菌)的最低抑菌浓度为2.25mg/mL。
综上所述,竹叶中含有丰富的黄酮类及挥发油等活性物质,这两类化合物随竹种、季节的变化而变化,具有显著的抗氧化和抑菌活性,这些资料有利于竹类资源品质甄别及其在食品领域的深加工利用。
Bamboo-leaf-flavonoids and bamboo-leaf-volatile oils are claimed to have bioactivities and be potential for use as functional components.The leaves of Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mitford cv.Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh., Pleioblastus amarus(Keng) Keng f.,Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f.and Acidosasa edulis Wen were collected monthly from the Nanping City of Fujian Province from Sep.2007 to Jun.2008.Electrospray ionization(ESI)-tandem quadrupole/orthogonal-acceleration time-of-flight(Q-TOF) mass spectrometer,in combination with high performance liquid chromatograph(HPLC) was used to identify the structures of trace,tiny or ordinary flavonoid compounds extracted from the four kinds of bamboo leaves.Total flavonoids' level and the main flavonoid compounds from the four kinds of bamboo leaves were quantified with the help of diode array high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC-DAD).GC/MS was used to confirm the volatile oil components of bamboo leaves collected from Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mitford cv. Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.,Pleioblastus amarus(Keng) Keng f., Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f.and Acidosasa edulis Wen.The objectives of this study were to:(1) obtain the data of bamboo leaves flavonoids according to differences in growing seasons and bamboo's species;(2) establish to an optimized and unpolluted process to extract and purify bamboo's flavonoids;(3) evaluate the antioxidant activities of extracted bamboo-leaf flavonoids in vitro and in vivo according to obtained flavonoid's fingerprint data;(4) set up a quick GC internal standard quantitative method to accumulate the data of bamboo-leaf volatile oil according to the varying in growing seasons and species;and(5) deal with the antimicrobial activities of volatile oil from Phyllostachys heterocycla(Can'.) Mitford cv.Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh., Pleioblastus amarus(Keng) Keng f.,Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f.and Acidosasa edulis Wen bamboo leaves in combination with volatile oils' fingerprint data.
1.The structures identification of bamboo-leaf-fiavonoids 16 flavonoid's compounds were identified from the bamboo-leaves of Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mitford cv.Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.,including 5 mono-C-glycosylflavones,3 O-glycosylflavones,1 flavonoid aglycones and 7 other flavonoids;24 from Pleioblastus amarus(Keng) Keng f.leaves,including 4 Di-C-glycosylflavones,1 mono-C-glycosylflavones,11 O,C-Diglycosylflavones,2 O-glycosylflavones,1 flavonoid aglycones and 5 other flavonoids;17 from Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f.leaves,including mono-C-glycosylflavones,2 O,C-Diglycosylflavones,3 O-glycosylflavones,2 flavonoid aglycones and 5 other flavonoids;and 25 from Acidosasa edulis Wen leaves,including 2 Di-C-glycosylflavones, 1 mono-C-glycosylflavones,7 O,C-Diglycosylflavones,1 O-glycosylflavones,1 flavonoid aglycones and 13 other flavonoids,respectively.
2.Seasonal diversification of bamboo-leaf flavonoids
(1) The contents of total flavonoids(TF),independent of bamboo's species,increased with the bamboo-leaf development and maturation throughout this study period,and showed an upward trending from the fall,winter,and spring to summer.
(2) Like TF from autumn to summer,the levels of individual flavonoid compounds in leaves of the four bamboo species showed an increasement during the whole growing seasons,but variation in the contents of individual flavonoid compounds depended on the bomboo's species.
3.Estiblishment of Bamboo-leaf flavonoids extraction technology
(1) The yields of bamboo-leaf flavonoids(y) were greatly affected by ethanol concentration(X_1),extraction time(X_2),and liquid-solid ratio(X_3).A return mathematical model,i.e.,y=-12.6432 + 0.3114X_1+ 1.7292X_2+ 0.5018X_3- 0.0106X_1X_2+ 0.1115X_2X_3-0.0023X_1~2 -0.2808X_2~2-0.0459X_3~2,was very good in describing the relationships between the extracted yields of bamboo-leaf flavonoids and the 3 parameters.Extraction time, liquid-solid ratio,and ethanol concentration in important order were interactive in influencing the yields of flavonoids extracted from bamboo leaves.The concentration of extracting agent and the extraction time,like the extraction time and liquid-solid ratio, showed an significant interaction to the yields of extracted flavonoids,whereas no significant interaction between the concentration of extracting agent and liquid-solid ratio was found in extracting bamboo-leaf flavonoids.The optimized procedure to extract bamboo-leaf flavonoids was 59.86%of ethanol concentration,3.94 hrs of extraction time, and the liquid-solid ratio of 10:1.The range in error differences between the predicted yields of flavonoids in mathematical model and the real yields of flavonids obtained from experiment did not exceed 3%.
(2) The crude extractions of flavonoids from the leaves of four bamboo species were collected using above-given optimized extraction parameters.TF contents ranged from 3.74%to 5.88%in crude extractions.Recoveries in TF were from 58.6%to 84.9%,and yields of the crude extractions in four bamboo's species were from 6.5%to 15.03%.The crude extractions of bamboo-leaf flavonoids were purified by column chromatography filled with HP-20 macroporons resin.HPLC determination showed that the contents of TF were increased from 4.76%to 20.78%after purfication.
4.The antioxidant activities of bamboo-leaf flavonoids confirmed in vtiro and in vivo
(1) Total antioxidant capacity in vitro,expressed as the equivalent quality of VC(g) per bamboo-leaf flavonoids extractions(g) was 0.102gVC/g for Phyllostaehys heterocycla(Corr.) Mitford cv.Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.,0.088gVC/g for Pleioblastus amarus(Keng) Keng f.,0.084gVC/g for Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f.and 0.068gVC/g for Acidosasa edulis Wen. Antioxidant capacity of flavonoid crude extracts obtained by purified-column in Phyllostachysheterocycla(Carr.) Mifford cv.PubescensMazel ex H.de leh.was 0.101gVC/g.Reduction ability,defined as the equivalent quality of quercetin(g) per bamboo-leaf flavonoids extractions(g),was 0.069g quercetin/g for Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mitfordcv.PubescensMazel ex H.de leh.,0.068g quercetin/g for Pleioblastus amarus(Keng) Keng f.,0.074g quercetin/g for Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f.,and 0.062g quercetin/g for Acidosasa edulis Wen.Reduction ability of flavonoid crude extract by purified-column in Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mifford cv.Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.was 0.131g quercetin/g.The ability of bamboo-leaf flavonoids to scavenge DPPH,defined by their IC50,was 2.26 mg/g for Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mifford cv.Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.,2.46 mg/g for Pleioblastus amarus(Keng) Keng f.,2.22 mg/g for Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f.,and 2.67 mg/g for Acidosasa edulis Wen. DPPH scavenged by column purified flavonoids crude extracts from Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mifford cv.Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.was 0.96 mg/g. Among four bamboo species,the flavonoids from Acidosasa edulis Wen leaves(calculated at 8mg/g) had the best performance in hydroxyl radical scavenging ability in vitro, followed by Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f.,Pleioblastus amarus(Keng) Keng f.and Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mifford cv.Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.
(2) Thus the flavonoid extracts from Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f.leaves was further selected to investigate their antioxidant activity in rat's model.These rats were divided randomizely into five groups,named as blank control,negative control,positive control,low dosage bamboo-leaf extracts(LDBE) and high level dosage bamboo-leaf extracts groups(HLBE),respectively.Statistically,each group had seven individuals.Rats in the blank control were fed with no cholesterol-based diet which was not supplemented with any bamboo-leaf extracts or Vit.E.Rats in the negative control were fed with cholesterol-based diet without any supplementation of bamboo-leaf extracts or Vit.E. 0.0025%Vit.E was added to the cholesterol-based diet of rats in positive control. 100mg/kg or 400mg/kg of freeze-dried bamboo-leaf extracts in rat's body weight was added to the diets of LDBE or HLBE group,espectively.After feeding rats for six weeks, tissues collection from liver and kidney showed that bamboo-leaf extracts significantly influenced enzyme's activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT), glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) and concentation malonaldehyde(MDA) levels in all tesed rats well-controlled of above mentioned activities.The higher antioxidant activity proportional to the dose of bamboo leaf extracts was observed in tested rats.
5.The characteristics and activity of volatile oil compounds from bamboo leaves
(1) The bamboos leaves collected from Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mitford cv. Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.were pre-treated with four techniques,i.e.simultaneous distillation extraction(SDE),volatile oil distillation(VOD),supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and Soxhlet's extraction method(SEM)) to extract volatile oils.The major composition of volatile oils when SDE or VOD was used were alcohols,carboxylic acids, and alkane hydrocarbons.If SFE technique was chosen to treat bamboo leaves,the main compounds of the volatile oils were alkane hydrocarbons and carboxylic acids.Use of SEM technique to treat bamboo leaves produced more alkane hydrocarbons from volatile oil.It was clear that differences in the profiles of the volatile oil of bamboo leaves existed due to the application of different extraction techniques.The present study indicated that the use of SDE or VOD to extract bamboo leaves would give more information on volatile oils composition than the other techniques.
(2) The yields of volatile oils of four bamboo species collected by SDE were between 0.1% and 0.3%,with Pleioblastus amarus(Keng) Keng f.the largest,followed by Acidosasa edulis Wen,Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f.and Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mitford cv.Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh..The volatile oil compounds of Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mifford cv.Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.were mainly alcohols,carboxySc acids and alkane hydrocarbons.Volatile oil composition of Acidosasa edulis Wen was very similar to that of Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mitford cv.Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.The volatile oil compounds of Acidosasa edulis Wen and Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f. mainly composed of carboxylic acids,aldehydes and alkane hydrocarbon.
(3) Internal standard quantitative method confirmed 7 volatile oil compounds,including Dodecanoic acid,6,10,14-trimethyl-2-Pentadecanone,tetradecanoic acid,tricosane, heptacosane,hexadecanoic acid,and 9-octadecanal.The content of hexadecanoic acid was the highest in all of bamboo-leaf volatile oil.The next was dodecanoic acid in Pleioblastus amarus(Keng) Keng f.and Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mitford cv. Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.leaves.9-octadecanal ranked in the second position in Acidosasa edulis Wen or Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f.leaves. 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-Pentadecanone ranked as the third position in Pleioblastus amarus(Keng) Keng f.and Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mitford cv. Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.leaves.Among volatile oil compounds determined, dodecanoic acid ranked in the third positon in Acidosasa edulis Wen and Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro) Keng f.
(4) Bacillus subtilis,Escherichia coli,2 Pseudomonas fluorescens strains SHL5 and SHL7, Flavobacterium SHL45 and three Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains Ja64,Tokay and Y8 were tested to evaluate growth inhibition of tesed organims bamboo-leaf volatile oils. Among those four bamboo species,the volatile oil from the leaves of Phyllostachys heterocycla(Carr.) Mitford cv.Pubescens Mazel ex H.de leh.showed strongest antimicrobial activity.The minimal inhibition concentration(MIC) toward Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis were 2.25mg/mL.
In collusions,the present study proved that bamboo leaves contained large amount of flavonoids and volatile oils,with diversity in their composition.The levels of bamboo-leaf flavonoids or volatile oil depended on the species of bamboo and growing seasons, exhibiting good performances in antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.The collection of these data should be very useful in identifying the species of bamboo,and promoting fine production of bamboo leaves as food additives.
