氮肥运筹对高产春玉米生长发育及氮素利用的影响
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摘要
2010年在地处西辽河平原的内蒙古民族大学农场,采用田间试验的方法研究了氮肥运筹对高产春玉米生长发育及氮素利用的影响。结果表明：
Opt N与其它处理相比具有相对较大的叶面积指数、叶向值和较小的叶倾角。各氮肥处理间,叶片叶绿素[Chl(a+b)]含量以Opt N相对较高。春玉米的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和单株光合能力随生育时期的推移均呈先升后降的变化趋势,各光合指标均在吐丝期达到最大。不同生育时期,净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和单株光合能力均表现为Opt N最高,CK最低,其它处理介于二者之间。瞬时光能利用率和瞬时水分利用率均表现为Opt N最高,CK最低。受净光合速率的影响,叶源量的大小依次为Opt N、130%Opt N、70%Opt N、HN和CK。
各处理单位面积冠层干物质积累量(y)依出苗后的天数(x)的增长过程符合Logistic方程y=k/(1+α×exp-bx)。拟合方程的相关系数均达到了极显著水平。最大积累速率以OptN最大,分别较130%Opt N、70%Opt N、H N和CK高出7.18%、10.70%、19.51%和35.91%。地上各器官同化物转运效率均以Opt N最高。根干重随生育时期的推移呈先增后减的趋势,吐丝期达到最大。各处理间生育时期根干重均以Opt N最大。对各处理单位面积根系干重(y)依出苗后天数(x)的增长过程进行方程模拟,符合二次曲线y=c+bx-ax2。
各处理间植株氮素养分含量均表现吐丝期大于完熟期。吐丝期和完熟期均以130%Opt N最大,Opt N次之,CK最小；植株氮素的累积量在吐丝期和完熟期均以Opt N最大；氮生理效率以CK最大,70%Opt N次之,Opt N最小,总体上是随着施氮水平的增加而降低；氮素利用效率总体上表现为低氮水平下较高,高氮水平下较低；氮收获指数以Opt N最高,以130%Opt N最低；氮肥的吸收量在播种—吐丝期和吐丝—完熟期均以Opt N最大,130%Opt N次之,70%Opt N最小。氮肥生理利用率、氮肥效率和氮素吸收效率总体上是随施氮量的增加而下降,氮肥的利用率以Opt N最大,70%Opt N次之,H N最小
春玉米的产量以Opt N最大,为15.18t/hm2,分别较130%Opt N、70%Opt N、HN和CK的产量高6.83%、11.54%、11.70%和46.24%。
研究结果证实,Opt N处理下春玉米光合能力强,干物质积累与同化物转运率大,产量及氮肥利用率高等特点,是西辽河平原高产春玉米最佳的氮肥管理模式。
Effects of nitrogen application schemes on the growth and nitrogen use efficiency of super-yield spring maize were studied by the methods of field experiment on a farm of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities located in the plain of West Liao river in2010. The results showed that:
Opt N treated condition had relatively larger leaf area index, light orientation voltage and smaller leaf angle compared with other treatment. Content of leaf chlorophyll,Opt N treated condition had relatively higher between nitrogen treatment. Net photosynthetic rate. transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity in plant of spring maize with the lapse of the growth period appeared as increased first and decreased afterwards that silking stage reached the maximum of each index. Net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity in plant with the Opt N treated condition of the highest, the CK of the lowest and the others are between them at different growth stages. The light energy utilization of instantaneous and water use efficiency of instantaneous with the Opt N treated condition of the highest, the CK of the lowest. By the influence of the net photosynthetic rate, the amount of Leaf source capacity to order for treated condition of Opt N,130%Opt N,70%Opt N, H N and CK.
