复杂隔震结构的分析与软件实现
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摘要
随着隔震技术的广‘泛应用,建筑功能和造型要求的不断提高,隔震结构的形式越来越趋于复杂,如结构体型不规则、大底盘多塔楼、超长结构或隔震层不设置在基础顶部等,但目前我国的抗震规范仅针对采用抗震措施的复杂结构体系给出限值,而复杂隔震结构的判定条件尚不明确,复杂隔震结构的减震效果还需要进一步验证,因此,本文针对工程中常见的几种复杂隔震体系,如平而不规则隔震结构、竖向不规则隔震结构、大底盘多塔楼隔震结构、独立柱头隔震结构和超长隔震结构等,进行了以下方而的研究：
(1)将竖向不规则的隔震结构简化为层剪切模型,考虑单向地震作用,进行了结构的弹塑性时程分析。用两个典型的竖向不规则隔震结构,分别为质量分布不规则和刚度分布不规则隔震结构实例,分析了层质量、层刚度变化对隔震结构的自振周期、基底剪力、层剪力分布模式和减震系数等参数的影响,说明了竖向不规则隔震结构的薄弱层情况,对竖向不规则隔震结构的设计及分析提出相关建议。
(2)将平而不规则隔震结构简化为单层,通过理论推导,分析了扭转反应的影响因素。再假设楼盖为刚性,将平面不规则隔震结构简化为串联刚片模型,推导出结构的运动方程并进行时程分析,利用一个典型的扭转不规则隔震结构,分析了扭转不规则对减震效果的影响,比较了上部结构的刚度偏心、隔震层偏心率和隔震层刚度对结构扭转效应的影响,给出了扭转不规则隔震结构的判定条件。
(3)将大底盘多塔楼隔震结构简化为串并联刚片模型,对结构进行了平扭摆耦联振动分析,通过振型分析发现,具有对称双塔的大底盘多塔楼隔震结构,由于结构对称,可将模型简化为直接简化为单塔结构分析即可,接着针对不对称大底盘多塔楼隔震结构,分别进行了竖向地震作用下、双向水平地震作用下和三向地震作用下的振动分析,利用一个典型的大底盘多塔楼隔震结构实例,分析了底盘高度,塔楼质量分布,塔楼刚度分布对隔震效果和隔震支座受力的影响,给出了大底盘多塔楼隔震结构的设计建议。
(4)针对独立柱头隔震结构,考虑隔震支座水平位移产生的P-△效应,分别对独立柱与支座的局部体系和整个隔震体系进行稳定性分析。对独立柱与隔震支座的局部体系建立平衡方程,推导出静载下支座水平位移与水平荷载之间的关系,并建立对独立柱与隔震支座串联体系的失稳条件,得到给定体系、给定竖向力作用下的极限水平荷载。同时,对独立柱头隔震结构进行了整体动力稳定性分析,建立结构失稳准则,并利用一个典型的带地下室的隔震结构实例,讨论了地震作用、上部结构的竖向荷载和地下室柱刚度对结构稳定性的影响。
(5)针对超长隔震结构在温度和收缩效应下的变形问题,本文实际测试了一个94.2m的隔震结构在温度和收缩作用下隔震支座的变形,发现该工程在施工期间,端支座变形过大。利用理论计算,讨论了上部结构为钢筋混凝土框架的隔震结构在温度和收缩作用下的内力和变形,得到了隔震支座、上部结构内力和变形的基本规律。将建筑物按热工设计区域分类,给出不同地区的混凝土隔震结构的仲缩缝间距,并按照建筑物使用时的采暖情况,给出了施工期间隔震结构的后浇带间距,用于指导超长隔震结构的设计及施工。
(6)在汶川地震后,对几个已建隔震工程进行调查,观察了建筑物各部位的裂缝及破坏情况,并与附近不隔震结构的破坏情况进行对比。再对一个实际复杂隔震工程进行全寿命费用分析,并与不隔震时该结构的全寿命费用进行对比,由此评估了复杂隔震结构的抗震性能。最后,讨论了不同结构功能、不同使用年限对复杂隔震结构的全寿命费用影响,为复杂隔震结构的工程决策提供了一定的参考。
(7)由于Matlab程序不能脱离Matlab环境单独运行,采用Matlab与Java混合编程,用Java编制人机交互界而,Matlab进行隔震结构的各项分析计算。依据我国抗震规范设计要求,编制完成了一个隔震结构分析计算软件,该软件可进行复杂隔震结构的动力分析、稳定分析和全寿命费用分析。
In the developed isolation approach and the buildings functional requirement, the isolated buildings become complex in the structural type, such as the irregularity superstructure, the multi-tower base isolated structure with large bottom, long span building, isolators mounted on independent columns and so on. As to these complex isolated buildings, current references and studies don't account explicitly in response of structure and the influences of isolated buildings on cushioning effects. What's more, there have no concrete regulations concerning complex isolated buildings in prevailing codes, It is only suggested that the rules of irregularity fixed based buildings are referred to. Therefore, this paper makes a detailed and systematic discussion on some kind of complex isolated buildings and mainly focuses on the following things:
(1) To estimate the performance of vertical irregularity of isolated buildings, the vertical mass irregularity and vertical stiffness irregularity of isolated buildings are considered. A vertical irregular isolated building is derived for MDOF system, and the elastic and the elasto-plastic time history methods are used to analyze two actual multi-stories isolated buildings. Distributions of shear force and variability coefficients of shear force are discussed due to various mass and stiffness, Weak layers are indicated as to the vertical irregular isolated buildings. Some advices are presented in this paper for designing the vertical irregular isolated buildings.
(2) The rigid layers in series models is obtained as the torsional irregular isolated buildings and the torsional response of the torsional irregular isolated building is investigated, there are bidirectional lateral displacement and a torsional angle in a floor. With the objective of studying the influence of:the stiffness eccentricity in the superstructure; eccentricity in the isolation system; the stiffness of the isolation system. Results are presented in torsional amplification of isolation. Proposed guideline define that a base-isolated building has torsional irregularity.
