ClO_2耦合超声波破解污泥溶出机理与微生物隐性生长的污泥减量研究
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摘要
随着我国城市化进程的加快,城市污水处理厂数量和污水处理规模逐年提高,污泥产量不断增大。截止2010年6月,统计全国已建成的城市污水处理厂2299座,处理能力11246万m~3/d,与“十五”末相比,污水处理厂数量增加了1.2倍,处理能力增加了75.3%。按照目前的污泥产率,每年含水率80%的剩余污泥量将达数千万吨。
剩余污泥含有大量的有害物质及未稳定的有机物,处置不当会对环境造成二次污染。但剩余污泥的处理处置需要大量的资金投入,以欧美日为例,污泥处理处置初期投资占污水处理厂总投资比例高达60%～70%,污泥处理运营费占污水厂总运营费的30%~40%,有的甚至高达60%。面对如此巨大的污水处理厂剩余污泥处理处置压力,若能在污水处理系统实现污泥减量,从源头减少剩余污泥排放量就显得意义重大。
近年来,污泥减量技术的研究迅速成为业内的研究热点,概括起来包括解偶联代谢法、维持代谢法、强化微生物隐性生长法、生物强化与生物捕食法四类。各类污泥减量方法各有特点,并存在不同程度局限性。其中强化隐性生长法是指微生物利用衰亡细菌所形成的二次基质生长,整个过程包含了细胞破解和生长。利用各种污泥破解技术,使细菌迅速死亡并分解成为基质再次被微生物利用,相当于传统模型中强化了活性污泥的自身氧化率,提高衰减系数,进而减少剩余污泥产量。
强化微生物隐性生长法污泥减量的重要步骤是污泥的破解预处理。通常的污泥破解预处理方法包括各种化学、物理、生物及其相互组合。国内外研究较多的超声波破解工艺和臭氧氧化破解工艺,虽然能取得了较好的污泥破解效果,但昂贵的臭氧制备成本和超声波的高能耗限制了其实际应用;以Cl2进行化学氧化曾被认为是有效的替代方法,但存在潜在产生THMs的危险。
本研究针对强化微生物隐性生长法,在分析主要微生物细胞破解方法的局限性基础上,提出ClO_2耦合超声波的污泥破解技术,将破解污泥回流至SBR系统,通过强化微生物隐性生长实现污水处理系统的污泥减量,探索污泥破解回流系统减量的机理和工艺技术问题,为ClO_2耦合超声波破解污泥回流的污水处理系统污泥减量技术提供理论依据和技术支持。
通过小试考察了单独超声波和单独ClO_2作用下的污泥破解效能、影响因素及释出机理,确定了适宜的破解条件。在单独破解试验基础上,探明了ClO_2耦合超声波对污泥的破解效率、影响因素及最佳工况条件;揭示了耦合破解污泥的生物有效性及其协同作用机理;通过三因素三水平正交试验,提出了破解污泥的释出规律模型,确定了各因素的影响大小次序。
在小试研究基础上,以处理能力为3.6m~3/d的SBR构建了C1O_2耦合超声波破解污泥回流SBR系统强化微生物隐性生长的污泥减量系统,对实际污水进行长期累积试验,系统考察了系统污泥减量效果及对出水水质的影响,解释了强化微生物隐性生长污泥减量的作用机理和运行调控策略。得到如下主要结论:
通过静态超声波污泥破解试验,考察了在声能密度、超声作用时间及含固率与污泥细胞破解效能的关系。结果表明:在超声波声能密度0.5W/mL~3.0W/mL内,对含固率为2.5g/L~15g/L的污泥破解处理,随超声波作用时间延长破解污泥中SCOD浓度显著升高,且声能密度越高,SCOD浓度增加越明显;对较低含固率的污泥,在超声波作用6min后,破解污泥液相中SCOD增加缓慢;对含固率15g/L的污泥的超声波处理试验,SCOD、NH4+-N、TN及TP增幅和污泥MLSS减幅均与超声波作用时间和声能密度正相关;经超声波作用6min后,污泥形态结构已破坏。根据污泥破解后SCOD的增量数据得出,获得500mg/L的SCOD时对应的超声波能耗Es(3.0W/ml)> Es(2.0W/ml) > Es(0.5W/ml)> Es(1.0W/ml),污泥单独超声波破解最优工况为1.0w/ml声能密度下作用6min。
ClO_2破解污泥静态试验结果表明:ClO_2最佳投量为8mgClO_2/(gDS),适宜的ClO_2浓度为1000mg/L。与含固率15g/L的污泥搅拌反应60min,SCOD释出为110.3mg/L,多糖、蛋白质、TP及TN增加量分别为25.2mg/L、55.1mg/L、13.1mg/L和15.23mg/L;污泥破解率92.5%;污泥SVI由51下降到33,破解沉降性能改善。
ClO_2耦合超声波作用试验结果表明,投加4mgClO_2/(gDS)作用60min,耦合超声波(声能密度0.5W/ml、作用6min)的污泥破解效果最好且最经济。破解污泥液相中SCOD、BOD5、TN、TP、多糖及蛋白质增量分别为920mg/L、420mg/L、36.2mg/L、7.9mg/L、50.3mg/L及81.7mg/L;计算得出BOD﹕TN﹕TP约为78.2﹕4.58﹕1,可生化性强。