引文
[1]Ahmed-Belkacem A,Pozza A,Munoz-Martinez F,Bates SE,Castanys S,Gamarro F,Di Pietro A &Perez-Victoria JM.Flavonoid structure-activity studies identify 6-prenyichrysin and tectochrysin as potent and specific inhibitors of breast cancer resistance protein ABCG2.Cancer Research,2005,65(11):4852-4860.
[2]Alexandru V,Balan M,Gaspar A,Craciunescu O & Moldovan L.Studies on the antioxidant activity,phenol and flavonoid contents of some selected Romanian medicinal plants used for wound healing.Romanian Biotechnological Letters,2007,12(6):3467-3472.
[3]Aruoma OI,Spencer JPE,Warren D,Jenner P,Butler J & Halliwell B.Characterization of food antioxidants,illustrated using commercial garlic and ginger preparations.Food Chemistry,1997,60(2):149-156.
[4]Bobeldijk I,Stoks PGM,Vissers JPC,Emke E,van Leerdam JA,Muilwijk B,Berbee R & Noij THM.Surface and wastewater quality monitoring:combination of liquid chromatography with(geno)toxicity detection,diode array detection and tandem mass spectrometry for identification of pollutants.Journal of Chromatography A,2002,970(1-2):167-181.
[5]Cao GH,Sofic E & Prior RL.Antioxidant and prooxidant behavior of flavonoids:Structure-activity relationships.Free Radical Biology and Medicine,1997,22(5):749-760.
[6]Chaves N,Rios JJ,Gutierrez C,Escudero JC & Olias JM.Analysis of secreted flavonoids of Cistus ladanifer L.by high-performance liquid chromatography particle beam mass spectrometry.Journal of Chromatography A,1998,799(1-2):111-115.
[7]Cbeel J,Theoduloz C,Rodriguez J & Schmeda-Hirschmann G..Free radical scavengers and antioxidants from lemongrass(Cymbopogon citratus(DC.) Stapf.).Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2005,53(7):2511-2517.
[8]Choi CW,Kim SC,Hwang SS,Choi BK,Ahn HJ,Lee MY,Park SH & Kim SK.Antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging capacity between Korean medicinal plants and flavonoids by assay-guided comparison.Plant Science,2002,163(6):1161-1168.
[9]Conforti F,Sosa S,Marrelli M,Menichini F,Statti GA,Uzunov D,Tubaro A & Della Loggia R.In vivo anti-inflammatory and in vitro antioxidant activities of Mediterranean dietary plants.Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2008,116(1):144-151.
[10]Cuyckens F & Claeys M.Mass spectrometry in the structural analysis of flavonoids.Journal of Mass Spectrometry,2004,39(1):1-15.
[11]Cuyckens H & Claeys M.Mass spectrometry in the structural analysis of flavonoids(vol 39,pg 1,2004).Journal of Mass Spectrometry,2004,39(4):461-461.
[12]Daouk RK,Dagher SM & Sattout EJ.Antifungal activity of the essential oil of origanum-syriacum 1. Journal of Food Protection,1995,58(10):1147-1149.
[13]Decaestecker TN,Clanwaert KM,Van Bocxlaer JF,Lambert WE,Van den Eeckhout EG,Van Peteghem CH & De Leenheer AP.Evaluation of automated single mass spectrometry to tandem mass spectrometry function switching for comprehensive drug profiling analysis using a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer.Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2000,14(19):1787-1792.
[14]Ding L,Luo XB,Tang F,Yuan JB,Liu Q & Yao SZ.Simultaneous determination of flavonoid and alkaloid compounds in Citrus herbs by high-performance liquid chromatography - photodiode array detection - electro spray mass spectrometry.Journal of Chromatography B-Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences,2007,857(2):202-209.
[15]Ferreres F,Silva BM,Andrade PB,Seabra RM & Ferreira MA.Approach to the study of C-glycosyl flavones by ion trap HPLC-PAD-ESI/MS/MS:Application to seeds of quince(Cydonia oblonga).Phytochemical Analysis,2003,14(6):352-359.
[16]Figueirinha A,Paranhos A,Perez-Alonso JJ,Santos-Buelga C & Batista MT.Cymbopogon citratus leaves:Characterization of flavonoids by HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS/MS and an approach to their potential as a source of bioactive polyphenols.Food Chemistry,2008,110(3):718-728.
[17]Firuzi O,Lacanna A,Petrucci R,Marrosu G & Saso L.Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of flavonoids by "ferric reducing antioxidant power" assay and cyclic voltammetry.Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-General Subjects,2005,1721(1-3):174-184.
[18]Gardana C,Scagiianti M,Pietta P & Simonetti P.Analysis of the polyphenolic fraction of propolis from different sources by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis,2007,45(3):390-399.
[19]Gordon MH & An J.Antioxidant activity of flavonoids isolated from licorice.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1995,43(7):1784-1788.
[20]Guo X,Chen X,Li L,Shen Z,Wang X,Zheng P,Duan F,Ma Y & Bi K.LC-MS determination and pharmacokinetic study of six phenolic components in rat plasma after taking traditional Chinese medicinal-preparation:Guanxinning lyophilized powder for injection.Journal of Chromatography,B:Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences,2008,873(1):51-58.
[21]Guo XF,Yue YD,Tang F,Wang J & Yao X.Detection of antioxidative capacity of bamboo leaf extract by scavenging organic free radical DPPH.Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2008,28(7):1578-1582.
[22]Guo XF,Yue YD,Tang F,Wang J & Yao X.Detection of antioxidative capacity of bamboo leaf extract by scavenging superoxide anion free radical.Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2008,28(8):1823-1826.
[22]Halliwell B,Aeschbach R,Loliger J & Aruoma OI.The characterization of antioxidants.Food and Chemical Toxicology,1995,33(7):601-617.
[23]Halliwell B & Gutteridge JMC.Role of free-radicals and catalytic metal-ions in human-disease - an overview.Methods in Enzymology,1990,186:1-85.
[24]Halliwell B,Gutteridge JMC & Aruoma OI.The deoxyribose method - a simple test-tube assay for determination of rate constants for reactions of hydroxyl radicals.Analytical Biochemistry,1987,165(1):215-219.
[25]Han J,Ye M,Qiao X,Xu M,Wang B-r & Guo D-A.Characterization of phenolic compounds in the Chinese herbal drug Artemisia annua by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis,2008,47(3):516-525.
[26]Ilham AM,Vimala S,Rashih AA,Rohana S,Jamaluddin M & Juliza M.Antioxidant and antityrosinase properties of Malaysian bamboo leaf extracts.Journal of Tropical Forest Science,2008,20(2):123-131.
[27]Jensen GS,Wu XL,Patterson KM,Barnes J,Carter SG,Scherwitz L,Beaman R,Endres JR &Schauss AG..In vitro and in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities of an antioxidant-rich fruit and berry juice blend.Results of a pilot and randomized,double-blinded,placebo-controlled,crossover study.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2008,56(18):8326-8333.
[28]Jia MY,Zhang QH & Min DB.Optimization of solid-phase microextraction analysis for headspace flavor compounds of orange juice.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1998,46(7):2744-2747.
[29]Kancheva V,Taskova R,Totseva I & Handjieva N.Antioxidant activity of extracts,fractions and flavonoid constituents from Carthamus lanatus L.Rivista Italiana Delle Sostanze Grasse,2007,84(2):77-86.
[30]Kawaii S,Tomono Y,Ogawa K,Sugiura M,Yano M & Yoshizawa Y.Anticancer activity and flavonoid content of various Citrus juices.In:Shahidi,F.W.D.K.,editor).Nutraceutical Beverages:Chemistry,Nutrition,and Health Effects,200 4,p:76-89.
[31]Kazuno S,Yanagida M,Shindo N & Murayama K.Mass spectrometric identification and quantification of glycosyl flavonoids,including dihydrochalcones with neutral loss scan mode.Analytical Biochemistry,2005,347(2):182-192.
[32]Kite GC,Porter EA,Denison FC,Grayer RJ,Veitch NC,Butler I & Simmonds MSJ.Data-directed scan sequence for the general assignment of C-glycosylflavone O-glycosides in plant extracts by liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry.Journal of Chromatography,2006,1104(1-2):123-131.
[33]Kulisic T,Radonic A,Katalinic V & Milos M.Use of different methods for testing antioxidative activity of oregano essential oil.Food Chemistry,2004,85(4):633-640.
[34]Kuo YH,Rozan P,Lambein F,Frias J & Vidal-Valverde C.Effects of different germination conditions on the contents of flee protein and non-protein amino acids of commercial legumes.Food Chemistry,2004,86(4):537-545.
[35]Kurahashi T,Miyazaki A,Suwan S & Isobe M.Extensive investigations on oxidized amino acid residues in H2O2-treated Cu,Zn-SOD protein with LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS,MS/MS for the determination of the copper-binding site.Journal of the American Chemical Society,2001,123(38):9268-9278.
[36]Lin LZ,He XG,Lindenmaler M,Nolan G,Yang J,Cleary M,Qin SX & Cordell GA.Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry study of the flavonoids of the roots of Astragalus mongholicus and A-membranaceus.Journal of Chromatography A,2000,876(1-2):87-95.
[37]March RE,Lewars EG,Stadey CJ,Miao X-S,Zhao X & Metcalfe CD.A comparison of flavonoid glycosides by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.International Journal of Mass Spectrometry,2006,248(1-2):61-85.
[38]March RE,Lewars EG,Stadey CJ,Miao XS,Zhao XM & Metcalfe CD.A comparison of flavonoid glycosides by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.International Journal of Mass Spectrometry,2006,248(1-2):61-85.
[39]Mariani C,Braca A,Vitalini S,De Tommasi N,Visioli F & Fico G.Flavonoid characterization and in vitro antioxidant activity of Aconitum anthora L.('Ranunculaceae).Phytochemistry,2008,69(5):1220-1226.
[40]Marston A.Role of advances in chromatographic techniques in phytochemistry.Phytochemistry,2007,68(22-24):2786-2798.
[41]Mensor LL,Menezes FS,Leitao GG,Reis AS,dos Santos TC,Coube CS & Leitao SG.Screening of Brazilian plant extracts for antioxidant activity by the use of DPPH free radical method.Phytotherapy Research,2001,15(2):127-130.
[42]Oyanagui Y.Reevaluation of assay-methods and establishment of kit for superoxide-dismutase activity.Analytical Biochemistry,1984,142(2):290-296.
[43]Pan J-Y & Cheng Y-Y.Identification and analysis of absorbed and metabolic components in rat plasma after oral administration of 'Shuangdan' granule by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS.Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis,2006,42(5):565-572.
[44]Pannala AS,Chan TS,O'Brien PJ & Rice-Evans CA.Flavonoid B-ring chemistry and antioxidant activity:Fast reaction kinetics.Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,2001,282(5):1161-1168.
[45]Phillipson JD.Phytochemistry and pharmacognosy.Phytochemistry,2007,68(22-24):2960-2972.
[46]Pietta PG.Flavonoids as antioxidants.Journal of Natural Products,2000,63(7):1035-1042.
[47]Pourmorad F,Hosseinimehr SJ & Shahabimajd N.Antioxidant activity,phenol and flavonoid contents of some selected Iranian medicinal plants.African Journal of Biotechnology,2006,5(11):1142-1145.
