高产花生品种对氮肥和种植密度互作的生物学响应机制
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摘要
高产花生品种要充分发挥其产量潜力,需要合理的群体结构和科学的施肥。辽宁省作为新兴的花生产区,探索高产花生品种适宜的氮肥和密度水平和田间配置方式尤为必要。本研究以高产花生品种为试材,采用大田试验,进行了氮肥和密度互作下花生根系生长、养分吸收规律及产量形成之间的关系研究,筛选适宜于辽宁省花生高产的氮肥和密度互作方式。并在此基础上,进一步研究了合理氮肥和密度种植条件下花生高产的群体生理响应机制以及高产品种充分发挥其高产潜力的田间配置方式。主要研究结果如下：
1.氮肥和密度互作下高产花生品种在根形态及生理特性上均发生了适应性变化。比根长、根系活力与籽粒产量均呈显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.715**和0.556*。其中N2M2(施氮水平为105kg·hm-2、种植密度为15万穴··hm-2、每穴2粒)和N2M3(施氮水平105kg·hm-2、种植密度18万穴·hm-2、每穴2粒)处理效果较好,表现为比根长大,根系活力强。
2.氮肥和密度互作对花生产量具有一定影响。在9个处理中,N2M2(施氮水平为105kg·hm-2、种植密度为15万穴·hm-2、每穴2粒)处理的花生群体产量最高,达到7205.55kg·hm-2;其次是N2M3(施氮水平105kg·hm-2、种植密度18万穴·hm-2、每穴2粒)处理,产量为6828.60kg·hm-2。两种处理下花生根系发育良好,根系吸收能力强,有利于花生群体良好的养分吸收与利用；并且群体冠层结构良好,光能利用率高,地上部与根部生长发育协调。
3.通过对花生苗期、开花花针期、结荚期和成熟期叶片中养分含量的测定和产量之间的关系分析,建立了基于花生叶片养分含量的产量预测模型,其多元线性回归模型的决定系数(R2)为O.982,预测误差为176.129kg·hm-2。该模型可为精确预测产量提供技术手段,也为确定追肥量和追肥时期提供诊断依据。
4.4个高产花生品种在适宜的施氮肥与高密种植条件下,其群体生长速率(CGR)在生育前期与叶面积指数(LAI)、荚果生长速率(PGR)呈显著的正相关,而在生育中期与LAI呈显著的负相关,在生育后期与群体净同化率(NAR)、PGR呈显著正相关。生育前期较大的叶面积指数,有利于前期全干物质积累和较早地促进荚果的生长；生育中后期较小的叶面积指数,有利于提高花生叶片的净同化速率,从而促进植株和荚果生长发育的加快。就本试验结果而言,当开花期早且花多,上层LAI小,各层叶面积均等分布的群体是花生密植获取高产的生理基础。
5.通过不同田间配置方式,对高产花生群体光合生理参数、产量及产量构成因素的影响分析表明,大垄双行处理的叶面积系数、群体干物质积累量、光合势、群体透光率和群体生长率均高于小垄单行和大垄三行处理,出仁率、百果重和荚果产量表现亦如此。说明大垄双行处理下花生群体结构配置适宜,能充分利用光能,而获得较高产量。
The high-yield peanut cultivars need reasonable canopy structure and scientific fertilization to give full play to its yield potential. As a newly rised peanut production area, it is necessary for Liaoning province to deeply research the suitable fertilizer and density level and the field configuration of high-yield peanuts, In this study, using high yield peanut cultivars as materials, root system growth of high-yield peanut under interaction between fertilizer and density, relationship between nutrient absorption pattern and yield, identify the suitable fertilizer and density interaction form of Liaoning high-yield peanut were done under field condition trials. On the base of the former researches, population physiological response mechanism on reasonable fertilizer and density planting high-yield peanut was discussed, and the field configuration form to fully express high-yield potential of high-yield peanut was formed. Main results as follow:
1. High-yield peanut varieties'root change morphologically and physiologically under interaction between fertilizer and density. Specific root length, root vitality and kernel yield has a significant positive relation with correlation coefficient0.715**and0.556*respectively. Among them, N2M2and N2M3show a better result with bigger specific root lengh and stronger root vitality.
