汉语语境称赞应答研究
摘要
近四十年来,称赞应答一直是共时语言学研究的热点,相关研究已涉及语用学、社会语言学、心理语言学、跨文化交际等领域。但这些研究大多数是基于英语文化的,对汉语语境下的研究还不够充分。并且国内外有关称赞应答的研究主要集中在称赞格式、称赞话题、称赞及其称赞应答的性别差异方面,对称赞应答的系统研究鲜有涉及。此外,随着中国社会在政治、经济、文化、价值观念等领域出现的深刻变革,传统的语言使用模式也在发生变化。本文采用社会语言学的理论和方法,对当今汉语语境下的称赞应答模式进行共时描写,全面阐述汉语称赞应答策略的整体分布及其在不同社会群体的偏好模式。
本文以言语行为理论为基础,以合作原则、礼貌原则、面子理论、变异理论为指导,分析汉语称赞应答策略在不同性别、年龄、教育程度的社会群体间存在的差异。研究确立了社会自变量和语言依变量两类变量。社会自变量包括性别、年龄和教育程度;语言依变量为称赞应答策略,二者存在系统互动的关联。
本文提出四个研究问题:1.汉语称赞应答总体趋势如何;2.男性与女性的称赞应答是否存在差异,有何差异;3.不同年龄群体的称赞应答是否存在差异,有何差异;4.不同教育程度群体的称赞应答是否存在差异,有何差异。
研究方法为定量分析与定性研究相结合。以“判断抽样”选取198名来自不同性别、年龄、受教育程度的汉语母语者为受试对象,通过语篇补全测试(Discourse Completion Task)、访谈和自然观察搜集语料,借助SPSS的卡方检验进行定量分析,从社会语言学角度进行定性讨论。
研究结果表明:当前汉语称赞应答策略总体分布与传统模式不同: 1.汉语称赞应答中的接受多于拒绝;含蓄接受是首选策略。2.女性比男性更倾向于明确接受;而男性比女性更倾向于直接拒绝。3.年龄越小越倾向于使用明确接受的应答策略,年龄越大越倾向于使用直接拒绝。4.受教育程度越高的群体越倾向于明确接受,受教育程度越低的群体则越倾向于直接拒绝。
本研究系统考察了汉语称赞应答言语行为,从社会语言学的角度出发,扩展了变异理论的应用范围,揭示了社会文化因素在语言使用中的重要作用,并且为言语交际、第二语言教学提供借鉴,对考察汉语称赞应答策略的发展有一定的参考价值。
In the past four decades, the response of compliment has been the focus of research on language; research has been involved in pragmatics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, cross-cultural communication and other fields. But most of them are based on English culture; the research in the Chinese Context is still inadequate. The current research of compliment response behavior on Chinese are based on self-examination style more than the qualitative discussion and lack of evidence base; In spite of a few empirical studies, research results to differ materially. In addition, as the Chinese society has been changed in economic, political, cultural, values and other profound, the traditional language usage patterns are also different. Among them, the change on response strategies of compliment is the most remarkable, but so far little research has involved. Therefore, the social theory and methodology of linguistics are applied in the compliment response of the Chinese context and the changing patterns of variation is also used in the description, a more comprehensive understanding of the overall distribution of Chinese compliment response strategies and their preferred mode of different social groups.
In this paper, the principle of cooperation, politeness, face theory, variation theory are the framework for the study. There are differences on different gender, age, educational level in the complement response of Chinese policy between social groups. The research establishes two kinds of variables: the social variables and linguistic variables. Social variables including gender, age and educational level; language variable is Compliment Response Strategies. Correlation exists between the two systems interact.
In this paper, four research questions: 1. What is the overall tendency for native Chinese speakers to respond to compliments; 2. Do men and women respond to compliments differently? If so, what are they? 3. Do people of different age respond to compliments differently? If so, what are they? 4. Do people of different educational level respond to compliments differently? If so, what are they? Quantitative and qualitative research methods combined. To "judge sample" of 198 selected from different gender, age, education level of Chinese native speakers as subjects through discourse completion test, access, and natural observation to collect corpus, the Chi-square test using SPSS for quantitative analysis; from qualitative discussion of sociolinguistic perspective.
Results show that the current compliment response strategies of Chinese and the traditional patterns are different: 1. Chinese compliment responses of receiving are more than the rejected; implicit acceptance is the preferred strategy. 2. More women than men tend to explicitly accept; while men more likely than women to direct refusal. 3. The younger the more likely to accept clear, the older the more likely a direct refusal. 4. The group of higher level of education tends to explicitly accept the group of lower level of education is more inclined to direct refusal.
This study systematically investigated the response of Chinese praised speech act, from a social point of view of linguistics, expanded the scope of application of variation theory, and reveals the social and cultural factors in the important role of language use, and better cross-cultural exchange, while Teaching Chinese to Foreigners also have a reference value.
