基于CPLD的CCD测距系统的设计与实现
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摘要
随着测量精度、测量速度的不断提高,非接触式测量方法由于其良好的精确性、实时性以及无损坏等特点在很多领域已逐渐替代传统的接触式测量方法。线阵CCD (Charge Coupled Device,电荷耦合器件)作为一种以单个电荷为载体信号的半导体器件,在借助合适的驱动电路和光学系统的前提下,就可以实现很高的测量精度,因而被广泛应用于监控、检测、测量等领域。
本文利用直射式激光三角测量法原理,使用CPLD(Complex Programmable Logic Device,复杂可编程逻辑器件)驱动线阵CCD作为测量传感器,半导体激光管作为传感器的感应光源,并采用单片机作为控制核心设计了一种高精度、宽量程的非接触式测距系统。
论文首先调研了激光三角测距技术的国内外研究现状,然后介绍了激光三角法测量距离的原理,并对线阵CCD器件及其基本工作原理、主要性能指标等进行了分析研究。其次,详细介绍了系统的硬件实现和软件设计,CCD传感器将激光信号转化为电信号,并通过简单的放大、滤波电路的处理,然后送至单片机进行A/D转换,继而将数据信息通过RS-232C串行通信发送到上位机进行后续处理。论文最后对系统的调试、实验过程做了说明,对实验结果和实验误差进行了分析,并提出了系统进一步研究和改进的方向。
本文介绍的激光三角测距系统采用CPLD来设计线阵CCD的驱动时序,CCD的光积分时间是可调的,这不仅提高了电路的可靠性和灵活性,还缩小了系统硬件装置的体积；使用单片机作为控制核心也十分简单,还节约了成本,测量系统的精度理论上可以达到0.1mm,量程最大可以达到20cm,本研究在常见的非接触式测量应用中有很好的使用前景。
With the elevated speed and precision in the area of measurement, non-contact measurement is replacing traditional contact measurement in many fields due to its good accuracy, real-time and no damage. As a semiconductor device that use single charge as its sensor signal, Liner CCD can easily achieve very high accuracy under suitable drive circuit, and it is used widely in the area of monitoring, examination and measurement.
In this thesis, based on direct light of Laser Triangulation Measuring principle, a non-contact measurement system with high precision and wide range is designed, which is mainly controlled by Single Chip Micro-computer. It uses the programmable logic device (CPLD) to realize the CCD drive circuit. The transducer's laser source is semiconductor laser diode.
Firstly, research is carried out in current study situation both at home and abroad, and Laser Triangulation Measuring principle is described. Secondly, the working principle and chief properties of Liner CCD are analyzed. Thirdly, the hardware structure and software design of the system is introduced in detail. The optical signals are converted to electric signals by laser-CCD sensors, then sent to Single Chip Micro-computer for A/D transform before amplifying and filtering, the acquired data will be transmitted to the upper computer by the serial communication of RS-232C for further processing. Lastly, System Adjustment and experiment process were demonstrated, analysis is made on the experimental results and errors, and some opinions for further improvement of performances of the system were given.
In this paper, CCD timing pulses of Laser Triangulation Measuring System was generated by using CPLD as the control core, and it's integral time is adjustable as required. This not only increased the reliability and flexibility of the circuit, but also reduced the size of the hardware apparatus. In addition, taking MCS-51 single chip as processor is very simple, the cost is also reduced. The measurement system has a very good application prospect among non-contact measurement area, with its precision as high as 0.1mm and measure range of 20cm in theory.