2. Interaction between fertilizer and density has a certain effect on peanut yield. Among9treatments, N2M2(N-input105kg, density150thousands points per ha,2grain per pot) reaches the highest with a population yield7205.55kg·hm-2, followed by N2M3(N-input105kg·hm-2, density180thousands points per ha,2grain per pot) with a yield of6828.60kg·hm-2. Both treatments show a well-growth root system, strong ability to uptake the nutrient, which is propitious to good intake and utilization of nutritient for peanut population. They also show a better canopy structure, higher light energy efficiency, and a balanced growth between top and root.
3. A model to anticipate yield on the base of peanut leaf nutrient content was founded by analysis of relation between peanut yield and leaf nutrient content during seedling, pegging, pod-setting and pod-filling stage. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the multiple linear regression(MLR) model is0.982, and Standard error of estimate(SEE) is176.129kg/hm2. This model can be a technic to precisely anticipate peanut yield, and providing a diagnosis basis for assuring the amount and the date of top dressing.
4. The Crop Growth Rate (CGR) has a significant positive relation with Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Pod Growth Rate (PGR) in earlier stage, while a significant negative relation with LAI in middle stage, and a significant positive relation with population Net Assimilation Rate (NAR) and PGR in later stage. A larger LAI in earlier stage is propitious to dry matter accumulation in earlier stage and to promote pod growth earlier. A smaller LAI in middle stage is propitious to improve leaf net assimilation rate and hense increase the speed of plant and pod growth. The result in this experiment shows that earlier flowering time and more flower number, small LAI of upper plant, average distribution of leaf area are the physiological basement for a dense-planting population to gain a higher yield.
5. Different field configuration forms were compared to analyze their effect on high-yield peanut population photosynthetic physiological parameter, yield and yield related traits. Results show that, the LAI, population net dry matter accumulation amount, photosynthetic potential, population transparency rate and CGR of two rows in one wide ridge is higher than one row in one narrow ridge and three rows in one wide ridge. Kernel rate, hundred nut weight and nut yield show a same tendency. Peanut population get a suitable structure configuration, can use light more efficiently and reach a higher yield under cultivation form of two rows in one wide ridge.
1.氮肥和密度互作下高产花生品种在根形态及生理特性上均发生了适应性变化。比根长、根系活力与籽粒产量均呈显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.715**和0.556*。其中N2M2(施氮水平为105kg·hm-2、种植密度为15万穴··hm-2、每穴2粒)和N2M3(施氮水平105kg·hm-2、种植密度18万穴·hm-2、每穴2粒)处理效果较好,表现为比根长大,根系活力强。
2.氮肥和密度互作对花生产量具有一定影响。在9个处理中,N2M2(施氮水平为105kg·hm-2、种植密度为15万穴·hm-2、每穴2粒)处理的花生群体产量最高,达到7205.55kg·hm-2;其次是N2M3(施氮水平105kg·hm-2、种植密度18万穴·hm-2、每穴2粒)处理,产量为6828.60kg·hm-2。两种处理下花生根系发育良好,根系吸收能力强,有利于花生群体良好的养分吸收与利用；并且群体冠层结构良好,光能利用率高,地上部与根部生长发育协调。
3.通过对花生苗期、开花花针期、结荚期和成熟期叶片中养分含量的测定和产量之间的关系分析,建立了基于花生叶片养分含量的产量预测模型,其多元线性回归模型的决定系数(R2)为O.982,预测误差为176.129kg·hm-2。该模型可为精确预测产量提供技术手段,也为确定追肥量和追肥时期提供诊断依据。
4.4个高产花生品种在适宜的施氮肥与高密种植条件下,其群体生长速率(CGR)在生育前期与叶面积指数(LAI)、荚果生长速率(PGR)呈显著的正相关,而在生育中期与LAI呈显著的负相关,在生育后期与群体净同化率(NAR)、PGR呈显著正相关。生育前期较大的叶面积指数,有利于前期全干物质积累和较早地促进荚果的生长；生育中后期较小的叶面积指数,有利于提高花生叶片的净同化速率,从而促进植株和荚果生长发育的加快。就本试验结果而言,当开花期早且花多,上层LAI小,各层叶面积均等分布的群体是花生密植获取高产的生理基础。
5.通过不同田间配置方式,对高产花生群体光合生理参数、产量及产量构成因素的影响分析表明,大垄双行处理的叶面积系数、群体干物质积累量、光合势、群体透光率和群体生长率均高于小垄单行和大垄三行处理,出仁率、百果重和荚果产量表现亦如此。说明大垄双行处理下花生群体结构配置适宜,能充分利用光能,而获得较高产量。