本文以言语行为理论为基础,以合作原则、礼貌原则、面子理论、变异理论为指导,分析汉语称赞应答策略在不同性别、年龄、教育程度的社会群体间存在的差异。研究确立了社会自变量和语言依变量两类变量。社会自变量包括性别、年龄和教育程度;语言依变量为称赞应答策略,二者存在系统互动的关联。
本文提出四个研究问题:1.汉语称赞应答总体趋势如何;2.男性与女性的称赞应答是否存在差异,有何差异;3.不同年龄群体的称赞应答是否存在差异,有何差异;4.不同教育程度群体的称赞应答是否存在差异,有何差异。
研究方法为定量分析与定性研究相结合。以“判断抽样”选取198名来自不同性别、年龄、受教育程度的汉语母语者为受试对象,通过语篇补全测试(Discourse Completion Task)、访谈和自然观察搜集语料,借助SPSS的卡方检验进行定量分析,从社会语言学角度进行定性讨论。
研究结果表明:当前汉语称赞应答策略总体分布与传统模式不同: 1.汉语称赞应答中的接受多于拒绝;含蓄接受是首选策略。2.女性比男性更倾向于明确接受;而男性比女性更倾向于直接拒绝。3.年龄越小越倾向于使用明确接受的应答策略,年龄越大越倾向于使用直接拒绝。4.受教育程度越高的群体越倾向于明确接受,受教育程度越低的群体则越倾向于直接拒绝。
本研究系统考察了汉语称赞应答言语行为,从社会语言学的角度出发,扩展了变异理论的应用范围,揭示了社会文化因素在语言使用中的重要作用,并且为言语交际、第二语言教学提供借鉴,对考察汉语称赞应答策略的发展有一定的参考价值。
In the past four decades, the response of compliment has been the focus of research on language; research has been involved in pragmatics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, cross-cultural communication and other fields. But most of them are based on English culture; the research in the Chinese Context is still inadequate. The current research of compliment response behavior on Chinese are based on self-examination style more than the qualitative discussion and lack of evidence base; In spite of a few empirical studies, research results to differ materially. In addition, as the Chinese society has been changed in economic, political, cultural, values and other profound, the traditional language usage patterns are also different. Among them, the change on response strategies of compliment is the most remarkable, but so far little research has involved. Therefore, the social theory and methodology of linguistics are applied in the compliment response of the Chinese context and the changing patterns of variation is also used in the description, a more comprehensive understanding of the overall distribution of Chinese compliment response strategies and their preferred mode of different social groups.
In this paper, the principle of cooperation, politeness, face theory, variation theory are the framework for the study. There are differences on different gender, age, educational level in the complement response of Chinese policy between social groups. The research establishes two kinds of variables: the social variables and linguistic variables. Social variables including gender, age and educational level; language variable is Compliment Response Strategies. Correlation exists between the two systems interact.
In this paper, four research questions: 1. What is the overall tendency for native Chinese speakers to respond to compliments; 2. Do men and women respond to compliments differently? If so, what are they? 3. Do people of different age respond to compliments differently? If so, what are they? 4. Do people of different educational level respond to compliments differently? If so, what are they? Quantitative and qualitative research methods combined. To "judge sample" of 198 selected from different gender, age, education level of Chinese native speakers as subjects through discourse completion test, access, and natural observation to collect corpus, the Chi-square test using SPSS for quantitative analysis; from qualitative discussion of sociolinguistic perspective.
Results show that the current compliment response strategies of Chinese and the traditional patterns are different: 1. Chinese compliment responses of receiving are more than the rejected; implicit acceptance is the preferred strategy. 2. More women than men tend to explicitly accept; while men more likely than women to direct refusal. 3. The younger the more likely to accept clear, the older the more likely a direct refusal. 4. The group of higher level of education tends to explicitly accept the group of lower level of education is more inclined to direct refusal.
This study systematically investigated the response of Chinese praised speech act, from a social point of view of linguistics, expanded the scope of application of variation theory, and reveals the social and cultural factors in the important role of language use, and better cross-cultural exchange, while Teaching Chinese to Foreigners also have a reference value.
引文
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2 Nelson, G M. Arabic and English compliment responses: potential for pragmatic failure [J]. Applied Linguistics, 1996(17),411-432
3 Holmes, J. Paying compliments: A sex-preferential positive politeness strategy [J]. Journal of Pragmatics ,1988, 445-465
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1周明娟.跨文化交际中称赞语之英汉比较[J].聊城大学学报,2005(3),157-158
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5王萱.英汉称赞语回应策略跨文化比较研究[D].陕西师范大学硕士学位论文,2008
6程颖.中美称赞语应答策略的对比研究[D].湖南大学硕士学位论文,2009
7门高春.汉语恭维答语的社会语言学研究[D].武汉理工大学硕士学位论文,2004
8汪精华.现代汉语赞扬语之应答言语行为研究[D].南昌大学硕士学位论文, 2008
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1.Pomerantz, A. Compliment response: notes in the Cooperation of Multiple Constraints . Studies in the Organization of Conversational Interaction [A], New York: Academic Press,1978.79-112
2 Wolfson, Nessa. Invitations, compliments and the competence of the native speakers [J]. International Journal of Psycholinguistics.1981(25).7—22
3 Herbert. R. K. 1987. Sex-based differences in compliment behavior. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association[Z].Washington, DC
1 Herbert, R. K. and H. S. Strait. Compliment-rejection vs. compliment-avoidance [J].Language and Communication ,1989,35-47
2 Nelson, G M. Arabic and English compliment responses: potential for pragmatic failure [J]. Applied Linguistics, 1996(17),411-432
3 Holmes, J. Paying compliments: A sex-preferential positive politeness strategy [J]. Journal of Pragmatics ,1988, 445-465
1邹为诚.论英语称赞语的交际模式[J].外国语,1990(1)
2 Chen, R. Responding to Compliments: A Contrastive Study of Politeness Strategies between American English and Chinese Speakers[J].Journal Pragmatics.1993(1),49—75
3 Ye, Lei. Complimenting in mandarin Chinese[C].Pragmatics of Chinese as Native and Target Language,1995,207-302
4赵英玲.英语称赞语的应答模式[J].外语与外语教学,1998(10),17—19
5郭爱先.中国人总是否定称赞吗?[J].北京大学学报(专辑),1996,145—149
1李悦娥,冯江鸿.析普通话话语中的称赞及其应答[J].外语与外语教学,2000(9), 28—32
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