本文利用直射式激光三角测量法原理,使用CPLD(Complex Programmable Logic Device,复杂可编程逻辑器件)驱动线阵CCD作为测量传感器,半导体激光管作为传感器的感应光源,并采用单片机作为控制核心设计了一种高精度、宽量程的非接触式测距系统。
论文首先调研了激光三角测距技术的国内外研究现状,然后介绍了激光三角法测量距离的原理,并对线阵CCD器件及其基本工作原理、主要性能指标等进行了分析研究。其次,详细介绍了系统的硬件实现和软件设计,CCD传感器将激光信号转化为电信号,并通过简单的放大、滤波电路的处理,然后送至单片机进行A/D转换,继而将数据信息通过RS-232C串行通信发送到上位机进行后续处理。论文最后对系统的调试、实验过程做了说明,对实验结果和实验误差进行了分析,并提出了系统进一步研究和改进的方向。
本文介绍的激光三角测距系统采用CPLD来设计线阵CCD的驱动时序,CCD的光积分时间是可调的,这不仅提高了电路的可靠性和灵活性,还缩小了系统硬件装置的体积；使用单片机作为控制核心也十分简单,还节约了成本,测量系统的精度理论上可以达到0.1mm,量程最大可以达到20cm,本研究在常见的非接触式测量应用中有很好的使用前景。
With the elevated speed and precision in the area of measurement, non-contact measurement is replacing traditional contact measurement in many fields due to its good accuracy, real-time and no damage. As a semiconductor device that use single charge as its sensor signal, Liner CCD can easily achieve very high accuracy under suitable drive circuit, and it is used widely in the area of monitoring, examination and measurement.
In this thesis, based on direct light of Laser Triangulation Measuring principle, a non-contact measurement system with high precision and wide range is designed, which is mainly controlled by Single Chip Micro-computer. It uses the programmable logic device (CPLD) to realize the CCD drive circuit. The transducer's laser source is semiconductor laser diode.
Firstly, research is carried out in current study situation both at home and abroad, and Laser Triangulation Measuring principle is described. Secondly, the working principle and chief properties of Liner CCD are analyzed. Thirdly, the hardware structure and software design of the system is introduced in detail. The optical signals are converted to electric signals by laser-CCD sensors, then sent to Single Chip Micro-computer for A/D transform before amplifying and filtering, the acquired data will be transmitted to the upper computer by the serial communication of RS-232C for further processing. Lastly, System Adjustment and experiment process were demonstrated, analysis is made on the experimental results and errors, and some opinions for further improvement of performances of the system were given.
In this paper, CCD timing pulses of Laser Triangulation Measuring System was generated by using CPLD as the control core, and it's integral time is adjustable as required. This not only increased the reliability and flexibility of the circuit, but also reduced the size of the hardware apparatus. In addition, taking MCS-51 single chip as processor is very simple, the cost is also reduced. The measurement system has a very good application prospect among non-contact measurement area, with its precision as high as 0.1mm and measure range of 20cm in theory.
引文
[1]康维新,齐建家等.传感器与检测技术[M].北京：中国轻工业出版社,2009.
[2]张璐.基于CCD的激光测距系统研究[D].天津：南开大学,2006.5：11.
[3]郝晓剑,李仰军等.光电探测技术与应用[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2009.
[4]金文燕.基于CCD的激光三角测距传感器建模与优化研究[D].上海：上海交通大学,2006.1：4-5.
[5]Saito K. Non-contact 3-D Digitizing and Machining System for Free-form Surface [J].Annals of CIRP.1991,40(1):483-486.
[6]Wang H, Hernandez RV. Laser Scanner and Direction Pattern Detection:A Novel Concept for Dynamic Gauging of the Wires[J]. Meas-Sic-Technol.1995(6):452.
[7]Keyence位移传感器www.keyence.com.cn.
[8]刘立波.基于DSP的激光三角测距传感器研究[D].上海：上海交通大学,2008.1：2.
[9]罗立强.激光三角测量装置的优化研究[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学,2008.9：2.
[10]孙军利.基于线阵CCD的激光三角测距传感器数据处理算法的研究[D].上海：上
海交通大学,2006.1：4.
[11]Ji Z, Leu M C. Design of optical triangulation devices[J]. Optics & Laser Tech n-ology,1989,21(5):335-339.