根据实测数据计算得出ΔSCOD﹕ΔTN﹕ΔTP比值,超声破解时为121.95﹕6.7﹕1、ClO_2破解时为7.58﹕1.16﹕1、ClO_2耦合超声波破解时为116.46﹕4.58﹕1。ClO_2破解时ΔSCOD﹕ΔTN﹕ΔTP比值明显低于理论计算值(122﹕7.7﹕1),可认为ClO_2破解时有机碳和含氮物质绝大部分被ClO_2氧化,以CO_2和N2等气态形式逸出;超声波破解时ΔSCOD﹕ΔTN﹕ΔTP比值接近理论计算值;ClO_2耦合超声波破解时,首先是在较低投量下,ClO_2氧化破坏污泥细胞壁,此时,以不使细胞壁破坏至大量胞内物质释出为好,避免细胞释放物对ClO_2的消耗,然后只需要在较低声能密度(0.5w/ml)下超声波作用较短时间就能取得理想的协同增效破解效果。
根据三元回归法建立的ClO_2耦合超声波破解释出规律数学模型分析得出:破解污泥液相中SCOD、TN及TP与超声波作用时间、ClO_2投加量及超声波声能密度呈指数
关系,影响次序为:超声波作用时间> ClO_2投加量>超声波声能密度。ClO_2耦合超声波破解污泥回流SBR系统处理实际污水,30d的累积运行对比试验结果表明:对70%的系统排泥耦合破解处理后回流系统,污泥减量率为54.86%;系统微生物保持足够活性,SVI在40~70mL/g之间,运行稳定;出水SS、COD、TN以及NH4+-N等指标均与参照系统无明显差别;出水TP略有升高,试验系统平均出水TP为0.37mg/L,参照系统为0.26mg/L。
试验系统污泥负荷0.159kgCOD/(kgMLSS·d)、污泥龄12.86d,参照系统污泥负荷0.126kgCOD/(kgMLSS·d)、污泥龄19.28d;系统污泥产率和微生物衰减系数计算结果表明,ClO_2耦合超声波破解污泥回流后,相当于在不改变SBR运行参数下系统表观污泥产率从0.41kgSS/kgCOD降低到0.186kgSS/kgCOD,相当于增强了系统微生物的内源代谢、强化了活性污泥的自身氧化率,相当于将系统污泥衰减系数由0.036d-1提高到0.0602d-1。
With accelerating of urbanization process and increasing of public attention on the water pollution, the number of urban wastewater treatment plant and wastewater treatment capacity are undergoing a fast develop. Total 2299 of municipal wastewater treatment plants which have a treat capacity of 1.1246 billion m~3/d were constructed in China up to June, 2010. The number of wastewater treatment plants increased 1.2 fold and the treat capacity increased by 75.3% when compared to that of the end of the 10th Five-year plan. However, the wide use of an activated sludge process for wastewater treatment result in production of a considerable amount of excess sludge, which must be safely disposed of due to its potential environmental risk. The excess sludge could up to tens of millions based on 80% of water content. However, disposal of these solid wastes is extremely costly, which may account for up to 60%～70% of the infrastructure costs and 30%~40% (even 60% for some case )of the total operating costs of wastewater treatment plant. Therefore, excess sludge disposal represents an increasing challenge for wastewater treatment plants. It would be an ideal method to solve the excess sludge-associated problems through reducing sludge production during wastewater treatment rather than during post-treatment of the sludge produced.