[48]Pdeto P,Pineda M & Aguilar M.Spectrophotometdc quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phospbomolybdenum complex:Specific application to the determination of vitamin E.Analytical Biochemistry,1999,269(2):337-341.
[49]Prommuak C,De-Eknamkul W & Shotipruk A.Extraction of flavonoids and carotenoids from Thai silk waste and antioxidant activity of extracts.Separation and Purification Technology,2008,62(2):444-448.
[50]Puppo A.Effect of flavonoids on hydroxyl radical formation by fenton-type reactions - influence of the iron chelator.Phytochemistry,1992,31(1):85-88.
[51]Rauter AP,Martins A,Borges C,Ferreira J,Justino J,Bronze MR,Coelho AV,Choi YH &Verpoorte R.Liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry/nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of the anti-hyperglycemic flavonoid extract of Genista tenera - Structure elucidation of a flavonoid-C-glycoside.Journal of Chromatography A,2005,1089(1-2):59-64.
[52]Rice-Evans C,Miller NJ & Paganga G.Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids.Free radical biology & medicine,1996,20(7):933-956.
[53]Robins R,Bolwell GP & Lewis NG.Phytochemistry and the new technologies:Tackling the critical barriers to advancing systems biology.Phytochemistry,2007,68:2134-2135.
[54]Robins RJ,Gibbons S & Marston A.The fiftieth anniversary meeting of the Phytochemical Society of Europe:Churchill College,Cambridge,11-14 April 2007 Highlights in the Evolution of Phytochemistry.Phytochemistry,2007,68(22-24):2699-2704.
[55]Ruberto G & Baratta MT.Antioxidant activity of selected essential oil components in two lipid model systems.Food Chemistry,2000,69(2):167-174.
[56]Shi PY,He Q,Song Y,Qu HB & Cheng YY.Characterization and identification of isomeric flavonoid O-diglycosides from genus Citrus in negative electrospray ionization by ion trap mass spectrometry and time-of-flight mass,spectrometry.Analyfica Chimica Acta,2007,598(1):110-118.
[57]Shimada K,Fujikawa K,Yahara K & Nakamura T.Antioxidative properties of xanthan on the autoxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1992,40(6):945-948.
[58]Skaltsa HD,Demetzos C,Lazari D & Sokovic M.Essential oil analysis and antimicrobial activity of eight Stachys species from Greece.Phytochemistry,2003,64(3):743-752.
[59]Smith PK,Krohn RI,Hermanson GT,Mallia AK,Gartner FH,Provenzano MD,Fujimoto EK, Goeke NM,Olson BJ & Klenk DC.Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid.Analytical Biochemistry,1985,150(1):76-85.
[60]Soares JR,Dinis TCP,Cunha AP & Almeida LM.Antioxidant activities of some extracts of Thymus zygis.Free Radical Research,1997,26(5):469-478.
[61]Steffen A & Pawliszyn J.Analysis of flavor volatiles using headspace solid-phase micruextraction.Journal of Agricuitural and Food Chemistry,1996,44(8):2187-2193.
[62]Stobiecki M.Application of mass spectrometry for identification and structural studies of flavonoid glycosides.Phytochemistry,2000,54(3):237-256.
[63]Sunmer LW,Paiva NL,Dixon RA & Geno PW.High-performance liquid chromatography continuous-flow liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry of flavonoid glycosides in leguminous plant extracts.Journal of Mass Spectrometry,1996,31(5):472-485.
[64]Sun SW,Yu HQ,Zhang H,Zheng YL,Wang JJ & Luo L.Quercetin attenuates spontaneous behavior and spatial memory impairment in D-galactose-treated mice by increasing brain antioxidant capacity.Nutrition Research,2007,27(3):169-175.
[65]Torel J,Cillard J & Cillard P.Antioxidant activity of flavonoids and reactivity with peroxy radical.Phytochemistry,1986,25(2):383-385.
[66IVan Acker S,van Balen GP,van den Berg D J,Bast A & van der Vijgh WJF.Influence of iron chelation on the antioxidant activity of flavonoids.Biochemical Pharmacology,1998,56(8):935-943.
[67]Vardar-Unlu G,Candan F,Sokmen A,Daferera D,Polissiou M,Sokmen M,Donmez E & Tepe B.Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Thymus pectinatus Fisch et Mey.var.pectinatus(Lamiaceae).Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,,2003,51(1):63-67.
[68]Vekiari SA,Protopapadakis EE,Papadopoulou P,Papanicolaou D,Panou C & Vamvakias M.Composition and Seasonal Variation of the Essential Oil from Leaves and Peel of a Cretan Lemon Variety.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2002,50(1):147-153.
[69]Veljkovic V,Mouscadet JF,Veljkovic N,Glisic S & Debyser Z.Simple criterion for selection of flavonoid compounds with anti-HIV activity.Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters,2007,17(5):1226-1232.
[70]Waridel P,Wolfender JL,Ndjoko K,Hobby KR,Major HJ & Hostettmann K.Evaluation of quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and ion-trap multiple-stage mass spectrometry for the differentiation of C-glycosidic flavonoid isomers.Journal of Chromatography A,2001,926(1):29-41.
[71]Waridel P,Wolfender JL,Ndjoko K,Hobby KR,Major HJ & Hostettmann K.Evaluation of quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and ion-trap multiple-stage mass spectrometry for the differentiation of C-glycosidic flavonoid isomers.Journal of Chromatography A,2001,926(1):29-41.
[72]Yang XG & Peppard T.Solid-phase microextraction for flavor analysis.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1994,42(9):1925-1930.
[73]Zhang H-Y,Hu P,Luo G-A,Liang Q-L,Wang Y-L,Yan S-K & Wang Y-M.Screening and identification of multi-component in Qingkailing injection using combination of liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry.Analytica Chimica Acta,2006,577(2):190-200.
[74]Zhang Y,Bao BL,Lu BY,Ren YP & Tie XW.Determination of flavone C-glucosides in antioxidant of bamboo leaves(AOB) fortified foods by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet diode array detection.Journal of Chromatography A,2005.1065(2):177-185.
[75]Zhang Y,Chen J,Zhang XL & Wu XQ.Addition of antioxidant of bamboo leaves(AOB)effectively reduces acrylamide formation in potato crisps and french fries.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2007,55(2):523-528.
[76]Zhang Y,Jiao JJ,Lin CM & Wu XQ.Isolation and purification of four flavone C-glycosides from antioxidant of bamboo leaves by macroporous resin column chromatography and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography.Food Chemistry,2008,107(3):1326-1336.
[77]Zhang Y,Tie XW,Ban BL & Wu XQ.Metabolism of flavone C-glucosides and p-coumaric acid from antioxidant of bamboo leaves(AOB) in rats.British Journal of Nutration,2007,97(3):484-494.
[78]Zhang Y & Ying TJ.Reduction of acrylamide and its kinetics by addition of antioxidant of bamboo leaves(AOB) and extract of green tea(EGT) in asparagine-glucose microwave heating system.Journal of food Science,2008,73(2):C60-C66.
[79]Zhao H-Y,Sun J-H,Fan M-X,Fan L,Zhou L,Li Z,Hart J,Wang B-R & Guo D-A.Analysis of phenolic compounds in Epimedium plants using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.Journal of Chromatography A,2008,1190(1-2):157-181.
[80]Zhu W,Baggerman G,Goumon Y,Casares F,Brownawell B & Stefano GB.Presence of morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide in the marine mollusk Mytilus edulis ganglia determined by GC/MS and Q-TOF-MS - Starvation increases opiate alkaloid levels.Molecular Brain Research,2001,88(1-2):155-160
[81]曹群华,瞿伟菁,李家贵,邓云霞.大孔树脂吸附纯化沙棘籽渣总黄酮的研究[J].中国中药杂志,2004,29(3):225-228.
[82]曹永刚.芦丁提取工艺的研究[J].中国医药工业杂志,1993.(02):1-3.
[83]陈俊杰,李裕林.黄酮类化合物的质谱研究.厦门大学学报(自然科学版)[J],1994,33(1): 123-126.
[84]陈为钧,万圣勤.茶叶中多酚类物质的研究进展.天然产物研究与开发[J],1994,6(2):74-79.
[85]陈伟,陈惠,刘晓燕,徐宏楠.竹叶黄酮的提取和测定研究进展[J].中国食品添加剂,2007(4):73-76.
[86]陈小兰,史冬燕。陈善娜.滇韭挥发性成分分析[J].精细化工,2005,22(5):373-377.
[87]陈晓娟,周春山.酶法及半仿生法提取杜仲叶中绿原酸和黄酮[J].精细化工,2006,23(3):257-260.
[88]陈旭,李寿芬,付明磊,邓荫伟.不同采集期银杏叶总黄酮含量变化[J].中药材,2000,23(8):439-440.
[89]崔青.国外用挥发油植物防治大蜂螨[J].畜牧兽医科技信息,2000,7:11.
[90]邓永智,袁东星,金晓英,林庆梅.胶束电动毛细管色谱法用于中成药原料银杏浸膏中黄酮的质量控制[J].分析化学,2003,31(5):580-583.
[91]丁利君,吴振辉,蔡创海,黄晓珊.菊花中黄酮类物质提取方法的研究[J].食品工业科技,2002(2):20-22.
[92]段佳,崔艳秋,秦志强,赵佳嫒,南蓬.园林植物挥发油成分分析及抗菌活性测定[J].城市环境设计,2005,18(6):23-25.
[93]杜安全,王先荣,周正华,许凤鸣,夏重道.不同生长季节及生长年限银杏叶总黄酮甙含量的相关性研究[J].天然产物研究与开发,2000,12(2):49-50.
[94]杜安全,周正华,王先荣,王德群,刘守金,梁益敏.安徽省不同产区和不同栽培品种银杏叶总黄酮苷含量的研究[J].现代中药研究与实践,2007,2l(1):35-36.
[95]杜方岭,王文亮,王兆华.超临界流体萃取技术在食品中的应用研究[J].农产品加工(学刊),2008(9):7-9.
[96]樊卫国,刘进平,文晓鹏,安华明,史继孔.银杏叶黄酮、萜内酯含量的季节性变化及适采期研究[J].山地农业生物学报,2000,19(2):117-120.
[97]范志刚,麦军利,杨莉斌,匡丽萍.微波技术对雪莲中黄酮浸出量影响的研究[J].中国民族医药杂志,2000,6(1):43-44.
[98]方伟,林新春,洪平,沈洪杰,吴海波,胡超宗.苦竹生长发育规律研究[J].浙江林学院学报,2005,22(1):1-5.
[99]冯涛,曹东旭,高辉,吕晓玲.大孔吸附树脂对竹叶黄酮的吸附分离特性研究[J].广州食品工业科技,2003,19(1):9-11.
[100]冯涛,曹东旭,吕晓玲.竹叶总黄酮含量的测定[J].中国食品添加剂,2002(6):85-87.
[101]付玉杰,祖元刚,赵春建,李春英.超临界二氧化碳萃取甘草黄酮的工艺[J].应用化学,2003,20(12):1217-1219.
[102]傅懋毅,杨校生.我国竹类研究展望和竹林生境利用[J].竹子研究汇刊,2203,22(2):1-8.
[103]高丽雅,李稳宏,韩枫,王锋,李多伟,李辉.黄酮类化合物在银杏不同部位含量的分布[J]. 西北大学学报(自然科学版),2007,37(2):225-228.
