中国经济转型期地方政府投资行为研究
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摘要
中国经济自改革开放以来保持了30多年的持续快速增长,创造了举世瞩目的增长奇迹。特别是在国际金融危机的背景下仍能保持较快增长,成为世界经济复苏与增长的引擎。大量的研究表明,推动中国经济高速增长的主要因素是生产要素的投入,尤其是资本要素的大量增加,中国经济是一种投入型增长模式。从经济增长的行为主体看,尽管市场化改革,越来越强化企业的投资主体地位,但在经济转型时期,政府的作用仍很突出。特别是行政性分权改革使地方政府获得了前所未有的经济权力,成为经济增长的重要主体。在我国30多年中地方政府的投资一直增长较快,地方政府投资行为绩效显著,不仅促进了地方经济的发展,而且对中国经济保持较快增长发挥了重要作用,地方政府投资是实现中国经济持续高速增长的重要基础。
     地方政府投资行为是地方政府在其投资动机的驱使下为达到既定目标作出的具体投资活动。地方政府的投资行为是否合理取决于其投资动机、投资目标和投资手段是否合理。本论文运用西方经济学的政府行为理论、区域投资理论及制度经济学等相关理论,通过博弈和均衡方法,对我国地方政府投资行为进行分析,重点研究在制度变迁过程中(经济转型期)地方政府投资行为强化和异化的原因;深入分析政府主导型市场经济和财政分权体制对地方政府投资行为动机、利益目标、约束条件、博弈策略的影响,揭示地方政府投资行为异化的制度根源,并从理论和实证的角度进一步探讨地方政府投资行为对辖区经济和宏观经济的积极作用和不利影响,进而提出合理规制地方政府投资行为的对策建议。通过研究有助于全面了解和分析我国经济转型期存在的地方保护、重复建设、界别机会主义、比拼优惠招商等不合理的地方政府行为的制度成因,从而科学合理界定地方政府职能,规范地方政府投资行为,建立体现科学发展观要求的地方政府投资行为规制,保持经济平稳持续增长。
     地方政府投资行为在经济转型期有其合理性、必然性,但我国经济转型期地方政府迫于财政压力、辖区间竞争和政绩显示的压力,其投资行为会出现变异,即地方政府片面追求地方利益,对国家和社会发展起负面作用的地方主义投资行为。政府投资行为不规范是我国投资领域存在的主要问题之一。全文共分为六部分:
     绪论:阐述论文研究的目的和意义,界定地方政府投资行为,主要对既有的研究成果进行总结和简要评述,提出论文的基本思路和框架结构。
     第一章:经济转型期地方政府投资行为的理论前提。西方经济学关于政府干预经济与政府行为理论为研究经济转型期地方政府投资行为奠定宏观理论基础,而区域投资理论为研究地方政府投资行为提供微观方法论指导。政府投资行为作为重要制度变量对区域增长具有重要影响。我国经济转型期的特殊性和其“双重主题”的目标,使地方政府具有特殊地位和作用,其投资行为的产生具有必然性。
     第二章:经济转型期地方政府投资行为的实证分析。从实证角度对地方政府投资行为进行描述,分析地方政府的投资规模、投资结构和投资效率,得出实证研究的结论。为地方政府确立适度投资规模、优化投资结构和提高投资效率以及构建完善的投资决策和运行机制提供实践依据。
     第三章:经济转型期地方政府投资行为异化分析。我国经济转型期地方政府投资行为偏离合理投资行为轨道,地方政府投资过度所产生的异化行为有其深刻的制度根源。政府主导型经济是地方政府投资行为异化的重要前提,地方政府主导下的地方政府间竞争进一步异化了地方政府的投资行为。我国经济转型期财政分权体制所产生的“财政激励”和以经济绩效为主要考核标准的“晋升激励”,使地方政府投资职能泛化,产生强烈的过度投资行为倾向。
     第四章:地方政府投资行为对经济发展的影响分析。地方政府投资水平对于辖区短期的经济增长具有显著的正向影响,但地方政府为增长而投资的行为,长期中对辖区经济发展质量和结构造成不利影响。地方政府的过度投资加剧了地方债务的形成,不仅加重了地方财政负担,而且加大了金融风险。地方政府投资行为既是我国经济高速增长的主要原因,同时也是我国宏观经济波动的重要因素。
     第五章:矫正和规范地方政府的投资行为的对策选择。对地方政府投资行为的规制,首先要促进地方政府向公共服务型政府转变,明确界定地方政府的投资范围,规范政府与企业的关系,科学设置地方政府的政绩考评体系;第二要理顺中央政府与地方政府财税分配关系。在合理界定中央与地方事权基础上明确地方政府支出范围,严格预算约束;第三要加强宏观调控,通过宏观经济政策引导地方投资行为。完善政府投融资管理体制,促进经济发展方式转变,等等。
     研究经济转型期地方政府的投资行为问题,有利于深化理解我国经济转型期的特殊性质,有利于深入认识地方政府投资行为的制度基础,有利于深刻把握经济波动的深层原因,从而推动体制变革,加快转变经济发展方式,真正实现科学发展。
Chinese economy has kept increasing continually and quickly for more than30years since the reform and open to the outside world. The increase is amazing for thewhole world. With the background of worldwide financial crisis, Chinese economystill keeps quick increasing and becomes the engine of economic recovery and growth.Large numbers of researches show that the main factor which motivates the rapidincrease in China is the investment of production factors, especially the large increaseof capital element. The growth pattern in China is investment. From the point of viewof behavioral agents in economic growth, although market-oriented reform has beencarried out, the dominant position of business investment has been intensified further,but the government still plays an important role during the period of economictransformation. Administrative decentralization reform especially makes localgovernments possess unprecedented economic power and become the main subjectsof economic growth. For more than30years, the investment of local governmentsgrows quickly. The result of investment behavior is obvious. It not only motivates theeconomic development in regions, but plays an important role in keeping fast growthin Chinese economy. The investment of local governments is the importantfoundation in realizing the continual and rapid increase in Chinese economy.