Recently, the sludge reduction technologies which can be summarized as uncoupling metabolism, maintenance metabolism, enhanced microorganism cryptic growth and bioaugmentation have attracted a wide attention. These technologies have their own advantages and drawbacks. The enhanced microorganism cryptic growth technology is defined as the microorganism growth using died microorganism as substrate in which both the process of cell disintegration and cell growth are contained. Some technologies can be incorporated into this process for assisted sludge reduction because these technologies can kill the microorganism in a few minutes and died microorganisms is subsequently served as substrate for the microorganism in wastewater treatment system. In other word, this process can be regard as enhanced self-oxidation rate and increased attenuation coefficient of activated sludge in traditional wastewater treatment model. As a result, reduced sludge production could be achieved.
Disintegration pretreatment of sludge is the first step of sludge reduction based on enhanced microorganism cryptic growth. Several technologies, which involve mechanical, chemical, thermal and biological methods, have been explored for sludge disintegration. Ultrasonic disintegration and ozonation has been successfully applied for sludge disintegration. But high cost of ozone generation and high energy requirements limit ultrasonic application while chlorination-generated potential harmful byproducts, such as trihalomethanes (THMs), pose a serious challenge to the full scale application of this technology.
In this study, the ClO_(2-) ultrasonic combined sludge disintegration technology was proposed according to the enhanced microorganism cryptic growth theory and was incorporated into the activated sludge process based on comparison different methods used for sludge reduction. The excess sludge was disintegrated and was then returned to the system for further reduction through enhanced microorganism cryptic growth.This study concentrate on investigating the mechanism and technical aspects of the ClO_(2-) ultrasonic combined sludge disintegration technology which will enrich the theory aspects of the technology.
The sludge disintegrability, factors and mechanism of the ultrasonic and ClO_2 based sludge disintegration were first investigated individually through lab experiment, respectively and optimum conditions were obtained. Then, the similar studies were conducted under ClO_(2-)ultrasonic combination condition. The sludge disintegration performance, factors and optimum combination conditions were investigated and biological effectiveness related synergistic effect mechanism was elaborated. At last, the model of sludge disintegration was proposed through orthogonal experiment and the effect of the order of the factors was determined.
Two parallel operated SBRs, which have a treatment capacity of 3.6 m~3/d were constructed and were evaluated according to their long-term operation performance. The effect of the treatment process on quality of the effluent was also investigated. Finally, the mechanisms of the sludge reduction based on enhanced microorganism cryptic growth were clarified and the regulation strategy for performance improvement of the system was found. Major conclusions were drawn as follows:
Effect of energy density and reaction time on disintegration of the sludge with different solid content was investigated using ultrasonic alone. The results showed that the SCOD presented a linear increase with the ultrasonic time when ultrasonic energy density and sludge solid content were in the range of 0.5W/mL~3.0 W/mL and 2.5g/L~15g/L, respectively. Higher ultrasonic energy density resulted in a higher increase in SCOD. However, slowly increase in SCOD was observed for the sludge with a low solid content after ultrasonic disintegration of 6 min. The SCOD increase, MLSS decrease and the concentration of NH4+-N, TN and TP were observed positive correlation with the ultrasonic energy density. The sludge floc was disintegrated after 6 min of ultrasonic treatment. The energy requirements for ultrasonic treatment based on 300 mg/L SCOD follow the order: Es (3.0W/ml)> Es (2.0W/ml) > Es (0.5W/ml)> Es (1.0W/ml). The optimum performance can be achieved at ultrasonic energy density of 1.0w/ml and reaction time of 6 min.