[104]高梦祥,张佳兰,王江明.微波浸提竹叶黄酮的工艺研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(7):147-150,154.
[105]高余朵,李保国.超临界CO_2萃取芦柑精油的研究[J].食品与机械,2004,12(6):22-24.
[106]高志强,江相兰,宋仲容.竹叶中黄酮类化合物的研究进展评述[J].西南民族大学学报(自然科学版)2005,31(1):38-43.
[107]宫维娜,于惠春,陈伟.竹康宁中竹叶总黄酮的提取及测定方法研究[J].中国食品添加剂,2008(1):164-166.
[108]郭孝武,张福成,林书玉.超声提取对黄芩甙成分提出率的影响[J].中国中药杂志,1994,19(6):348-349,383.
[109]郭雪峰,岳永德.竹叶黄酮的提取纯化工艺及含量测定方法比较研究[J].安徽农业大学学报,2007,34(2):279-282.
[110]郭雪峰.毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)与铺地竹(Pleioblastus argenteastriatus)叶黄酮类化学成分及其生物活性的研究[D].中国林业科学研究院博士论文,2007.
[111]韩久同.安徽竹类资源现状及开发利用研究[J].华东森林经理,2001,15(1):35-36.
[112]韩淑英,吕华,朱丽莎,刘淑梅,贾秀荣,喇万英,梁永平.荞麦种子总黄酮降血脂、血糖及抗脂质过氧化作用的研究[J].中国药理学通报,2001,17(6):694-696.
[113]侯镜德,张廷志,肖军.高效液相色谱法测定苦竹叶中总黄酮[J].宁波高等专科学校学报,2001,13(增刊):89-91.
[114]胡敏,姜发堂,张声华.三种测定银杏叶提取物中总黄酮的方法比较[J].食品与发酵工业,1997,23(4):40-43.
[115]胡敏,张艳红,胡艳,张声华.银杏黄酮苷的水浸提方法研究[J].食品与发酵工业,1998,24(4):31-34.
[116]胡明芳.福建竹类植物生物多样性的现状、保护和利用[J].竹子研究汇刊,2002,21(4):33-38
[117]胡喜兰,韩照祥,刘玉芬,赵宏,尹福军.薰衣草挥发油的抗氧化活性测定和成分比较[J].食品科技,2006,9:115-117.
[118]黄量,于德泉.紫外光谱在有机化学中的应用(下册)[M].2000.科学出版社.
[119]辉朝茂,杨宇明.关于云南竹类植物多样性及其保护研究[J].林业科学,2003,39(1):145-152.
[120]江德安,郭秀英.银杏营养生长与叶黄酮、内酯含量变化规律的研究[J].孝感学院学报,2007,27(3):15-18.
[121]江德安,庹明枝.不同营养部位、树龄银杏叶黄酮含量的比较[J].孝感学院学报,2006,26(3):9-12.
[122]姜艳艳,刘斌,石任兵.高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术在天然产物分离鉴定中的应用[J].药品评价,2005,2(1):11-16.
[123]蒋继宏,李晓储,陈凤美,黄利彬,曹小迎.芳香型植物挥发油抑菌活性的研究[J].江苏林业 科技,2004,31(3):6-7,12.
[124]孔令泉.槲皮素抗肿瘤作用的研究进展[J].四川医学,1999,20(1):52-54.
[125]赖椿根,马聿桓,张斌,徐伟虎.箬竹叶水提取物化学成分研究[J].浙江林学院学报,1995,12(2):161-165.
[126]李传勋,周高李.银杏叶黄酮对高血脂大鼠血脂水平的影响[J].大连医科大学学报,2001,23(3):179-180.
[127]李春美,钟朝辉,窦宏亮,吴宝利,谢笔钧.大孔树脂分离纯化柚皮黄酮的研究[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(3):153-157..
[128]李飞跃,喻国光,陈金珠,王小孟.竹叶主要化学成分分析及其生物活性研究现状[J].江西林业科技,2006(04):34-36.
[129]李洪玉,孙静芸,戴诗文.竹叶化学成分研究[J].中药材,2003,26(8):562-563.
[130]李姣娟,黄克瀛,卢丽俐,龚建良,陈丛瑾.不同提取工艺对川桂叶挥发油抑菌活性的影响[J].中国调味品,2008(12):40-44.
[13l]李水芳,文瑞芝,李忠海.箬竹叶总黄酮含量的测定[J].中南林学院学报,2006,26(4):128-131
[132]李莉,田士林,郑芳.银杏叶不同时期黄酮含量测定与比较[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(11):2370,2414.
[133]李前泰,宋永成.几种植物挥发油杀虫效果的试验研究[J].粮食储藏,2001,30(1):19-22.
[134]李教社,赵玉英,李秀兰,马立斌.密蒙花黄酮类化合物的分离和鉴定[J].药学学报,1996,31(11):849-854.
[135]李文魁,潘景歧,吕木坚,张如意,廖矛川,肖培根.朝藿素D的分离和结构[J].药学学报,1996,31(1):29-32.
[136]李稳宏,王锋,李多伟,韩枫,郭莹娟,金汤,高新.银杏不同部位中黄酮含量分析方法研究[J].食品科学,2005,26(12):187-189.
[137]梁春元.黄甜竹的开发利用及其栽培技术[J].福建农业科技,2006(3):37-38.
[138]梁立兴.银杏叶中总黄酮含量与季节和测定方法的相关研究[J].中药研究与信息,2003,5(12):19-21.
[139]梁淑芳,马柏林.沙棘黄酮的微乳薄层色谱分离鉴定研究[J].沙棘,2001,14(1):19-21.
[140]廖劲松,郭勇.超临界流体萃取的应用技术研究[J].食品科技,2002(12):12-15.
[141]刘翠,王文久.竹叶资源研究进展及开发利用--兼谈云南丛生竹竹叶资源开发对策[J].林业建设1999(6):10-14.
[142]刘江鹪,周荣琪.竹叶提取物总黄酮含量测定方法的改进[J].食品科技,2005(7):76-79.
[143]刘扬岷,王利平,袁身淑,汤坚.固相微萃取气质联用分析白兰花的香气成分[J].无锡轻工大学学报,2001,20(4):427-429.
[144]陆志科,谢碧霞.不同种竹叶的化学成分及其提取物抗菌活性的研究[J].西北林学院学报, 2005,20(01):49-52.
[145]陆志科,谢碧霞.大孔树脂对竹叶黄酮的吸附分离特性研究[J].经济林研究,2003,21(3):1-4.
[146]陆志科,谢碧霞.竹叶化学成分的分析与资源的开发利用[J].林业科技开发,2003,17(01):6-9.
[147]吕兆林,李月琪,秦娇,韦倩,张柏林.毛竹叶挥发油的提取方法[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,30(4):135-140.
[148]吕兆林,王骏,周金池.超临界CO_2萃取油松针叶萜烯化合物的方法研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(4):155-158.
[149]罗金岳,陈芳,朱春雷,安鑫南.超临界CO_2从箬竹叶中提取叶绿素的研究[J].林产化学与工业,2005,25(03):81-84.
[150]马柏林,梁淑芳,董娟娥,张康健.杜仲黄酮的微乳薄层色谱分离鉴定研究[J].西北林学院学报,2001,16(2):72-74.
[151]马应丹,陈悦娇.TLC-UV法测定银杏叶中槲皮素的含量[J].仲恺农业技术学院学报,2000,13(3):43-45.
[152]马振山.大孔吸附树脂在药学领域中的研究应用[J].中成药,1997,19(12):40-41.
[153]毛麒瑞.从竹叶中提取叶绿素大有可为[J].化工之友,1997,(2):24.
[154]毛燕,刘志坤.毛竹叶挥发性成分的提取与GC-MS分析[J].福建林学院学报,2001,21(3):265-267.
[155]毛燕,王学利,杨彤.毛竹叶、枝茶多酚提取及含量的测定[J].竹子研究汇刊,2000(2):49-51,59.
[156]毛燕,王学利.毛竹等九种竹叶中蛋白质和总糖含量的测定[J].竹子研究汇刊,1998,17(2):18-20.
[157]毛燕,王学利.毛竹叶、枝多糖提取的对比研究[J].林产化工通讯,2001,35(2):11-13.
[158]裴月湖,冯宝民,华会明,韩冰,王涛.瑞香狼毒化学及药理研究进展[J].中草药,2001,32(8):764-766.
[159]邵清松,胡润淮.高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术在中药研究中的应用[J].中医药学报,2007,35(3):44-47.
[160]孙丽芹,姜爱莉.大蒜油的提取及其抗氧化性能的研究[J].中国食品添加剂,2002(2):29-32.
[161]孙仕萍,.张文德,马志东,郭忠.单扫示波极谱法测定保健食品中总黄酮的研究[J].中国食品卫生杂志,2002,14(6):15-16.
[162]孙伟,王淳凯,蔡云升,瞿伟菁,徐志敏.16种芳香植物精油抗氧化活性的比较研究[J].食品科技,2004(11):55-57.
[163]谭宏超,武国华.云南竹类资源的特色及开发潜力[J].世界竹藤通讯,2003,1(2):15-16.
[164]唐莉莉,丁霄霖.竹叶多糖的分离提取及其生物活性研究[J].食品研究与开发,2000,21(1):8-10.
[165]唐莉莉,徐榕榕,丁霄霖.竹叶多糖对小鼠移植瘤的抑制作用[J].无锡轻工大学学报,1998,17(3):62-65.
[166]汪奎宏,李琴,高小辉.竹类资源利用现状及深度开发[J].竹子研究汇刊,2000,19(4):72-75.
[167]王昌利,杨景亮,朱周才,张福成,郭孝武.超声提高芦丁得率的实验研究[J].中成药,1993.(02):1-3.
[168]王国霞,曹福亮,汪贵斌,张往祥.不同地区银杏花粉黄酮和内酯含量的差异性[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版).2007,31(3):34-38.
[169]王继峰,牛建昭,李华,张驰,刘连起,高宝华.大豆提取物对去卵巢大鼠脂代谢的作用[J].中国中药杂志,2002,27(4):285-288.
[170]王继光,吕高虹.苦参总黄酮抗实验性心律失常作用的研究[J].中药药理与临床,2001,17(5):13-14.
[171]王金荣,陈小鸽,谭旭信,闫凤林.液相色谱-质谱联用技术在饲料安全检测中的应用[J].饲料工业,2007,28(19):52-54.
[172]王兰珍,马希汉,王姝清,王性炎.元宝枫叶总黄酮提取方法研究[J].西北林学院学报,1997,12(4):64-67.
[173]王世岭.超滤法一次提取黄芩甙的工艺研究[J].中成药,1994,(3):2-4.
[174]王素雅,姜永嘉.5种药用植物挥发油对仓库害虫生物活性的研究[J].郑州粮食学院学报,1998,19(3):1-11.
[175]王晓,李林波,马小来,张红侠,王其亮.酶法提取山楂叶中总黄酮的研究[J].食品工业科技,2002,23(3):37-39.
[176]王学利,吕健全,章一德.苦竹叶挥发油成分的分析[J].浙江林学院学报.2002,19(4):387-390.
[177]王仲礼.从竹叶中提取叶绿素.农牧产品开发[J],1999(2):28-29.
[178]文亚峰,吴天松,赵坤.中南林学院竹类研究及其竹产品开发[J].竹子研究汇刊,2001,20(4):57-60.