[12]王晓嘉,高隽等,激光三角法综述[J].仪器仪表学报,2004年8月,25(4)：601.
[13]Johnston I A, Jacobs P A. A study of flush airdata system calibration using nu-merical simulation[R]. Brisbane Australia:The University of Queensland,1998.
[14]LC Gomez-Pavon, M A Rojas Aparicio, E Juarez Ruiz, etc. Optoelectronic Auto-mated System for Length and Profile Measurements, proceedings of world acade-my of science, engineering and technology,2006, volume 15:191-194.
[15]Demeyere M, Rurimunzu D. Diameter Measurement of Spherical Objects by Las-er Triangulation in an Ambulatory Context[J]. INSTRUMENTATION AND MEA S-UREMENT,2007,VOL.56, NO.3:867.
[16]冯俊艳,冯其波等.高精度激光三角位移传感器的技术现状[J].应用光学,2004,25(3)：33.
[17]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheimpflug_principle.
[18]阳道善,陈吉红等.线结构激光-机器视觉三角测量光路设计[J].光学技术,2001,2(27),120-121.
[19]刘维,韩旭东等.激光三角法在位移测量中的应用[J].光学精密工程,2004,12(4)：105.
[20]冯金城.高精度实时激光三角测距系统设计[D].南京：南京理工大学,2008.6：7.
[21]T A Clarke, T V Grattan, etc. Laser-based triangulation techniques in optical ins pection of industrial structures. SPIE, Optical Testing and Metrology Ⅲ:Recent Advances in Industrial Optical Inspection,1990,Vol.1332:474-486.
[22]祝杰,戴立铭等.激光三角法测量位移[J].仪表技术与传感器,1992,第1期：19
[23]王庆有.CCD应用技术[M].天津：天津大学出版社,2000.
[24]张展霞,刘洪涛等.电荷耦合器件及其应用进展[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2000,20(2)：160.
[25]黄铮光.基于线阵CCD的高速物体的速度和位置测量[D].南京：南京理工大学,2010.6：8-9.
[26]梁忠望.线阵CCD数据采集电路研究[D].长沙：湖南大学,2010.4：13-14.
[27]张华.基于PSD的测距系统研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2005.1：13.
[28]Baoqiang Li, Tiegen Liu, etc. Dynamic displacement measurement of lo-we mem brane reactor by PSD based on laser-triangulation method, Proceedings o-f the S PIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering,2007,Vol.6829:1-8.
[29]Zhongxin L, Zhilin W, etc. Testing Method with CCD Laser Disp-lacement Sens or for the Automat Motion of Firearm[J]. http://d.g.wanfangdata.com.cn/Conferenc e_WFHYXW348380.aspx.
[30]http://baike.baidu.com/view/52118.htm.
[31]王以铭.电荷耦合器件原理与应用[M].北京：科学出版社,1987.
[32]R E Colbeth, R A LaRue. A CCD frequency prescaler for broadband application s[J]. IEEE JOURNAL. OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS,VOL.28,NO.8,AUGUST 19 93:922.
[33]张倩.线阵CCD参量测试系统[D].大连：大连理工大学,2006.12：4-7
[34]闫成彦.基于USB的线阵CCD图像采集系统[D].大连：大连理工大学,2009.11：10-11.
[35]张勇,唐本奇等.基于CPLD的CCD通用驱动电路设计方法[J].核电子学与探测技术,2005,25(2)：214.
[36]张智辉,田地等.线阵CCD驱动电路设计的几种方法[J].仪表技术与传感器,2004,6：32-33.
[37]徐造林.线阵CCD与单片机的一种接口[J].自动化与仪表,2001,16(4)：68-68
[38]http://www.icminer.com/datasheet/pdf/TCD2901D.html.
[39]徐伟业,江冰等CPLD/FPGA的发展与应用之比较[J].现代电子技术,2007,2(241)：6.