The sludge disintegration using ClO_2 oxidation alone was studied. The results showed that the sludge disintegrability of ClO_2 was excellent. The optimum ClO_2 dose and concentration can be determined as 8 mg ClO_2/ g dry sludge and 1000mg/L, respectively. Treating sludge with ClO_2 for 60 min resulted in 110.3mg/L increase in SCOD while the concentration of polysaccharide, protein TP and TN increased by25.2、55.1、13.1and 15.23mg/L, respectively. And thus, 92.5% sludge breakage was achieved. The SVI of the sludge was decreased from 51 to 33 and the settleability of the sludge was improved.
The sludge disintegration under ClO_(2-)ultrasonic combination condition was investigated. The results showed that the optimum operational condition were 4 mg ClO_2/g dry sludge of ClO_2 for 60 min and 0.5 W/ml of ultrasonic treatment for 6 min. Sludge disintegration resulted in 920, 420, 36.2, 7.9, 50.3 and 81.7mg/L increase in SCOD, BOD5, TN, TP, polysaccharide and protein, respectively. The ratio of BOD,TN and TP was calculated as 78.2﹕4.58﹕1 which indicated a high biodegradability.
The ratio ofΔSCOD,ΔTN andΔTP in the disintegrated sludge liquid was calculated according to the experimental data. 121.95﹕6.7﹕1, 78.1﹕1.16﹕1 and 116.46﹕4.58﹕1 were obtained under condition of ultrasonic alone, ClO_2 alone and ultrasonic-ClO_2 combination, respectively. Among these, the ratio ofΔSCOD,ΔTN andΔTP under ClO_2 treatment alone is much lower than that of the theoretical value which is 122﹕7.7﹕1. We inferred that most of nitrogen-containing compounds was oxidized by ClO_2 and escaped from the liquid phase as N2 gas while part of organic carbon compounds was oxidized directly to be CO_2. In comparison, the ratio ofΔSCOD,ΔTN andΔTP under ultrasonic treatment alone is approach to the theoretical value. Under combined ultrasonic-ClO_2 treatment, low dose of ClO_2 was firstly applied to break the cell wall. It would be better that the dose of ClO_2 did not result in significant leakage of cell content to avoid extra consumption of ClO_2. Then, the sludge can be easily disintegrated at low ultrasonic energy density(0.5W/ml)and short reaction time(6 min).
The mathematical model of the ultrasonic-ClO_2 combined sludge disintegration was proposed according to the ternary regression method. The SCOD, TN and TP in disintegrated sludge liquid showed a exponential relation with ultrasonic treatment time, ultrasonic energy density and ClO_2 doses and follow the order: ultrasonic treatment time > ClO_2 doses > ultrasonic energy density.
A ClO_(2-)ultrasonic-activated sludge process combined system was developed and used for sludge reduction during treatment of municipal sewage. The system was operated continuously for 30d to investigate its long-term performance. The results showed that 70% of excess sludge was subjected to combined ClO_(2-)ultrasonic treatment and was then returned to the system resulted in 54.86% reduction in sludge production. The system performs well and the SVI of the sludge is between 40~70mL/g. The quality of the effluent was not deteriorated.
The concentration of SS、COD、TN and NH4+-N was totally not affected as compared with control system. Only a slight increase in TP was observed (average 0.37mg/L vs. 0.26mg/L). The sludge load in the tested and control system were 0.159 and 0.126 kgCOD/(kgMLSS·d) which corresponding to the sludge age of 12.86 and 19.28d, respectively, based on the calculation of the sludge production rate and microorganism attenuation coefficient. Notable decrease in sludge production rate from 0.41 to 0.186kgSS/kgCOD without changing the operational parameters of the system indicated that the endogenous metabolism in the system was greatly enhanced and thus the self-oxidation rate of the sludge was accelerated (The attenuation coefficient increased from 0.036 to 0.0602d-1).