(3) The special type isolated building defined as multi-tower with large bottom is discussed in this paper. The rigid layers in series/parallels models are obtained and the elastic time history method is used to analyze the performance and response of structure. Model analysis is applied to symmetric multi-tower with large bottom isolated building. The results reveal that the symmetric multi-tower isolated building with large bottom can be a simplified general isolated building. With the objective of studying the influence of the mass eccentricity in the towers and the asymmetric towers, coefficients of shear force, the ratios of period and the ratios of drift are discussed. An actual multi-tower isolated building with large bottom is used to compare the response in the vertical earthquake, bidirectional lateral earthquake with tri-directional earthquake, the effects of bottom height, the mass eccentricity in the towers and the asymmetric towers are investigated. It is concluded from the study that the multi-tower base isolated building with large floor should be symmetric and central in order to increase performance of isolation.
(4) When isolators are mounted on independent columns, large displacement of the isolator in the earthquake results to P-Δeffects. The special type isolated building is defined as isolator mounted on independent column isolated building. This special type isolated building is possible to be development of overall or local structural instability under earthquake due to P-Δeffects. This paper deals with the local isolators mounted on independent column static stability equilibrium equation, the failure criteria of local structures and the ultimate lateral force is revealed. What's more, the overall structural dynamic stability is investigated. An actual special isolated building is carried out to discuss the dynamic failure of structure with the effect of earthquake, vertical force and stiffness of independent column.
(5) The deformation of isolators of an actual long span isolated building is tested due to temperature variation and concrete contraction, the results reveal that the end isolators deformation has exceeded the tolerance deviation. Therefore, the reinforced concrete frame isolated building is analyzed the response under temperature variation and concrete contraction, the rules about deformation and force of isolators and superstructures are obtained. According to buildings thermal design region, the distance of expansion joint of isolated building are proposed in different regions. Meanwhile, the distance of construction joint are defined due to heating design of building.
(6) The observation and the life cost analysis are described the seismic performance of complex isolated buildings. Several actual isolated buildings are investigated after Wenchuang earthquake, the cracks and destructions of buildings are observed. The cost-effective seismic performance criteria are proposed. The costs of construction, failure consequences, including death and injuries, as well as discounting cost over time, are considered. The selection of building function and buildings life are evaluated to influent life cost of the complex isolated buildings.