[40]Data Sheet:MAX 7000 Programmable Logic Device Family. Altera Corporation, September 2005,version 6.7.
[41]STC12C5A60S2AD系列单片机用户手册www.STCMCU.com.
[42]周雷.CCD非接触几何测量系统的设计与实现[D].大连：大连理工大学,2007.12：20.
[43]http://baike.baidu.com/view/790041.htm.
[44]雷玉堂,王庆有等.光电检测技术[M].北京：中国计量出版社,2006.
[45]江思敏.PCB和电磁兼容设计[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2006.
[46]马长林,陈怡等.单片机实践应用与技术[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2008.
[47]黄正谨,徐坚等CPLD系统设计技术入门与应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2002.
[48]李洪伟,袁斯华.基于Quartues II的FPGA/CPLD设计[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2006.
[49]ALTERA所有主流器件软件中文选型手册http://www.21 control.com/download/dat a/soft/980.html.
[50]罗韬.路基振动的非接触测量[D].天津：天津大学,2006.1：37.
[51]徐志军,尹廷辉.数字逻辑原理与VHDL设计[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2008.
[52]张卓敏.基于CPLD的超声波水位测量系统的研究[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2010
[53]王庆有.图像传感器应用技术[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2003.
[54]孟继轲.基于单片机的线阵CCD驱动设计[J].太原：太原科技大学学报,2007,28(6)：483.
[2]张璐.基于CCD的激光测距系统研究[D].天津：南开大学,2006.5：11.
[3]郝晓剑,李仰军等.光电探测技术与应用[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2009.
[4]金文燕.基于CCD的激光三角测距传感器建模与优化研究[D].上海：上海交通大学,2006.1：4-5.
[5]Saito K. Non-contact 3-D Digitizing and Machining System for Free-form Surface [J].Annals of CIRP.1991,40(1):483-486.
[6]Wang H, Hernandez RV. Laser Scanner and Direction Pattern Detection:A Novel Concept for Dynamic Gauging of the Wires[J]. Meas-Sic-Technol.1995(6):452.
[7]Keyence位移传感器www.keyence.com.cn.
[8]刘立波.基于DSP的激光三角测距传感器研究[D].上海：上海交通大学,2008.1：2.
[9]罗立强.激光三角测量装置的优化研究[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学,2008.9：2.
[10]孙军利.基于线阵CCD的激光三角测距传感器数据处理算法的研究[D].上海：上
海交通大学,2006.1：4.
[11]Ji Z, Leu M C. Design of optical triangulation devices[J]. Optics & Laser Tech n-ology,1989,21(5):335-339.
[12]王晓嘉,高隽等,激光三角法综述[J].仪器仪表学报,2004年8月,25(4)：601.
[13]Johnston I A, Jacobs P A. A study of flush airdata system calibration using nu-merical simulation[R]. Brisbane Australia:The University of Queensland,1998.
[14]LC Gomez-Pavon, M A Rojas Aparicio, E Juarez Ruiz, etc. Optoelectronic Auto-mated System for Length and Profile Measurements, proceedings of world acade-my of science, engineering and technology,2006, volume 15:191-194.
[15]Demeyere M, Rurimunzu D. Diameter Measurement of Spherical Objects by Las-er Triangulation in an Ambulatory Context[J]. INSTRUMENTATION AND MEA S-UREMENT,2007,VOL.56, NO.3:867.
[16]冯俊艳,冯其波等.高精度激光三角位移传感器的技术现状[J].应用光学,2004,25(3)：33.
[17]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheimpflug_principle.
[18]阳道善,陈吉红等.线结构激光-机器视觉三角测量光路设计[J].光学技术,2001,2(27),120-121.
[19]刘维,韩旭东等.激光三角法在位移测量中的应用[J].光学精密工程,2004,12(4)：105.
[20]冯金城.高精度实时激光三角测距系统设计[D].南京：南京理工大学,2008.6：7.