     Driven by the investment motivation, the investment behavior of localgovernments is the specific investment activity of local governments in order to getthe desired objective. The rationality of investment behavior of local governmentsdepends on the rationality of its investment motivation, investment objective andinvestment methods. This essay applies some relative theories, such as, governmentbehavior theory in Western Economics, regional investment theory, and InstitutionalEconomics, etc. It analyzes investment behavior of local governments in Chinathrough the methods of gaming and equalization, particularly studies the cause ofintensification and alienation of investment behavior of local governments during the process of system transformation (economic transformation period). It analyzes indepth the influence of market economy led by governments and financialdecentralization system to the motivation, benefits target, constraint conditions, andgame strategies of investment behavior of local governments, reveals the system rootof the variance in investment behavior of local governments, and further explores thepositive aspects and adverse effects caused by investment behavior of localgovernments to regional economy and macro economy from theory and empiricalstudy. And then, strategies and suggestions on rationally regulating investmentbehavior of local governments are put forward. Through this research, it is helpful tounderstand and analyze the irrational system origins in local governments’ behavior,such as, local protection, repeated construction, opportunism in government sectors,and competing preferential investment policy, etc. which exist within economictransformation period. Therefore, the function of local governments can be definedscientifically. Investment behavior of local governments can be regulated. Theregulation and system of investment behavior can be established which embodies therequirement of scientific outlook on development. The steady and continual growth ofeconomy can be maintained.
     The investment behavior of local governments does have its rationality andnecessity during the economic transformation period. But during the period ofeconomic transformation in China, under the pressure of finance, competition withother local governments, and political achievements, the investment behavior of localgovernments may produce variance. That is, such investment behavior makes localgovernments pursue local benefits only, but produce adverse effects to thedevelopment of the whole nation and the whole society. One of the major problemsexisting in investment field in China is the non-standard investment behavior of localgovernments. There are six chapters in this essay.
     Introduction: Illustrate the purpose and significance of the essay. Defineinvestment behavior of local governments. Summarize and comment on the existingresearch findings briefly. Put forward the basic idea and the structure of the essay.
     Chapter One is about the theoretical premise of investment behavior of localgovernments during economic transformation period. Government intervention in economy in Western Economics and government behavior theory provide thefoundations of macro theory for studying investment behavior of local governmentsduring economic transformation period. And regional investment theory providesmicro methodology. As an important system variable, investment behavior of localgovernments has great influence on the economic growth within the region. Thedistinctiveness and the “Double Themes” existing in economic transformation periodin China make local governments possess special status and function. This is thenecessity of the emerging of investment behavior.
     Chapter Two is about the empirical analysis of investment behavior of localgovernments during economic transformation period. From empirical point of view,describe investment behavior of local governments; analyze investment scale,investment structure and investment efficiency; get the conclusion of empiricalresearch. Provide practical basis for local governments to establish moderateinvestment scale, optimize investment structure, improve investment efficiency, andbuild perfect investment strategies and mechanism.
     Chapter Three is about the alienation analysis of investment behavior of localgovernments during economic transformation period. The investment behavior oflocal governments may deviate from rational investment behavior orbit. Theexcessive investment brings about alienation which has deep system origins. Thegovernment-led economy is the important premise of the alienation of investmentbehavior. The competition among local governments which is dominated by localgovernments worsens the alienation of investment behavior. Within the period ofeconomic transformation in China,“Financial Incentives” created by financialdecentralization system and “Promotion Incentives” which is the main assessmentcriteria and which is used to measure economic performance, make the investmentfunction of local governments generalize and have the tendency of excessiveinvestment.
     Chapter Four is about the effect analysis of investment behavior of localgovernments to economic development. The levels of investment of localgovernments have remarkable positive effect to the short-term economic growth. Butfor the long-term quality and structure of economic development, the investment behavior of local governments for economic growth only can produce adverse effect.The excessive investment of local governments increases local debts. It increases notonly the pressure on local public finance, but risks of finance. The investmentbehavior of local governments is the main factor of the rapid growth of Chineseeconomy. It is also the key factor of fluctuation of macro economy.
     Chapter Five is about the choice of strategies which can correct and standardizethe investment behavior of local governments. Regulate the investment behavior oflocal governments. First of all, promote the changing of local governments intopublic service oriented governments. Define definitely the investment scope of localgovernments. Standardize the relationship between governments and enterprises. Setup scientific assessment system for local governments to assess their politicalachievements. Second, make clear the allocation of public finance and taxationbetween the central government and local governments. Define affairs and rightsbetween the central government and local governments reasonably. On the base of it,make clear the scope of expenditure of local governments. Strengthen budgetconstraints strictly. Third, strengthen macroeconomic controls. Direct investmentbehavior of local governments through macroeconomic policy. Completemanagement systems of investment and financing of local governments. Promote thetransforming of economic development pattern, etc.
     The study on investment behavior of local governments during economictransformation period is benefit to further understanding the special nature ofeconomic transformation in China, further knowing the systemic foundation ofinvestment behavior of local governments, and further grasping the underlyingreasons of economic fluctuation. And thus promote system reform; accelerate thetransformation of economic development pattern; and realize scientific development.
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