(7) This paper use Matlab and Java to accomplish the complex isolated buildings analysis software. According to Chinese seismic design code, the software can be employed to calculate the dynamic response, stability analysis and life cost anlysis.
(1)将竖向不规则的隔震结构简化为层剪切模型,考虑单向地震作用,进行了结构的弹塑性时程分析。用两个典型的竖向不规则隔震结构,分别为质量分布不规则和刚度分布不规则隔震结构实例,分析了层质量、层刚度变化对隔震结构的自振周期、基底剪力、层剪力分布模式和减震系数等参数的影响,说明了竖向不规则隔震结构的薄弱层情况,对竖向不规则隔震结构的设计及分析提出相关建议。
(2)将平而不规则隔震结构简化为单层,通过理论推导,分析了扭转反应的影响因素。再假设楼盖为刚性,将平面不规则隔震结构简化为串联刚片模型,推导出结构的运动方程并进行时程分析,利用一个典型的扭转不规则隔震结构,分析了扭转不规则对减震效果的影响,比较了上部结构的刚度偏心、隔震层偏心率和隔震层刚度对结构扭转效应的影响,给出了扭转不规则隔震结构的判定条件。
(3)将大底盘多塔楼隔震结构简化为串并联刚片模型,对结构进行了平扭摆耦联振动分析,通过振型分析发现,具有对称双塔的大底盘多塔楼隔震结构,由于结构对称,可将模型简化为直接简化为单塔结构分析即可,接着针对不对称大底盘多塔楼隔震结构,分别进行了竖向地震作用下、双向水平地震作用下和三向地震作用下的振动分析,利用一个典型的大底盘多塔楼隔震结构实例,分析了底盘高度,塔楼质量分布,塔楼刚度分布对隔震效果和隔震支座受力的影响,给出了大底盘多塔楼隔震结构的设计建议。
(4)针对独立柱头隔震结构,考虑隔震支座水平位移产生的P-△效应,分别对独立柱与支座的局部体系和整个隔震体系进行稳定性分析。对独立柱与隔震支座的局部体系建立平衡方程,推导出静载下支座水平位移与水平荷载之间的关系,并建立对独立柱与隔震支座串联体系的失稳条件,得到给定体系、给定竖向力作用下的极限水平荷载。同时,对独立柱头隔震结构进行了整体动力稳定性分析,建立结构失稳准则,并利用一个典型的带地下室的隔震结构实例,讨论了地震作用、上部结构的竖向荷载和地下室柱刚度对结构稳定性的影响。
(5)针对超长隔震结构在温度和收缩效应下的变形问题,本文实际测试了一个94.2m的隔震结构在温度和收缩作用下隔震支座的变形,发现该工程在施工期间,端支座变形过大。利用理论计算,讨论了上部结构为钢筋混凝土框架的隔震结构在温度和收缩作用下的内力和变形,得到了隔震支座、上部结构内力和变形的基本规律。将建筑物按热工设计区域分类,给出不同地区的混凝土隔震结构的仲缩缝间距,并按照建筑物使用时的采暖情况,给出了施工期间隔震结构的后浇带间距,用于指导超长隔震结构的设计及施工。
(6)在汶川地震后,对几个已建隔震工程进行调查,观察了建筑物各部位的裂缝及破坏情况,并与附近不隔震结构的破坏情况进行对比。再对一个实际复杂隔震工程进行全寿命费用分析,并与不隔震时该结构的全寿命费用进行对比,由此评估了复杂隔震结构的抗震性能。最后,讨论了不同结构功能、不同使用年限对复杂隔震结构的全寿命费用影响,为复杂隔震结构的工程决策提供了一定的参考。
(7)由于Matlab程序不能脱离Matlab环境单独运行,采用Matlab与Java混合编程,用Java编制人机交互界而,Matlab进行隔震结构的各项分析计算。依据我国抗震规范设计要求,编制完成了一个隔震结构分析计算软件,该软件可进行复杂隔震结构的动力分析、稳定分析和全寿命费用分析。
In the developed isolation approach and the buildings functional requirement, the isolated buildings become complex in the structural type, such as the irregularity superstructure, the multi-tower base isolated structure with large bottom, long span building, isolators mounted on independent columns and so on. As to these complex isolated buildings, current references and studies don't account explicitly in response of structure and the influences of isolated buildings on cushioning effects. What's more, there have no concrete regulations concerning complex isolated buildings in prevailing codes, It is only suggested that the rules of irregularity fixed based buildings are referred to. Therefore, this paper makes a detailed and systematic discussion on some kind of complex isolated buildings and mainly focuses on the following things:
(1) To estimate the performance of vertical irregularity of isolated buildings, the vertical mass irregularity and vertical stiffness irregularity of isolated buildings are considered. A vertical irregular isolated building is derived for MDOF system, and the elastic and the elasto-plastic time history methods are used to analyze two actual multi-stories isolated buildings. Distributions of shear force and variability coefficients of shear force are discussed due to various mass and stiffness, Weak layers are indicated as to the vertical irregular isolated buildings. Some advices are presented in this paper for designing the vertical irregular isolated buildings.