[179]吴炳生.竹类资源利用与发展趋势[J].山地农业生物学报,1999,18(5):351-356.
[180]吴建中,许春波,周嵘,邹国和.竹叶保鲜剂的提取及抑菌效果初探[J].食品工业科技,1999,20(2):14-15.
[181]吴梅林,周春山,陈龙胜,钟世安,谷芳芳.酶法提取银杏黄酮类化合物研究[J].天然产物研究与开发,2004,16(6):557-560.
[182]肖贻崧,张廷志,侯镜德.苦竹叶中黄酮类化合物的液相色谱-质谱联用分析[J].宁波高等专科学校学报,2001,13(S1):123-125,75.
[183]邢秀芳,马桔云,于宏芬,于喜水.纤维素酶在葛根总黄酮提取中的应用[J].中草药,2001,32(1):37-38.
[184]许钢,张虹,胡剑.竹叶中黄酮提取方法的研究[J].分析化学,2000,28(7):857-859.
[185]延玺,刘会青,邹永青,任占华.黄酮类化合物生理活性及合成研究进展[J].有机化学,2008,28(9):1534-1544.
[186]阳东青.从竹叶中提取叶绿素[J].牙膏工业,2008(3):36-38.
[187]杨东梅,许实波.穿心草酮抗炎作用及毒性的初步研究[J].广东药学院学报,2001,17(1):33-35.
[188]杨鹤筹.江西省竹类资源的加工利用[J].竹子研究汇刊,1999,18(4):11-16.
[189]杨遒嘉,刘建华,高玉琼,霍昕,高丽欣.慈竹叶精油化学成分研究[J].天然产物研究与开发,2002,14(6):31-32,41
[190]杨兰,白勇.竹叶中黄酮类化合物的研究[J].食品研究与开发,2002,23(5):23-25.
[191]杨宇明,辉朝茂,薛嘉榕,薛纪如.云南竹类植物地理分布区划研究[J].竹子研究汇刊,1999,18(2):19-28.
[192]袁珂.从绿茶叶中提取茶多酚的工艺方法[J].林产化学与工业,1997,3(1):56-60.
[193]张尔贤,俞丽君,陈展科,肖湘.含酚基化合物抑制TBAS生成体系的抗氧化活性比较[J].中国生物化学与分子生物学报,1996,12(3):374-375.
[194]张红艳,林凯,阎春娟.国内外天然食品防腐剂的研究进展[J].粮食加工,2004(3):57-60.
[195]张洪坤.竹叶的保健功能及应用[J].山东商业职业技术学院学报,2005,5(2):91-94.
[196]张凌云.竹叶黄酮的研究与应用进展[J].现代食品科技,2006,22(2):247-249,236.
[197]张英,丁霄霖,王树英.竹叶特种氨基酸的存在及其生物学意义[J].无锡轻工大学学报,1997,16(1):29-32.
[198]张英,丁霄霖.竹叶有效成分和抗活性氧自由基效能的研究[J].竹子研究汇刊,1996,15(3):17-24.
[199]张英,汤坚,袁身淑,刘扬岷,王林祥.竹叶精油和头香的CGC-MS-DS研究[J].天然产物研究与开发,1998,10(4):38-44.
[200]张英,吴晓琴,俞卓裕.竹叶和银杏叶总黄酮含量及其抗自由基活性的比较研究[J].中国中药杂志,2002,27(4):254-257,320.
[201]张英,吴晓琴.黄酮类化合物结构与清除活性氧自由基效能关系的研究[J].天然产物研究与开发,1998,10(4):26-32.
[202]张英.天然功能性添加剂——竹叶提取物[J].精细与专用化学品,2002(7):20-22.
[203]张英.竹叶黄酮的生理与药理活性[J].世界竹藤通讯,2004,2(2):1-11.
[204]赵铁华,杨鹤松,邓淑华,高巍,石艳华,苑敏,冯祥.黄芩茎叶总黄酮镇痛作用的实验研究[J].中国中医药科技,2001,8(3):175-177.
[205]郑学钦,胡春.用化学发光法检测芦丁等物质清除超氧阴离子自由基的作用[J].中国药学杂志,1997,32(3):140-142.
[206]郑玉果,姚新生.高效液相色谱在黄酮类化合物分析中的应用[J].中草药,1994(10):542-545.
[207]周恩宝,刘娟,方洪壮.松科植物挥发油的提取及成分研究概况[J].黑龙江医药科学,2007, 30(5):59-60.
[208]周惠燕,章辉,李士敏.竹叶化学成分研究Ⅰ[J].中国中药杂志,2005,30(24):1933-1944
[209]周建新.植物源天然食品防腐剂的研究现状、存在问题及前景[J].食品科学,2006,27(1):263-268.
[210]周林,罗志刚.柑皮香精油的提取工艺及成分鉴定[J].广东化工,2005,9:58-60.
[211]周巧霞,顾明,王文祥,顾振纶.不同方法提取的山楂叶总黄酮含量的测定[J].苏州大学学报(医学版),2002,22(2):164.
[212]朱俊东,杨家驹.大豆异黄酮抗癌作用的研究进展[J].国外医学.卫生学分册,1998,25(5):257-259,284.
[213]朱廷风,廖传华.螺旋藻中β-胡萝卜素的超临界CO_2萃取实验研究[J].粮油加工与食品机械,2003(4):66-69.
[214]朱绪民,邸迎彤,彭树林,王明奎,丁立生.乌拉尔甘草中的化学成分(英文)[J].中草药,2003,34(3):198-201.
[215]朱勇.中国绿竹文献研究(1)[J].世界竹藤通讯2008,6(4):32-34.
[216]邹淑仙,宝乐日.天然植物脓疮草中黄酮类有效成分提取与分离的研究(一)[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版)'2001,32(1):50-53.
[217]邹耀洪.箬竹叶中黄酮类化合物的高效液相色谱分析[J].分析化学,1996,24(2):216-219.
[2]Alexandru V,Balan M,Gaspar A,Craciunescu O & Moldovan L.Studies on the antioxidant activity,phenol and flavonoid contents of some selected Romanian medicinal plants used for wound healing.Romanian Biotechnological Letters,2007,12(6):3467-3472.
[3]Aruoma OI,Spencer JPE,Warren D,Jenner P,Butler J & Halliwell B.Characterization of food antioxidants,illustrated using commercial garlic and ginger preparations.Food Chemistry,1997,60(2):149-156.
[4]Bobeldijk I,Stoks PGM,Vissers JPC,Emke E,van Leerdam JA,Muilwijk B,Berbee R & Noij THM.Surface and wastewater quality monitoring:combination of liquid chromatography with(geno)toxicity detection,diode array detection and tandem mass spectrometry for identification of pollutants.Journal of Chromatography A,2002,970(1-2):167-181.
[5]Cao GH,Sofic E & Prior RL.Antioxidant and prooxidant behavior of flavonoids:Structure-activity relationships.Free Radical Biology and Medicine,1997,22(5):749-760.
[6]Chaves N,Rios JJ,Gutierrez C,Escudero JC & Olias JM.Analysis of secreted flavonoids of Cistus ladanifer L.by high-performance liquid chromatography particle beam mass spectrometry.Journal of Chromatography A,1998,799(1-2):111-115.
[7]Cbeel J,Theoduloz C,Rodriguez J & Schmeda-Hirschmann G..Free radical scavengers and antioxidants from lemongrass(Cymbopogon citratus(DC.) Stapf.).Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2005,53(7):2511-2517.
[8]Choi CW,Kim SC,Hwang SS,Choi BK,Ahn HJ,Lee MY,Park SH & Kim SK.Antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging capacity between Korean medicinal plants and flavonoids by assay-guided comparison.Plant Science,2002,163(6):1161-1168.
[9]Conforti F,Sosa S,Marrelli M,Menichini F,Statti GA,Uzunov D,Tubaro A & Della Loggia R.In vivo anti-inflammatory and in vitro antioxidant activities of Mediterranean dietary plants.Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2008,116(1):144-151.
[10]Cuyckens F & Claeys M.Mass spectrometry in the structural analysis of flavonoids.Journal of Mass Spectrometry,2004,39(1):1-15.
[11]Cuyckens H & Claeys M.Mass spectrometry in the structural analysis of flavonoids(vol 39,pg 1,2004).Journal of Mass Spectrometry,2004,39(4):461-461.
[12]Daouk RK,Dagher SM & Sattout EJ.Antifungal activity of the essential oil of origanum-syriacum 1. Journal of Food Protection,1995,58(10):1147-1149.
[13]Decaestecker TN,Clanwaert KM,Van Bocxlaer JF,Lambert WE,Van den Eeckhout EG,Van Peteghem CH & De Leenheer AP.Evaluation of automated single mass spectrometry to tandem mass spectrometry function switching for comprehensive drug profiling analysis using a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer.Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2000,14(19):1787-1792.
[14]Ding L,Luo XB,Tang F,Yuan JB,Liu Q & Yao SZ.Simultaneous determination of flavonoid and alkaloid compounds in Citrus herbs by high-performance liquid chromatography - photodiode array detection - electro spray mass spectrometry.Journal of Chromatography B-Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences,2007,857(2):202-209.
[15]Ferreres F,Silva BM,Andrade PB,Seabra RM & Ferreira MA.Approach to the study of C-glycosyl flavones by ion trap HPLC-PAD-ESI/MS/MS:Application to seeds of quince(Cydonia oblonga).Phytochemical Analysis,2003,14(6):352-359.
[16]Figueirinha A,Paranhos A,Perez-Alonso JJ,Santos-Buelga C & Batista MT.Cymbopogon citratus leaves:Characterization of flavonoids by HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS/MS and an approach to their potential as a source of bioactive polyphenols.Food Chemistry,2008,110(3):718-728.
[17]Firuzi O,Lacanna A,Petrucci R,Marrosu G & Saso L.Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of flavonoids by "ferric reducing antioxidant power" assay and cyclic voltammetry.Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-General Subjects,2005,1721(1-3):174-184.
[18]Gardana C,Scagiianti M,Pietta P & Simonetti P.Analysis of the polyphenolic fraction of propolis from different sources by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis,2007,45(3):390-399.
[19]Gordon MH & An J.Antioxidant activity of flavonoids isolated from licorice.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1995,43(7):1784-1788.
[20]Guo X,Chen X,Li L,Shen Z,Wang X,Zheng P,Duan F,Ma Y & Bi K.LC-MS determination and pharmacokinetic study of six phenolic components in rat plasma after taking traditional Chinese medicinal-preparation:Guanxinning lyophilized powder for injection.Journal of Chromatography,B:Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences,2008,873(1):51-58.
[21]Guo XF,Yue YD,Tang F,Wang J & Yao X.Detection of antioxidative capacity of bamboo leaf extract by scavenging organic free radical DPPH.Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2008,28(7):1578-1582.
[22]Guo XF,Yue YD,Tang F,Wang J & Yao X.Detection of antioxidative capacity of bamboo leaf extract by scavenging superoxide anion free radical.Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2008,28(8):1823-1826.
[22]Halliwell B,Aeschbach R,Loliger J & Aruoma OI.The characterization of antioxidants.Food and Chemical Toxicology,1995,33(7):601-617.
[23]Halliwell B & Gutteridge JMC.Role of free-radicals and catalytic metal-ions in human-disease - an overview.Methods in Enzymology,1990,186:1-85.