The dry matter accumulation(y)of unit area accorded with Logistic curve equation of y=k/(1+a×exp-bx) to the number of days (x)after seedling growth process between nitrogen treatments. The correlation coefficient all reached significant.The max accumulation rate to Opt N treated condition was the biggest, respectively from130%Opt N,70%Opt N, H N and CK were higher by7.18%,10.70%,19.51%and35.91%. Each organs assimilate transportation efficiency of aboveground Opt N treated condition was all the greatest. Root dry weight with the lapse of the growth period appeared as increased first and decreased afterwards that silking stage reached the maximum. At different growth stages the root dry weight of Opt N treated condition was maximum between nitrogen treatment. The root dry weight accumulation (y) of unit area accorded with quadratic curves of y=c+bx-ax2to the number of days (x)after seedling growth process between nitrogen treatment.
The content of nitrogen in maize plant between nitrogen treatments, silking stage were higher than physiological maturity,both silking stage and physiological maturity has the maximum when treated with130%Opt N and the secondary by using Opt N while the lowest when using CK. Both silking stage and physiological maturity the nitrogen accumulation of plant, Opt N treated condition were all the biggest; Nitrogen physiology efficiency has the maximum when treated with CK, and the secondary by using70%Opt N, while the lowest when using Opt N. With the increase of levels of nitrogen application, the nitrogen physiology efficiency generally decreased.Nitrogen utilization efficiency overall performance for low nitrogen level was higher, high nitrogen level was lower; Nitrogen harvest index with the Opt N treated condition of the highest, the130%Opt N of the lowest; The absorption of nitrogen has the highest when treated with Opt N, and the secondary by using130%Opt N, while the lowest when using70%Opt N in the seeding-silking stage and silking stage-physiological maturity. Rate of nitrogen fertilizer physiological utilization, nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer absorbing efficiency all decreased with the increasing of levels of application. Rate of nitrogen fertilizer utilization was highest when treated with Opt N, and the secondary by using70%Opt N, while the lowest when using H N.
Spring maize has the hightest yield when treated with Opt N(15.18t/hm2), respectively from130%Opt N,70%Opt N, H N and CK were higher by6.83%,11.54%,11.70%and46.24%.
The results showed that:Super-yield maize had stronger photosynthetic capacity, greater dry matter accumulation and assimilate transportation efficiency, higher yield and nitrogen use efficiency under Opt N treatment, which was the best nitrogen fertilizer management mode for super-yield maize in the plain of West Liao river.
Opt N与其它处理相比具有相对较大的叶面积指数、叶向值和较小的叶倾角。各氮肥处理间,叶片叶绿素[Chl(a+b)]含量以Opt N相对较高。春玉米的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和单株光合能力随生育时期的推移均呈先升后降的变化趋势,各光合指标均在吐丝期达到最大。不同生育时期,净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和单株光合能力均表现为Opt N最高,CK最低,其它处理介于二者之间。瞬时光能利用率和瞬时水分利用率均表现为Opt N最高,CK最低。受净光合速率的影响,叶源量的大小依次为Opt N、130%Opt N、70%Opt N、HN和CK。
各处理单位面积冠层干物质积累量(y)依出苗后的天数(x)的增长过程符合Logistic方程y=k/(1+α×exp-bx)。拟合方程的相关系数均达到了极显著水平。最大积累速率以OptN最大,分别较130%Opt N、70%Opt N、H N和CK高出7.18%、10.70%、19.51%和35.91%。地上各器官同化物转运效率均以Opt N最高。根干重随生育时期的推移呈先增后减的趋势,吐丝期达到最大。各处理间生育时期根干重均以Opt N最大。对各处理单位面积根系干重(y)依出苗后天数(x)的增长过程进行方程模拟,符合二次曲线y=c+bx-ax2。
各处理间植株氮素养分含量均表现吐丝期大于完熟期。吐丝期和完熟期均以130%Opt N最大,Opt N次之,CK最小；植株氮素的累积量在吐丝期和完熟期均以Opt N最大；氮生理效率以CK最大,70%Opt N次之,Opt N最小,总体上是随着施氮水平的增加而降低；氮素利用效率总体上表现为低氮水平下较高,高氮水平下较低；氮收获指数以Opt N最高,以130%Opt N最低；氮肥的吸收量在播种—吐丝期和吐丝—完熟期均以Opt N最大,130%Opt N次之,70%Opt N最小。氮肥生理利用率、氮肥效率和氮素吸收效率总体上是随施氮量的增加而下降,氮肥的利用率以Opt N最大,70%Opt N次之,H N最小
春玉米的产量以Opt N最大,为15.18t/hm2,分别较130%Opt N、70%Opt N、HN和CK的产量高6.83%、11.54%、11.70%和46.24%。
研究结果证实,Opt N处理下春玉米光合能力强,干物质积累与同化物转运率大,产量及氮肥利用率高等特点,是西辽河平原高产春玉米最佳的氮肥管理模式。