剩余污泥含有大量的有害物质及未稳定的有机物,处置不当会对环境造成二次污染。但剩余污泥的处理处置需要大量的资金投入,以欧美日为例,污泥处理处置初期投资占污水处理厂总投资比例高达60%～70%,污泥处理运营费占污水厂总运营费的30%~40%,有的甚至高达60%。面对如此巨大的污水处理厂剩余污泥处理处置压力,若能在污水处理系统实现污泥减量,从源头减少剩余污泥排放量就显得意义重大。
近年来,污泥减量技术的研究迅速成为业内的研究热点,概括起来包括解偶联代谢法、维持代谢法、强化微生物隐性生长法、生物强化与生物捕食法四类。各类污泥减量方法各有特点,并存在不同程度局限性。其中强化隐性生长法是指微生物利用衰亡细菌所形成的二次基质生长,整个过程包含了细胞破解和生长。利用各种污泥破解技术,使细菌迅速死亡并分解成为基质再次被微生物利用,相当于传统模型中强化了活性污泥的自身氧化率,提高衰减系数,进而减少剩余污泥产量。
强化微生物隐性生长法污泥减量的重要步骤是污泥的破解预处理。通常的污泥破解预处理方法包括各种化学、物理、生物及其相互组合。国内外研究较多的超声波破解工艺和臭氧氧化破解工艺,虽然能取得了较好的污泥破解效果,但昂贵的臭氧制备成本和超声波的高能耗限制了其实际应用;以Cl2进行化学氧化曾被认为是有效的替代方法,但存在潜在产生THMs的危险。
本研究针对强化微生物隐性生长法,在分析主要微生物细胞破解方法的局限性基础上,提出ClO_2耦合超声波的污泥破解技术,将破解污泥回流至SBR系统,通过强化微生物隐性生长实现污水处理系统的污泥减量,探索污泥破解回流系统减量的机理和工艺技术问题,为ClO_2耦合超声波破解污泥回流的污水处理系统污泥减量技术提供理论依据和技术支持。
通过小试考察了单独超声波和单独ClO_2作用下的污泥破解效能、影响因素及释出机理,确定了适宜的破解条件。在单独破解试验基础上,探明了ClO_2耦合超声波对污泥的破解效率、影响因素及最佳工况条件;揭示了耦合破解污泥的生物有效性及其协同作用机理;通过三因素三水平正交试验,提出了破解污泥的释出规律模型,确定了各因素的影响大小次序。
在小试研究基础上,以处理能力为3.6m~3/d的SBR构建了C1O_2耦合超声波破解污泥回流SBR系统强化微生物隐性生长的污泥减量系统,对实际污水进行长期累积试验,系统考察了系统污泥减量效果及对出水水质的影响,解释了强化微生物隐性生长污泥减量的作用机理和运行调控策略。得到如下主要结论:
通过静态超声波污泥破解试验,考察了在声能密度、超声作用时间及含固率与污泥细胞破解效能的关系。结果表明:在超声波声能密度0.5W/mL~3.0W/mL内,对含固率为2.5g/L~15g/L的污泥破解处理,随超声波作用时间延长破解污泥中SCOD浓度显著升高,且声能密度越高,SCOD浓度增加越明显;对较低含固率的污泥,在超声波作用6min后,破解污泥液相中SCOD增加缓慢;对含固率15g/L的污泥的超声波处理试验,SCOD、NH4+-N、TN及TP增幅和污泥MLSS减幅均与超声波作用时间和声能密度正相关;经超声波作用6min后,污泥形态结构已破坏。根据污泥破解后SCOD的增量数据得出,获得500mg/L的SCOD时对应的超声波能耗Es(3.0W/ml)> Es(2.0W/ml) > Es(0.5W/ml)> Es(1.0W/ml),污泥单独超声波破解最优工况为1.0w/ml声能密度下作用6min。
ClO_2破解污泥静态试验结果表明:ClO_2最佳投量为8mgClO_2/(gDS),适宜的ClO_2浓度为1000mg/L。与含固率15g/L的污泥搅拌反应60min,SCOD释出为110.3mg/L,多糖、蛋白质、TP及TN增加量分别为25.2mg/L、55.1mg/L、13.1mg/L和15.23mg/L;污泥破解率92.5%;污泥SVI由51下降到33,破解沉降性能改善。
ClO_2耦合超声波作用试验结果表明,投加4mgClO_2/(gDS)作用60min,耦合超声波(声能密度0.5W/ml、作用6min)的污泥破解效果最好且最经济。破解污泥液相中SCOD、BOD5、TN、TP、多糖及蛋白质增量分别为920mg/L、420mg/L、36.2mg/L、7.9mg/L、50.3mg/L及81.7mg/L;计算得出BOD﹕TN﹕TP约为78.2﹕4.58﹕1,可生化性强。
根据实测数据计算得出ΔSCOD﹕ΔTN﹕ΔTP比值,超声破解时为121.95﹕6.7﹕1、ClO_2破解时为7.58﹕1.16﹕1、ClO_2耦合超声波破解时为116.46﹕4.58﹕1。ClO_2破解时ΔSCOD﹕ΔTN﹕ΔTP比值明显低于理论计算值(122﹕7.7﹕1),可认为ClO_2破解时有机碳和含氮物质绝大部分被ClO_2氧化,以CO_2和N2等气态形式逸出;超声波破解时ΔSCOD﹕ΔTN﹕ΔTP比值接近理论计算值;ClO_2耦合超声波破解时,首先是在较低投量下,ClO_2氧化破坏污泥细胞壁,此时,以不使细胞壁破坏至大量胞内物质释出为好,避免细胞释放物对ClO_2的消耗,然后只需要在较低声能密度(0.5w/ml)下超声波作用较短时间就能取得理想的协同增效破解效果。