[21]T A Clarke, T V Grattan, etc. Laser-based triangulation techniques in optical ins pection of industrial structures. SPIE, Optical Testing and Metrology Ⅲ:Recent Advances in Industrial Optical Inspection,1990,Vol.1332:474-486.
[22]祝杰,戴立铭等.激光三角法测量位移[J].仪表技术与传感器,1992,第1期：19
[23]王庆有.CCD应用技术[M].天津：天津大学出版社,2000.
[24]张展霞,刘洪涛等.电荷耦合器件及其应用进展[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2000,20(2)：160.
[25]黄铮光.基于线阵CCD的高速物体的速度和位置测量[D].南京：南京理工大学,2010.6：8-9.
[26]梁忠望.线阵CCD数据采集电路研究[D].长沙：湖南大学,2010.4：13-14.
[27]张华.基于PSD的测距系统研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2005.1：13.
[28]Baoqiang Li, Tiegen Liu, etc. Dynamic displacement measurement of lo-we mem brane reactor by PSD based on laser-triangulation method, Proceedings o-f the S PIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering,2007,Vol.6829:1-8.
[29]Zhongxin L, Zhilin W, etc. Testing Method with CCD Laser Disp-lacement Sens or for the Automat Motion of Firearm[J]. http://d.g.wanfangdata.com.cn/Conferenc e_WFHYXW348380.aspx.
[30]http://baike.baidu.com/view/52118.htm.
[31]王以铭.电荷耦合器件原理与应用[M].北京：科学出版社,1987.
[32]R E Colbeth, R A LaRue. A CCD frequency prescaler for broadband application s[J]. IEEE JOURNAL. OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS,VOL.28,NO.8,AUGUST 19 93:922.
[33]张倩.线阵CCD参量测试系统[D].大连：大连理工大学,2006.12：4-7
[34]闫成彦.基于USB的线阵CCD图像采集系统[D].大连：大连理工大学,2009.11：10-11.
[35]张勇,唐本奇等.基于CPLD的CCD通用驱动电路设计方法[J].核电子学与探测技术,2005,25(2)：214.
[36]张智辉,田地等.线阵CCD驱动电路设计的几种方法[J].仪表技术与传感器,2004,6：32-33.
[37]徐造林.线阵CCD与单片机的一种接口[J].自动化与仪表,2001,16(4)：68-68
[38]http://www.icminer.com/datasheet/pdf/TCD2901D.html.
[39]徐伟业,江冰等CPLD/FPGA的发展与应用之比较[J].现代电子技术,2007,2(241)：6.
[40]Data Sheet:MAX 7000 Programmable Logic Device Family. Altera Corporation, September 2005,version 6.7.
[41]STC12C5A60S2AD系列单片机用户手册www.STCMCU.com.
[42]周雷.CCD非接触几何测量系统的设计与实现[D].大连：大连理工大学,2007.12：20.
[43]http://baike.baidu.com/view/790041.htm.
[44]雷玉堂,王庆有等.光电检测技术[M].北京：中国计量出版社,2006.
[45]江思敏.PCB和电磁兼容设计[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2006.
[46]马长林,陈怡等.单片机实践应用与技术[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2008.
[47]黄正谨,徐坚等CPLD系统设计技术入门与应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2002.
[48]李洪伟,袁斯华.基于Quartues II的FPGA/CPLD设计[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2006.
[49]ALTERA所有主流器件软件中文选型手册http://www.21 control.com/download/dat a/soft/980.html.
[50]罗韬.路基振动的非接触测量[D].天津：天津大学,2006.1：37.
[51]徐志军,尹廷辉.数字逻辑原理与VHDL设计[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2008.
[52]张卓敏.基于CPLD的超声波水位测量系统的研究[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2010
[53]王庆有.图像传感器应用技术[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2003.
[54]孟继轲.基于单片机的线阵CCD驱动设计[J].太原：太原科技大学学报,2007,28(6)：483.