The high-yield peanut cultivars need reasonable canopy structure and scientific fertilization to give full play to its yield potential. As a newly rised peanut production area, it is necessary for Liaoning province to deeply research the suitable fertilizer and density level and the field configuration of high-yield peanuts, In this study, using high yield peanut cultivars as materials, root system growth of high-yield peanut under interaction between fertilizer and density, relationship between nutrient absorption pattern and yield, identify the suitable fertilizer and density interaction form of Liaoning high-yield peanut were done under field condition trials. On the base of the former researches, population physiological response mechanism on reasonable fertilizer and density planting high-yield peanut was discussed, and the field configuration form to fully express high-yield potential of high-yield peanut was formed. Main results as follow:
1. High-yield peanut varieties'root change morphologically and physiologically under interaction between fertilizer and density. Specific root length, root vitality and kernel yield has a significant positive relation with correlation coefficient0.715**and0.556*respectively. Among them, N2M2and N2M3show a better result with bigger specific root lengh and stronger root vitality.
2. Interaction between fertilizer and density has a certain effect on peanut yield. Among9treatments, N2M2(N-input105kg, density150thousands points per ha,2grain per pot) reaches the highest with a population yield7205.55kg·hm-2, followed by N2M3(N-input105kg·hm-2, density180thousands points per ha,2grain per pot) with a yield of6828.60kg·hm-2. Both treatments show a well-growth root system, strong ability to uptake the nutrient, which is propitious to good intake and utilization of nutritient for peanut population. They also show a better canopy structure, higher light energy efficiency, and a balanced growth between top and root.
3. A model to anticipate yield on the base of peanut leaf nutrient content was founded by analysis of relation between peanut yield and leaf nutrient content during seedling, pegging, pod-setting and pod-filling stage. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the multiple linear regression(MLR) model is0.982, and Standard error of estimate(SEE) is176.129kg/hm2. This model can be a technic to precisely anticipate peanut yield, and providing a diagnosis basis for assuring the amount and the date of top dressing.
4. The Crop Growth Rate (CGR) has a significant positive relation with Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Pod Growth Rate (PGR) in earlier stage, while a significant negative relation with LAI in middle stage, and a significant positive relation with population Net Assimilation Rate (NAR) and PGR in later stage. A larger LAI in earlier stage is propitious to dry matter accumulation in earlier stage and to promote pod growth earlier. A smaller LAI in middle stage is propitious to improve leaf net assimilation rate and hense increase the speed of plant and pod growth. The result in this experiment shows that earlier flowering time and more flower number, small LAI of upper plant, average distribution of leaf area are the physiological basement for a dense-planting population to gain a higher yield.
5. Different field configuration forms were compared to analyze their effect on high-yield peanut population photosynthetic physiological parameter, yield and yield related traits. Results show that, the LAI, population net dry matter accumulation amount, photosynthetic potential, population transparency rate and CGR of two rows in one wide ridge is higher than one row in one narrow ridge and three rows in one wide ridge. Kernel rate, hundred nut weight and nut yield show a same tendency. Peanut population get a suitable structure configuration, can use light more efficiently and reach a higher yield under cultivation form of two rows in one wide ridge.
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