根据三元回归法建立的ClO_2耦合超声波破解释出规律数学模型分析得出:破解污泥液相中SCOD、TN及TP与超声波作用时间、ClO_2投加量及超声波声能密度呈指数
关系,影响次序为:超声波作用时间> ClO_2投加量>超声波声能密度。ClO_2耦合超声波破解污泥回流SBR系统处理实际污水,30d的累积运行对比试验结果表明:对70%的系统排泥耦合破解处理后回流系统,污泥减量率为54.86%;系统微生物保持足够活性,SVI在40~70mL/g之间,运行稳定;出水SS、COD、TN以及NH4+-N等指标均与参照系统无明显差别;出水TP略有升高,试验系统平均出水TP为0.37mg/L,参照系统为0.26mg/L。
试验系统污泥负荷0.159kgCOD/(kgMLSS·d)、污泥龄12.86d,参照系统污泥负荷0.126kgCOD/(kgMLSS·d)、污泥龄19.28d;系统污泥产率和微生物衰减系数计算结果表明,ClO_2耦合超声波破解污泥回流后,相当于在不改变SBR运行参数下系统表观污泥产率从0.41kgSS/kgCOD降低到0.186kgSS/kgCOD,相当于增强了系统微生物的内源代谢、强化了活性污泥的自身氧化率,相当于将系统污泥衰减系数由0.036d-1提高到0.0602d-1。
With accelerating of urbanization process and increasing of public attention on the water pollution, the number of urban wastewater treatment plant and wastewater treatment capacity are undergoing a fast develop. Total 2299 of municipal wastewater treatment plants which have a treat capacity of 1.1246 billion m~3/d were constructed in China up to June, 2010. The number of wastewater treatment plants increased 1.2 fold and the treat capacity increased by 75.3% when compared to that of the end of the 10th Five-year plan. However, the wide use of an activated sludge process for wastewater treatment result in production of a considerable amount of excess sludge, which must be safely disposed of due to its potential environmental risk. The excess sludge could up to tens of millions based on 80% of water content. However, disposal of these solid wastes is extremely costly, which may account for up to 60%～70% of the infrastructure costs and 30%~40% (even 60% for some case )of the total operating costs of wastewater treatment plant. Therefore, excess sludge disposal represents an increasing challenge for wastewater treatment plants. It would be an ideal method to solve the excess sludge-associated problems through reducing sludge production during wastewater treatment rather than during post-treatment of the sludge produced.