Effects of nitrogen application schemes on the growth and nitrogen use efficiency of super-yield spring maize were studied by the methods of field experiment on a farm of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities located in the plain of West Liao river in2010. The results showed that:
Opt N treated condition had relatively larger leaf area index, light orientation voltage and smaller leaf angle compared with other treatment. Content of leaf chlorophyll,Opt N treated condition had relatively higher between nitrogen treatment. Net photosynthetic rate. transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity in plant of spring maize with the lapse of the growth period appeared as increased first and decreased afterwards that silking stage reached the maximum of each index. Net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity in plant with the Opt N treated condition of the highest, the CK of the lowest and the others are between them at different growth stages. The light energy utilization of instantaneous and water use efficiency of instantaneous with the Opt N treated condition of the highest, the CK of the lowest. By the influence of the net photosynthetic rate, the amount of Leaf source capacity to order for treated condition of Opt N,130%Opt N,70%Opt N, H N and CK.
The dry matter accumulation(y)of unit area accorded with Logistic curve equation of y=k/(1+a×exp-bx) to the number of days (x)after seedling growth process between nitrogen treatments. The correlation coefficient all reached significant.The max accumulation rate to Opt N treated condition was the biggest, respectively from130%Opt N,70%Opt N, H N and CK were higher by7.18%,10.70%,19.51%and35.91%. Each organs assimilate transportation efficiency of aboveground Opt N treated condition was all the greatest. Root dry weight with the lapse of the growth period appeared as increased first and decreased afterwards that silking stage reached the maximum. At different growth stages the root dry weight of Opt N treated condition was maximum between nitrogen treatment. The root dry weight accumulation (y) of unit area accorded with quadratic curves of y=c+bx-ax2to the number of days (x)after seedling growth process between nitrogen treatment.
The content of nitrogen in maize plant between nitrogen treatments, silking stage were higher than physiological maturity,both silking stage and physiological maturity has the maximum when treated with130%Opt N and the secondary by using Opt N while the lowest when using CK. Both silking stage and physiological maturity the nitrogen accumulation of plant, Opt N treated condition were all the biggest; Nitrogen physiology efficiency has the maximum when treated with CK, and the secondary by using70%Opt N, while the lowest when using Opt N. With the increase of levels of nitrogen application, the nitrogen physiology efficiency generally decreased.Nitrogen utilization efficiency overall performance for low nitrogen level was higher, high nitrogen level was lower; Nitrogen harvest index with the Opt N treated condition of the highest, the130%Opt N of the lowest; The absorption of nitrogen has the highest when treated with Opt N, and the secondary by using130%Opt N, while the lowest when using70%Opt N in the seeding-silking stage and silking stage-physiological maturity. Rate of nitrogen fertilizer physiological utilization, nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer absorbing efficiency all decreased with the increasing of levels of application. Rate of nitrogen fertilizer utilization was highest when treated with Opt N, and the secondary by using70%Opt N, while the lowest when using H N.
Spring maize has the hightest yield when treated with Opt N(15.18t/hm2), respectively from130%Opt N,70%Opt N, H N and CK were higher by6.83%,11.54%,11.70%and46.24%.
The results showed that:Super-yield maize had stronger photosynthetic capacity, greater dry matter accumulation and assimilate transportation efficiency, higher yield and nitrogen use efficiency under Opt N treatment, which was the best nitrogen fertilizer management mode for super-yield maize in the plain of West Liao river.
引文
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