(2) The rigid layers in series models is obtained as the torsional irregular isolated buildings and the torsional response of the torsional irregular isolated building is investigated, there are bidirectional lateral displacement and a torsional angle in a floor. With the objective of studying the influence of:the stiffness eccentricity in the superstructure; eccentricity in the isolation system; the stiffness of the isolation system. Results are presented in torsional amplification of isolation. Proposed guideline define that a base-isolated building has torsional irregularity.
(3) The special type isolated building defined as multi-tower with large bottom is discussed in this paper. The rigid layers in series/parallels models are obtained and the elastic time history method is used to analyze the performance and response of structure. Model analysis is applied to symmetric multi-tower with large bottom isolated building. The results reveal that the symmetric multi-tower isolated building with large bottom can be a simplified general isolated building. With the objective of studying the influence of the mass eccentricity in the towers and the asymmetric towers, coefficients of shear force, the ratios of period and the ratios of drift are discussed. An actual multi-tower isolated building with large bottom is used to compare the response in the vertical earthquake, bidirectional lateral earthquake with tri-directional earthquake, the effects of bottom height, the mass eccentricity in the towers and the asymmetric towers are investigated. It is concluded from the study that the multi-tower base isolated building with large floor should be symmetric and central in order to increase performance of isolation.
(4) When isolators are mounted on independent columns, large displacement of the isolator in the earthquake results to P-Δeffects. The special type isolated building is defined as isolator mounted on independent column isolated building. This special type isolated building is possible to be development of overall or local structural instability under earthquake due to P-Δeffects. This paper deals with the local isolators mounted on independent column static stability equilibrium equation, the failure criteria of local structures and the ultimate lateral force is revealed. What's more, the overall structural dynamic stability is investigated. An actual special isolated building is carried out to discuss the dynamic failure of structure with the effect of earthquake, vertical force and stiffness of independent column.
(5) The deformation of isolators of an actual long span isolated building is tested due to temperature variation and concrete contraction, the results reveal that the end isolators deformation has exceeded the tolerance deviation. Therefore, the reinforced concrete frame isolated building is analyzed the response under temperature variation and concrete contraction, the rules about deformation and force of isolators and superstructures are obtained. According to buildings thermal design region, the distance of expansion joint of isolated building are proposed in different regions. Meanwhile, the distance of construction joint are defined due to heating design of building.
(6) The observation and the life cost analysis are described the seismic performance of complex isolated buildings. Several actual isolated buildings are investigated after Wenchuang earthquake, the cracks and destructions of buildings are observed. The cost-effective seismic performance criteria are proposed. The costs of construction, failure consequences, including death and injuries, as well as discounting cost over time, are considered. The selection of building function and buildings life are evaluated to influent life cost of the complex isolated buildings.
(7) This paper use Matlab and Java to accomplish the complex isolated buildings analysis software. According to Chinese seismic design code, the software can be employed to calculate the dynamic response, stability analysis and life cost anlysis.
引文
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