Recently, the sludge reduction technologies which can be summarized as uncoupling metabolism, maintenance metabolism, enhanced microorganism cryptic growth and bioaugmentation have attracted a wide attention. These technologies have their own advantages and drawbacks. The enhanced microorganism cryptic growth technology is defined as the microorganism growth using died microorganism as substrate in which both the process of cell disintegration and cell growth are contained. Some technologies can be incorporated into this process for assisted sludge reduction because these technologies can kill the microorganism in a few minutes and died microorganisms is subsequently served as substrate for the microorganism in wastewater treatment system. In other word, this process can be regard as enhanced self-oxidation rate and increased attenuation coefficient of activated sludge in traditional wastewater treatment model. As a result, reduced sludge production could be achieved.
Disintegration pretreatment of sludge is the first step of sludge reduction based on enhanced microorganism cryptic growth. Several technologies, which involve mechanical, chemical, thermal and biological methods, have been explored for sludge disintegration. Ultrasonic disintegration and ozonation has been successfully applied for sludge disintegration. But high cost of ozone generation and high energy requirements limit ultrasonic application while chlorination-generated potential harmful byproducts, such as trihalomethanes (THMs), pose a serious challenge to the full scale application of this technology.
In this study, the ClO_(2-) ultrasonic combined sludge disintegration technology was proposed according to the enhanced microorganism cryptic growth theory and was incorporated into the activated sludge process based on comparison different methods used for sludge reduction. The excess sludge was disintegrated and was then returned to the system for further reduction through enhanced microorganism cryptic growth.This study concentrate on investigating the mechanism and technical aspects of the ClO_(2-) ultrasonic combined sludge disintegration technology which will enrich the theory aspects of the technology.
The sludge disintegrability, factors and mechanism of the ultrasonic and ClO_2 based sludge disintegration were first investigated individually through lab experiment, respectively and optimum conditions were obtained. Then, the similar studies were conducted under ClO_(2-)ultrasonic combination condition. The sludge disintegration performance, factors and optimum combination conditions were investigated and biological effectiveness related synergistic effect mechanism was elaborated. At last, the model of sludge disintegration was proposed through orthogonal experiment and the effect of the order of the factors was determined.
Two parallel operated SBRs, which have a treatment capacity of 3.6 m~3/d were constructed and were evaluated according to their long-term operation performance. The effect of the treatment process on quality of the effluent was also investigated. Finally, the mechanisms of the sludge reduction based on enhanced microorganism cryptic growth were clarified and the regulation strategy for performance improvement of the system was found. Major conclusions were drawn as follows:
Effect of energy density and reaction time on disintegration of the sludge with different solid content was investigated using ultrasonic alone. The results showed that the SCOD presented a linear increase with the ultrasonic time when ultrasonic energy density and sludge solid content were in the range of 0.5W/mL~3.0 W/mL and 2.5g/L~15g/L, respectively. Higher ultrasonic energy density resulted in a higher increase in SCOD. However, slowly increase in SCOD was observed for the sludge with a low solid content after ultrasonic disintegration of 6 min. The SCOD increase, MLSS decrease and the concentration of NH4+-N, TN and TP were observed positive correlation with the ultrasonic energy density. The sludge floc was disintegrated after 6 min of ultrasonic treatment. The energy requirements for ultrasonic treatment based on 300 mg/L SCOD follow the order: Es (3.0W/ml)> Es (2.0W/ml) > Es (0.5W/ml)> Es (1.0W/ml). The optimum performance can be achieved at ultrasonic energy density of 1.0w/ml and reaction time of 6 min.