[24]Halliwell B,Gutteridge JMC & Aruoma OI.The deoxyribose method - a simple test-tube assay for determination of rate constants for reactions of hydroxyl radicals.Analytical Biochemistry,1987,165(1):215-219.
[25]Han J,Ye M,Qiao X,Xu M,Wang B-r & Guo D-A.Characterization of phenolic compounds in the Chinese herbal drug Artemisia annua by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis,2008,47(3):516-525.
[26]Ilham AM,Vimala S,Rashih AA,Rohana S,Jamaluddin M & Juliza M.Antioxidant and antityrosinase properties of Malaysian bamboo leaf extracts.Journal of Tropical Forest Science,2008,20(2):123-131.
[27]Jensen GS,Wu XL,Patterson KM,Barnes J,Carter SG,Scherwitz L,Beaman R,Endres JR &Schauss AG..In vitro and in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities of an antioxidant-rich fruit and berry juice blend.Results of a pilot and randomized,double-blinded,placebo-controlled,crossover study.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2008,56(18):8326-8333.
[28]Jia MY,Zhang QH & Min DB.Optimization of solid-phase microextraction analysis for headspace flavor compounds of orange juice.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1998,46(7):2744-2747.
[29]Kancheva V,Taskova R,Totseva I & Handjieva N.Antioxidant activity of extracts,fractions and flavonoid constituents from Carthamus lanatus L.Rivista Italiana Delle Sostanze Grasse,2007,84(2):77-86.
[30]Kawaii S,Tomono Y,Ogawa K,Sugiura M,Yano M & Yoshizawa Y.Anticancer activity and flavonoid content of various Citrus juices.In:Shahidi,F.W.D.K.,editor).Nutraceutical Beverages:Chemistry,Nutrition,and Health Effects,200 4,p:76-89.
[31]Kazuno S,Yanagida M,Shindo N & Murayama K.Mass spectrometric identification and quantification of glycosyl flavonoids,including dihydrochalcones with neutral loss scan mode.Analytical Biochemistry,2005,347(2):182-192.
[32]Kite GC,Porter EA,Denison FC,Grayer RJ,Veitch NC,Butler I & Simmonds MSJ.Data-directed scan sequence for the general assignment of C-glycosylflavone O-glycosides in plant extracts by liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry.Journal of Chromatography,2006,1104(1-2):123-131.
[33]Kulisic T,Radonic A,Katalinic V & Milos M.Use of different methods for testing antioxidative activity of oregano essential oil.Food Chemistry,2004,85(4):633-640.
[34]Kuo YH,Rozan P,Lambein F,Frias J & Vidal-Valverde C.Effects of different germination conditions on the contents of flee protein and non-protein amino acids of commercial legumes.Food Chemistry,2004,86(4):537-545.
[35]Kurahashi T,Miyazaki A,Suwan S & Isobe M.Extensive investigations on oxidized amino acid residues in H2O2-treated Cu,Zn-SOD protein with LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS,MS/MS for the determination of the copper-binding site.Journal of the American Chemical Society,2001,123(38):9268-9278.
[36]Lin LZ,He XG,Lindenmaler M,Nolan G,Yang J,Cleary M,Qin SX & Cordell GA.Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry study of the flavonoids of the roots of Astragalus mongholicus and A-membranaceus.Journal of Chromatography A,2000,876(1-2):87-95.
[37]March RE,Lewars EG,Stadey CJ,Miao X-S,Zhao X & Metcalfe CD.A comparison of flavonoid glycosides by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.International Journal of Mass Spectrometry,2006,248(1-2):61-85.
[38]March RE,Lewars EG,Stadey CJ,Miao XS,Zhao XM & Metcalfe CD.A comparison of flavonoid glycosides by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.International Journal of Mass Spectrometry,2006,248(1-2):61-85.
[39]Mariani C,Braca A,Vitalini S,De Tommasi N,Visioli F & Fico G.Flavonoid characterization and in vitro antioxidant activity of Aconitum anthora L.('Ranunculaceae).Phytochemistry,2008,69(5):1220-1226.
[40]Marston A.Role of advances in chromatographic techniques in phytochemistry.Phytochemistry,2007,68(22-24):2786-2798.
[41]Mensor LL,Menezes FS,Leitao GG,Reis AS,dos Santos TC,Coube CS & Leitao SG.Screening of Brazilian plant extracts for antioxidant activity by the use of DPPH free radical method.Phytotherapy Research,2001,15(2):127-130.
[42]Oyanagui Y.Reevaluation of assay-methods and establishment of kit for superoxide-dismutase activity.Analytical Biochemistry,1984,142(2):290-296.
[43]Pan J-Y & Cheng Y-Y.Identification and analysis of absorbed and metabolic components in rat plasma after oral administration of 'Shuangdan' granule by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS.Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis,2006,42(5):565-572.
[44]Pannala AS,Chan TS,O'Brien PJ & Rice-Evans CA.Flavonoid B-ring chemistry and antioxidant activity:Fast reaction kinetics.Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,2001,282(5):1161-1168.
[45]Phillipson JD.Phytochemistry and pharmacognosy.Phytochemistry,2007,68(22-24):2960-2972.
[46]Pietta PG.Flavonoids as antioxidants.Journal of Natural Products,2000,63(7):1035-1042.
[47]Pourmorad F,Hosseinimehr SJ & Shahabimajd N.Antioxidant activity,phenol and flavonoid contents of some selected Iranian medicinal plants.African Journal of Biotechnology,2006,5(11):1142-1145.
[48]Pdeto P,Pineda M & Aguilar M.Spectrophotometdc quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phospbomolybdenum complex:Specific application to the determination of vitamin E.Analytical Biochemistry,1999,269(2):337-341.
[49]Prommuak C,De-Eknamkul W & Shotipruk A.Extraction of flavonoids and carotenoids from Thai silk waste and antioxidant activity of extracts.Separation and Purification Technology,2008,62(2):444-448.
[50]Puppo A.Effect of flavonoids on hydroxyl radical formation by fenton-type reactions - influence of the iron chelator.Phytochemistry,1992,31(1):85-88.
[51]Rauter AP,Martins A,Borges C,Ferreira J,Justino J,Bronze MR,Coelho AV,Choi YH &Verpoorte R.Liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry/nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of the anti-hyperglycemic flavonoid extract of Genista tenera - Structure elucidation of a flavonoid-C-glycoside.Journal of Chromatography A,2005,1089(1-2):59-64.
[52]Rice-Evans C,Miller NJ & Paganga G.Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids.Free radical biology & medicine,1996,20(7):933-956.
[53]Robins R,Bolwell GP & Lewis NG.Phytochemistry and the new technologies:Tackling the critical barriers to advancing systems biology.Phytochemistry,2007,68:2134-2135.
[54]Robins RJ,Gibbons S & Marston A.The fiftieth anniversary meeting of the Phytochemical Society of Europe:Churchill College,Cambridge,11-14 April 2007 Highlights in the Evolution of Phytochemistry.Phytochemistry,2007,68(22-24):2699-2704.
[55]Ruberto G & Baratta MT.Antioxidant activity of selected essential oil components in two lipid model systems.Food Chemistry,2000,69(2):167-174.
[56]Shi PY,He Q,Song Y,Qu HB & Cheng YY.Characterization and identification of isomeric flavonoid O-diglycosides from genus Citrus in negative electrospray ionization by ion trap mass spectrometry and time-of-flight mass,spectrometry.Analyfica Chimica Acta,2007,598(1):110-118.
[57]Shimada K,Fujikawa K,Yahara K & Nakamura T.Antioxidative properties of xanthan on the autoxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1992,40(6):945-948.
[58]Skaltsa HD,Demetzos C,Lazari D & Sokovic M.Essential oil analysis and antimicrobial activity of eight Stachys species from Greece.Phytochemistry,2003,64(3):743-752.
[59]Smith PK,Krohn RI,Hermanson GT,Mallia AK,Gartner FH,Provenzano MD,Fujimoto EK, Goeke NM,Olson BJ & Klenk DC.Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid.Analytical Biochemistry,1985,150(1):76-85.
[60]Soares JR,Dinis TCP,Cunha AP & Almeida LM.Antioxidant activities of some extracts of Thymus zygis.Free Radical Research,1997,26(5):469-478.
[61]Steffen A & Pawliszyn J.Analysis of flavor volatiles using headspace solid-phase micruextraction.Journal of Agricuitural and Food Chemistry,1996,44(8):2187-2193.
[62]Stobiecki M.Application of mass spectrometry for identification and structural studies of flavonoid glycosides.Phytochemistry,2000,54(3):237-256.
[63]Sunmer LW,Paiva NL,Dixon RA & Geno PW.High-performance liquid chromatography continuous-flow liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry of flavonoid glycosides in leguminous plant extracts.Journal of Mass Spectrometry,1996,31(5):472-485.
[64]Sun SW,Yu HQ,Zhang H,Zheng YL,Wang JJ & Luo L.Quercetin attenuates spontaneous behavior and spatial memory impairment in D-galactose-treated mice by increasing brain antioxidant capacity.Nutrition Research,2007,27(3):169-175.
[65]Torel J,Cillard J & Cillard P.Antioxidant activity of flavonoids and reactivity with peroxy radical.Phytochemistry,1986,25(2):383-385.
[66IVan Acker S,van Balen GP,van den Berg D J,Bast A & van der Vijgh WJF.Influence of iron chelation on the antioxidant activity of flavonoids.Biochemical Pharmacology,1998,56(8):935-943.
[67]Vardar-Unlu G,Candan F,Sokmen A,Daferera D,Polissiou M,Sokmen M,Donmez E & Tepe B.Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Thymus pectinatus Fisch et Mey.var.pectinatus(Lamiaceae).Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,,2003,51(1):63-67.
[68]Vekiari SA,Protopapadakis EE,Papadopoulou P,Papanicolaou D,Panou C & Vamvakias M.Composition and Seasonal Variation of the Essential Oil from Leaves and Peel of a Cretan Lemon Variety.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2002,50(1):147-153.
[69]Veljkovic V,Mouscadet JF,Veljkovic N,Glisic S & Debyser Z.Simple criterion for selection of flavonoid compounds with anti-HIV activity.Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters,2007,17(5):1226-1232.
[70]Waridel P,Wolfender JL,Ndjoko K,Hobby KR,Major HJ & Hostettmann K.Evaluation of quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and ion-trap multiple-stage mass spectrometry for the differentiation of C-glycosidic flavonoid isomers.Journal of Chromatography A,2001,926(1):29-41.
[71]Waridel P,Wolfender JL,Ndjoko K,Hobby KR,Major HJ & Hostettmann K.Evaluation of quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and ion-trap multiple-stage mass spectrometry for the differentiation of C-glycosidic flavonoid isomers.Journal of Chromatography A,2001,926(1):29-41.
[72]Yang XG & Peppard T.Solid-phase microextraction for flavor analysis.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1994,42(9):1925-1930.
[73]Zhang H-Y,Hu P,Luo G-A,Liang Q-L,Wang Y-L,Yan S-K & Wang Y-M.Screening and identification of multi-component in Qingkailing injection using combination of liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry.Analytica Chimica Acta,2006,577(2):190-200.
[74]Zhang Y,Bao BL,Lu BY,Ren YP & Tie XW.Determination of flavone C-glucosides in antioxidant of bamboo leaves(AOB) fortified foods by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet diode array detection.Journal of Chromatography A,2005.1065(2):177-185.