The sludge disintegration using ClO_2 oxidation alone was studied. The results showed that the sludge disintegrability of ClO_2 was excellent. The optimum ClO_2 dose and concentration can be determined as 8 mg ClO_2/ g dry sludge and 1000mg/L, respectively. Treating sludge with ClO_2 for 60 min resulted in 110.3mg/L increase in SCOD while the concentration of polysaccharide, protein TP and TN increased by25.2、55.1、13.1and 15.23mg/L, respectively. And thus, 92.5% sludge breakage was achieved. The SVI of the sludge was decreased from 51 to 33 and the settleability of the sludge was improved.
The sludge disintegration under ClO_(2-)ultrasonic combination condition was investigated. The results showed that the optimum operational condition were 4 mg ClO_2/g dry sludge of ClO_2 for 60 min and 0.5 W/ml of ultrasonic treatment for 6 min. Sludge disintegration resulted in 920, 420, 36.2, 7.9, 50.3 and 81.7mg/L increase in SCOD, BOD5, TN, TP, polysaccharide and protein, respectively. The ratio of BOD,TN and TP was calculated as 78.2﹕4.58﹕1 which indicated a high biodegradability.
The ratio ofΔSCOD,ΔTN andΔTP in the disintegrated sludge liquid was calculated according to the experimental data. 121.95﹕6.7﹕1, 78.1﹕1.16﹕1 and 116.46﹕4.58﹕1 were obtained under condition of ultrasonic alone, ClO_2 alone and ultrasonic-ClO_2 combination, respectively. Among these, the ratio ofΔSCOD,ΔTN andΔTP under ClO_2 treatment alone is much lower than that of the theoretical value which is 122﹕7.7﹕1. We inferred that most of nitrogen-containing compounds was oxidized by ClO_2 and escaped from the liquid phase as N2 gas while part of organic carbon compounds was oxidized directly to be CO_2. In comparison, the ratio ofΔSCOD,ΔTN andΔTP under ultrasonic treatment alone is approach to the theoretical value. Under combined ultrasonic-ClO_2 treatment, low dose of ClO_2 was firstly applied to break the cell wall. It would be better that the dose of ClO_2 did not result in significant leakage of cell content to avoid extra consumption of ClO_2. Then, the sludge can be easily disintegrated at low ultrasonic energy density(0.5W/ml)and short reaction time(6 min).
The mathematical model of the ultrasonic-ClO_2 combined sludge disintegration was proposed according to the ternary regression method. The SCOD, TN and TP in disintegrated sludge liquid showed a exponential relation with ultrasonic treatment time, ultrasonic energy density and ClO_2 doses and follow the order: ultrasonic treatment time > ClO_2 doses > ultrasonic energy density.
A ClO_(2-)ultrasonic-activated sludge process combined system was developed and used for sludge reduction during treatment of municipal sewage. The system was operated continuously for 30d to investigate its long-term performance. The results showed that 70% of excess sludge was subjected to combined ClO_(2-)ultrasonic treatment and was then returned to the system resulted in 54.86% reduction in sludge production. The system performs well and the SVI of the sludge is between 40~70mL/g. The quality of the effluent was not deteriorated.
The concentration of SS、COD、TN and NH4+-N was totally not affected as compared with control system. Only a slight increase in TP was observed (average 0.37mg/L vs. 0.26mg/L). The sludge load in the tested and control system were 0.159 and 0.126 kgCOD/(kgMLSS·d) which corresponding to the sludge age of 12.86 and 19.28d, respectively, based on the calculation of the sludge production rate and microorganism attenuation coefficient. Notable decrease in sludge production rate from 0.41 to 0.186kgSS/kgCOD without changing the operational parameters of the system indicated that the endogenous metabolism in the system was greatly enhanced and thus the self-oxidation rate of the sludge was accelerated (The attenuation coefficient increased from 0.036 to 0.0602d-1).
引文
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