[75]Zhang Y,Chen J,Zhang XL & Wu XQ.Addition of antioxidant of bamboo leaves(AOB)effectively reduces acrylamide formation in potato crisps and french fries.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2007,55(2):523-528.
[76]Zhang Y,Jiao JJ,Lin CM & Wu XQ.Isolation and purification of four flavone C-glycosides from antioxidant of bamboo leaves by macroporous resin column chromatography and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography.Food Chemistry,2008,107(3):1326-1336.
[77]Zhang Y,Tie XW,Ban BL & Wu XQ.Metabolism of flavone C-glucosides and p-coumaric acid from antioxidant of bamboo leaves(AOB) in rats.British Journal of Nutration,2007,97(3):484-494.
[78]Zhang Y & Ying TJ.Reduction of acrylamide and its kinetics by addition of antioxidant of bamboo leaves(AOB) and extract of green tea(EGT) in asparagine-glucose microwave heating system.Journal of food Science,2008,73(2):C60-C66.
[79]Zhao H-Y,Sun J-H,Fan M-X,Fan L,Zhou L,Li Z,Hart J,Wang B-R & Guo D-A.Analysis of phenolic compounds in Epimedium plants using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.Journal of Chromatography A,2008,1190(1-2):157-181.
[80]Zhu W,Baggerman G,Goumon Y,Casares F,Brownawell B & Stefano GB.Presence of morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide in the marine mollusk Mytilus edulis ganglia determined by GC/MS and Q-TOF-MS - Starvation increases opiate alkaloid levels.Molecular Brain Research,2001,88(1-2):155-160
[81]曹群华,瞿伟菁,李家贵,邓云霞.大孔树脂吸附纯化沙棘籽渣总黄酮的研究[J].中国中药杂志,2004,29(3):225-228.
[82]曹永刚.芦丁提取工艺的研究[J].中国医药工业杂志,1993.(02):1-3.
[83]陈俊杰,李裕林.黄酮类化合物的质谱研究.厦门大学学报(自然科学版)[J],1994,33(1): 123-126.
[84]陈为钧,万圣勤.茶叶中多酚类物质的研究进展.天然产物研究与开发[J],1994,6(2):74-79.
[85]陈伟,陈惠,刘晓燕,徐宏楠.竹叶黄酮的提取和测定研究进展[J].中国食品添加剂,2007(4):73-76.
[86]陈小兰,史冬燕。陈善娜.滇韭挥发性成分分析[J].精细化工,2005,22(5):373-377.
[87]陈晓娟,周春山.酶法及半仿生法提取杜仲叶中绿原酸和黄酮[J].精细化工,2006,23(3):257-260.
[88]陈旭,李寿芬,付明磊,邓荫伟.不同采集期银杏叶总黄酮含量变化[J].中药材,2000,23(8):439-440.
[89]崔青.国外用挥发油植物防治大蜂螨[J].畜牧兽医科技信息,2000,7:11.
[90]邓永智,袁东星,金晓英,林庆梅.胶束电动毛细管色谱法用于中成药原料银杏浸膏中黄酮的质量控制[J].分析化学,2003,31(5):580-583.
[91]丁利君,吴振辉,蔡创海,黄晓珊.菊花中黄酮类物质提取方法的研究[J].食品工业科技,2002(2):20-22.
[92]段佳,崔艳秋,秦志强,赵佳嫒,南蓬.园林植物挥发油成分分析及抗菌活性测定[J].城市环境设计,2005,18(6):23-25.
[93]杜安全,王先荣,周正华,许凤鸣,夏重道.不同生长季节及生长年限银杏叶总黄酮甙含量的相关性研究[J].天然产物研究与开发,2000,12(2):49-50.
[94]杜安全,周正华,王先荣,王德群,刘守金,梁益敏.安徽省不同产区和不同栽培品种银杏叶总黄酮苷含量的研究[J].现代中药研究与实践,2007,2l(1):35-36.
[95]杜方岭,王文亮,王兆华.超临界流体萃取技术在食品中的应用研究[J].农产品加工(学刊),2008(9):7-9.
[96]樊卫国,刘进平,文晓鹏,安华明,史继孔.银杏叶黄酮、萜内酯含量的季节性变化及适采期研究[J].山地农业生物学报,2000,19(2):117-120.
[97]范志刚,麦军利,杨莉斌,匡丽萍.微波技术对雪莲中黄酮浸出量影响的研究[J].中国民族医药杂志,2000,6(1):43-44.
[98]方伟,林新春,洪平,沈洪杰,吴海波,胡超宗.苦竹生长发育规律研究[J].浙江林学院学报,2005,22(1):1-5.
[99]冯涛,曹东旭,高辉,吕晓玲.大孔吸附树脂对竹叶黄酮的吸附分离特性研究[J].广州食品工业科技,2003,19(1):9-11.
[100]冯涛,曹东旭,吕晓玲.竹叶总黄酮含量的测定[J].中国食品添加剂,2002(6):85-87.
[101]付玉杰,祖元刚,赵春建,李春英.超临界二氧化碳萃取甘草黄酮的工艺[J].应用化学,2003,20(12):1217-1219.
[102]傅懋毅,杨校生.我国竹类研究展望和竹林生境利用[J].竹子研究汇刊,2203,22(2):1-8.
[103]高丽雅,李稳宏,韩枫,王锋,李多伟,李辉.黄酮类化合物在银杏不同部位含量的分布[J]. 西北大学学报(自然科学版),2007,37(2):225-228.
[104]高梦祥,张佳兰,王江明.微波浸提竹叶黄酮的工艺研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(7):147-150,154.
[105]高余朵,李保国.超临界CO_2萃取芦柑精油的研究[J].食品与机械,2004,12(6):22-24.
[106]高志强,江相兰,宋仲容.竹叶中黄酮类化合物的研究进展评述[J].西南民族大学学报(自然科学版)2005,31(1):38-43.
[107]宫维娜,于惠春,陈伟.竹康宁中竹叶总黄酮的提取及测定方法研究[J].中国食品添加剂,2008(1):164-166.
[108]郭孝武,张福成,林书玉.超声提取对黄芩甙成分提出率的影响[J].中国中药杂志,1994,19(6):348-349,383.
[109]郭雪峰,岳永德.竹叶黄酮的提取纯化工艺及含量测定方法比较研究[J].安徽农业大学学报,2007,34(2):279-282.
[110]郭雪峰.毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)与铺地竹(Pleioblastus argenteastriatus)叶黄酮类化学成分及其生物活性的研究[D].中国林业科学研究院博士论文,2007.
[111]韩久同.安徽竹类资源现状及开发利用研究[J].华东森林经理,2001,15(1):35-36.
[112]韩淑英,吕华,朱丽莎,刘淑梅,贾秀荣,喇万英,梁永平.荞麦种子总黄酮降血脂、血糖及抗脂质过氧化作用的研究[J].中国药理学通报,2001,17(6):694-696.
[113]侯镜德,张廷志,肖军.高效液相色谱法测定苦竹叶中总黄酮[J].宁波高等专科学校学报,2001,13(增刊):89-91.
[114]胡敏,姜发堂,张声华.三种测定银杏叶提取物中总黄酮的方法比较[J].食品与发酵工业,1997,23(4):40-43.
[115]胡敏,张艳红,胡艳,张声华.银杏黄酮苷的水浸提方法研究[J].食品与发酵工业,1998,24(4):31-34.
[116]胡明芳.福建竹类植物生物多样性的现状、保护和利用[J].竹子研究汇刊,2002,21(4):33-38
[117]胡喜兰,韩照祥,刘玉芬,赵宏,尹福军.薰衣草挥发油的抗氧化活性测定和成分比较[J].食品科技,2006,9:115-117.
[118]黄量,于德泉.紫外光谱在有机化学中的应用(下册)[M].2000.科学出版社.
[119]辉朝茂,杨宇明.关于云南竹类植物多样性及其保护研究[J].林业科学,2003,39(1):145-152.
[120]江德安,郭秀英.银杏营养生长与叶黄酮、内酯含量变化规律的研究[J].孝感学院学报,2007,27(3):15-18.
[121]江德安,庹明枝.不同营养部位、树龄银杏叶黄酮含量的比较[J].孝感学院学报,2006,26(3):9-12.
[122]姜艳艳,刘斌,石任兵.高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术在天然产物分离鉴定中的应用[J].药品评价,2005,2(1):11-16.
[123]蒋继宏,李晓储,陈凤美,黄利彬,曹小迎.芳香型植物挥发油抑菌活性的研究[J].江苏林业 科技,2004,31(3):6-7,12.
[124]孔令泉.槲皮素抗肿瘤作用的研究进展[J].四川医学,1999,20(1):52-54.
[125]赖椿根,马聿桓,张斌,徐伟虎.箬竹叶水提取物化学成分研究[J].浙江林学院学报,1995,12(2):161-165.
[126]李传勋,周高李.银杏叶黄酮对高血脂大鼠血脂水平的影响[J].大连医科大学学报,2001,23(3):179-180.
[127]李春美,钟朝辉,窦宏亮,吴宝利,谢笔钧.大孔树脂分离纯化柚皮黄酮的研究[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(3):153-157..
[128]李飞跃,喻国光,陈金珠,王小孟.竹叶主要化学成分分析及其生物活性研究现状[J].江西林业科技,2006(04):34-36.
[129]李洪玉,孙静芸,戴诗文.竹叶化学成分研究[J].中药材,2003,26(8):562-563.
[130]李姣娟,黄克瀛,卢丽俐,龚建良,陈丛瑾.不同提取工艺对川桂叶挥发油抑菌活性的影响[J].中国调味品,2008(12):40-44.
[13l]李水芳,文瑞芝,李忠海.箬竹叶总黄酮含量的测定[J].中南林学院学报,2006,26(4):128-131
[132]李莉,田士林,郑芳.银杏叶不同时期黄酮含量测定与比较[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(11):2370,2414.
[133]李前泰,宋永成.几种植物挥发油杀虫效果的试验研究[J].粮食储藏,2001,30(1):19-22.
[134]李教社,赵玉英,李秀兰,马立斌.密蒙花黄酮类化合物的分离和鉴定[J].药学学报,1996,31(11):849-854.
[135]李文魁,潘景歧,吕木坚,张如意,廖矛川,肖培根.朝藿素D的分离和结构[J].药学学报,1996,31(1):29-32.
[136]李稳宏,王锋,李多伟,韩枫,郭莹娟,金汤,高新.银杏不同部位中黄酮含量分析方法研究[J].食品科学,2005,26(12):187-189.
[137]梁春元.黄甜竹的开发利用及其栽培技术[J].福建农业科技,2006(3):37-38.
[138]梁立兴.银杏叶中总黄酮含量与季节和测定方法的相关研究[J].中药研究与信息,2003,5(12):19-21.
[139]梁淑芳,马柏林.沙棘黄酮的微乳薄层色谱分离鉴定研究[J].沙棘,2001,14(1):19-21.
[140]廖劲松,郭勇.超临界流体萃取的应用技术研究[J].食品科技,2002(12):12-15.
[141]刘翠,王文久.竹叶资源研究进展及开发利用--兼谈云南丛生竹竹叶资源开发对策[J].林业建设1999(6):10-14.
[142]刘江鹪,周荣琪.竹叶提取物总黄酮含量测定方法的改进[J].食品科技,2005(7):76-79.
[143]刘扬岷,王利平,袁身淑,汤坚.固相微萃取气质联用分析白兰花的香气成分[J].无锡轻工大学学报,2001,20(4):427-429.
[144]陆志科,谢碧霞.不同种竹叶的化学成分及其提取物抗菌活性的研究[J].西北林学院学报, 2005,20(01):49-52.
[145]陆志科,谢碧霞.大孔树脂对竹叶黄酮的吸附分离特性研究[J].经济林研究,2003,21(3):1-4.
[146]陆志科,谢碧霞.竹叶化学成分的分析与资源的开发利用[J].林业科技开发,2003,17(01):6-9.
[147]吕兆林,李月琪,秦娇,韦倩,张柏林.毛竹叶挥发油的提取方法[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,30(4):135-140.
[148]吕兆林,王骏,周金池.超临界CO_2萃取油松针叶萜烯化合物的方法研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(4):155-158.
[149]罗金岳,陈芳,朱春雷,安鑫南.超临界CO_2从箬竹叶中提取叶绿素的研究[J].林产化学与工业,2005,25(03):81-84.
[150]马柏林,梁淑芳,董娟娥,张康健.杜仲黄酮的微乳薄层色谱分离鉴定研究[J].西北林学院学报,2001,16(2):72-74.
[151]马应丹,陈悦娇.TLC-UV法测定银杏叶中槲皮素的含量[J].仲恺农业技术学院学报,2000,13(3):43-45.
[152]马振山.大孔吸附树脂在药学领域中的研究应用[J].中成药,1997,19(12):40-41.
[153]毛麒瑞.从竹叶中提取叶绿素大有可为[J].化工之友,1997,(2):24.
[154]毛燕,刘志坤.毛竹叶挥发性成分的提取与GC-MS分析[J].福建林学院学报,2001,21(3):265-267.
[155]毛燕,王学利,杨彤.毛竹叶、枝茶多酚提取及含量的测定[J].竹子研究汇刊,2000(2):49-51,59.
[156]毛燕,王学利.毛竹等九种竹叶中蛋白质和总糖含量的测定[J].竹子研究汇刊,1998,17(2):18-20.
[157]毛燕,王学利.毛竹叶、枝多糖提取的对比研究[J].林产化工通讯,2001,35(2):11-13.
[158]裴月湖,冯宝民,华会明,韩冰,王涛.瑞香狼毒化学及药理研究进展[J].中草药,2001,32(8):764-766.
[159]邵清松,胡润淮.高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术在中药研究中的应用[J].中医药学报,2007,35(3):44-47.
[160]孙丽芹,姜爱莉.大蒜油的提取及其抗氧化性能的研究[J].中国食品添加剂,2002(2):29-32.
[161]孙仕萍,.张文德,马志东,郭忠.单扫示波极谱法测定保健食品中总黄酮的研究[J].中国食品卫生杂志,2002,14(6):15-16.
[162]孙伟,王淳凯,蔡云升,瞿伟菁,徐志敏.16种芳香植物精油抗氧化活性的比较研究[J].食品科技,2004(11):55-57.
[163]谭宏超,武国华.云南竹类资源的特色及开发潜力[J].世界竹藤通讯,2003,1(2):15-16.
[164]唐莉莉,丁霄霖.竹叶多糖的分离提取及其生物活性研究[J].食品研究与开发,2000,21(1):8-10.
[165]唐莉莉,徐榕榕,丁霄霖.竹叶多糖对小鼠移植瘤的抑制作用[J].无锡轻工大学学报,1998,17(3):62-65.
[166]汪奎宏,李琴,高小辉.竹类资源利用现状及深度开发[J].竹子研究汇刊,2000,19(4):72-75.
[167]王昌利,杨景亮,朱周才,张福成,郭孝武.超声提高芦丁得率的实验研究[J].中成药,1993.(02):1-3.
[168]王国霞,曹福亮,汪贵斌,张往祥.不同地区银杏花粉黄酮和内酯含量的差异性[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版).2007,31(3):34-38.
[169]王继峰,牛建昭,李华,张驰,刘连起,高宝华.大豆提取物对去卵巢大鼠脂代谢的作用[J].中国中药杂志,2002,27(4):285-288.
[170]王继光,吕高虹.苦参总黄酮抗实验性心律失常作用的研究[J].中药药理与临床,2001,17(5):13-14.
[171]王金荣,陈小鸽,谭旭信,闫凤林.液相色谱-质谱联用技术在饲料安全检测中的应用[J].饲料工业,2007,28(19):52-54.
[172]王兰珍,马希汉,王姝清,王性炎.元宝枫叶总黄酮提取方法研究[J].西北林学院学报,1997,12(4):64-67.
[173]王世岭.超滤法一次提取黄芩甙的工艺研究[J].中成药,1994,(3):2-4.
[174]王素雅,姜永嘉.5种药用植物挥发油对仓库害虫生物活性的研究[J].郑州粮食学院学报,1998,19(3):1-11.
[175]王晓,李林波,马小来,张红侠,王其亮.酶法提取山楂叶中总黄酮的研究[J].食品工业科技,2002,23(3):37-39.
[176]王学利,吕健全,章一德.苦竹叶挥发油成分的分析[J].浙江林学院学报.2002,19(4):387-390.
[177]王仲礼.从竹叶中提取叶绿素.农牧产品开发[J],1999(2):28-29.
[178]文亚峰,吴天松,赵坤.中南林学院竹类研究及其竹产品开发[J].竹子研究汇刊,2001,20(4):57-60.
[179]吴炳生.竹类资源利用与发展趋势[J].山地农业生物学报,1999,18(5):351-356.
[180]吴建中,许春波,周嵘,邹国和.竹叶保鲜剂的提取及抑菌效果初探[J].食品工业科技,1999,20(2):14-15.
[181]吴梅林,周春山,陈龙胜,钟世安,谷芳芳.酶法提取银杏黄酮类化合物研究[J].天然产物研究与开发,2004,16(6):557-560.
[182]肖贻崧,张廷志,侯镜德.苦竹叶中黄酮类化合物的液相色谱-质谱联用分析[J].宁波高等专科学校学报,2001,13(S1):123-125,75.
[183]邢秀芳,马桔云,于宏芬,于喜水.纤维素酶在葛根总黄酮提取中的应用[J].中草药,2001,32(1):37-38.
[184]许钢,张虹,胡剑.竹叶中黄酮提取方法的研究[J].分析化学,2000,28(7):857-859.
[185]延玺,刘会青,邹永青,任占华.黄酮类化合物生理活性及合成研究进展[J].有机化学,2008,28(9):1534-1544.
[186]阳东青.从竹叶中提取叶绿素[J].牙膏工业,2008(3):36-38.
[187]杨东梅,许实波.穿心草酮抗炎作用及毒性的初步研究[J].广东药学院学报,2001,17(1):33-35.
[188]杨鹤筹.江西省竹类资源的加工利用[J].竹子研究汇刊,1999,18(4):11-16.
[189]杨遒嘉,刘建华,高玉琼,霍昕,高丽欣.慈竹叶精油化学成分研究[J].天然产物研究与开发,2002,14(6):31-32,41
[190]杨兰,白勇.竹叶中黄酮类化合物的研究[J].食品研究与开发,2002,23(5):23-25.
[191]杨宇明,辉朝茂,薛嘉榕,薛纪如.云南竹类植物地理分布区划研究[J].竹子研究汇刊,1999,18(2):19-28.
[192]袁珂.从绿茶叶中提取茶多酚的工艺方法[J].林产化学与工业,1997,3(1):56-60.
[193]张尔贤,俞丽君,陈展科,肖湘.含酚基化合物抑制TBAS生成体系的抗氧化活性比较[J].中国生物化学与分子生物学报,1996,12(3):374-375.
[194]张红艳,林凯,阎春娟.国内外天然食品防腐剂的研究进展[J].粮食加工,2004(3):57-60.
[195]张洪坤.竹叶的保健功能及应用[J].山东商业职业技术学院学报,2005,5(2):91-94.
[196]张凌云.竹叶黄酮的研究与应用进展[J].现代食品科技,2006,22(2):247-249,236.
[197]张英,丁霄霖,王树英.竹叶特种氨基酸的存在及其生物学意义[J].无锡轻工大学学报,1997,16(1):29-32.
[198]张英,丁霄霖.竹叶有效成分和抗活性氧自由基效能的研究[J].竹子研究汇刊,1996,15(3):17-24.
[199]张英,汤坚,袁身淑,刘扬岷,王林祥.竹叶精油和头香的CGC-MS-DS研究[J].天然产物研究与开发,1998,10(4):38-44.
[200]张英,吴晓琴,俞卓裕.竹叶和银杏叶总黄酮含量及其抗自由基活性的比较研究[J].中国中药杂志,2002,27(4):254-257,320.
[201]张英,吴晓琴.黄酮类化合物结构与清除活性氧自由基效能关系的研究[J].天然产物研究与开发,1998,10(4):26-32.
[202]张英.天然功能性添加剂——竹叶提取物[J].精细与专用化学品,2002(7):20-22.
[203]张英.竹叶黄酮的生理与药理活性[J].世界竹藤通讯,2004,2(2):1-11.
[204]赵铁华,杨鹤松,邓淑华,高巍,石艳华,苑敏,冯祥.黄芩茎叶总黄酮镇痛作用的实验研究[J].中国中医药科技,2001,8(3):175-177.
[205]郑学钦,胡春.用化学发光法检测芦丁等物质清除超氧阴离子自由基的作用[J].中国药学杂志,1997,32(3):140-142.
[206]郑玉果,姚新生.高效液相色谱在黄酮类化合物分析中的应用[J].中草药,1994(10):542-545.
[207]周恩宝,刘娟,方洪壮.松科植物挥发油的提取及成分研究概况[J].黑龙江医药科学,2007, 30(5):59-60.
[208]周惠燕,章辉,李士敏.竹叶化学成分研究Ⅰ[J].中国中药杂志,2005,30(24):1933-1944
[209]周建新.植物源天然食品防腐剂的研究现状、存在问题及前景[J].食品科学,2006,27(1):263-268.
[210]周林,罗志刚.柑皮香精油的提取工艺及成分鉴定[J].广东化工,2005,9:58-60.
[211]周巧霞,顾明,王文祥,顾振纶.不同方法提取的山楂叶总黄酮含量的测定[J].苏州大学学报(医学版),2002,22(2):164.
[212]朱俊东,杨家驹.大豆异黄酮抗癌作用的研究进展[J].国外医学.卫生学分册,1998,25(5):257-259,284.
[213]朱廷风,廖传华.螺旋藻中β-胡萝卜素的超临界CO_2萃取实验研究[J].粮油加工与食品机械,2003(4):66-69.
[214]朱绪民,邸迎彤,彭树林,王明奎,丁立生.乌拉尔甘草中的化学成分(英文)[J].中草药,2003,34(3):198-201.
[215]朱勇.中国绿竹文献研究(1)[J].世界竹藤通讯2008,6(4):32-34.
[216]邹淑仙,宝乐日.天然植物脓疮草中黄酮类有效成分提取与分离的研究(一)[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版)'2001,32(1):50-53.
[217]邹耀洪.箬竹叶中黄酮类化合物的高效液相色谱分析[J].分析化学,1996,24(2):216-219.