含水层下矸石充填采煤覆岩导水裂隙演化机理及控制研究
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摘要
固体充填采煤是我国自主研发并具有独立知识产权的技术，其技术内涵是采用机械化方式将矸石等固体废弃物充填入采空区，开采传统方式无法采出的煤炭资源并处理矿区固体废弃物。由于充填入采空区的固体废弃物控制了上覆岩层的移动和裂隙发育，为含水层下压煤矿区提供了一条安全有效的技术途径。
本文在简要介绍固体充填采煤技术及其岩层控制理论的基础上，采用理论分析、实验测试、数值模拟、物理模拟和工程实践等方法，系统研究了矸石充填采煤覆岩破坏程度和导水裂隙带发育范围与充实率之间的定量关系，给出了裂隙带形成过程中导水裂隙的演化规律。
论文首先分析了上覆岩层破坏的主要影响因素，研究了主要因素之一的固体充填材料压实变形特征；建立了矸石充填采煤采场基岩弹性地基叠合梁力学模型，对矸石充填采煤采场覆岩的破坏条件和破坏高度进行了计算研究；对相同充实率的矸石充填采煤和等价采高垮落法开采进行了物理相似模拟，揭露了矸石充填采煤覆岩导水裂隙沿工作面纵向和横向的发育特征和演化规律；对不同充实率下的矸石充填采煤采场进行了数值模拟，掌握了充实率与导水裂隙带高度的定量关系，设计了五沟煤矿试验区域采空区充实率指标并进行了工程应用。论文主要成果及创新点如下：
（1）建立了矸石充填采煤覆岩弹性地基叠层组合梁力学计算模型，利用弹性地基系数表现固体充填材料的密实度特性，推导出了上覆岩层的弯矩和挠度方程，确定出了基岩层破坏的临界条件，得出不同充实率条件下上覆岩层破坏的层数和高度。
（2）利用物理模拟的方法得出了：区别于对应等价采高垮落法覆岩“逐层快速下沉”，充填采煤覆岩的移动特征为“整体缓慢下沉”；充填采煤覆岩破坏程度和导水裂隙带高度均低于对应等价采高垮落法，其覆岩裂隙发育呈“产生-缓慢扩张”的特征，与等价采高垮落法开采“产生-迅速扩张-缓慢闭合”的发育特征截然不同，且覆岩裂隙宽度小。
（3）通过对不同充实率矸石充填采煤数值模拟结果的总结分析，得出矸石充填采煤覆岩导水裂隙带高度与充实率指标的定量关系，并根据上述研究结果动态设计了试验矿区矸石充填采煤工作面的充实率指标，成功开采了临近富含水层下的煤炭资源，取得良好的经济与社会效益。
Solid backfill coal mining technology can directly fill the solid backfill materials tothe goaf in mechanized way, Which realize backfilling and coal mining together.Under thecondition of guarantee the recovery rate of coal resources, it can mine the coal resource outsafely which could not be recovered using conventional mining methods, and also eliminatethe water inrush disaster risk of working face.This technology belongs to the green miningsystem and it provides a safe and effective way to the coal mining area which under thewater.
The thesis presents relations between the gangue filling mining overlying rockdestruction, water fractured zone height and backfill body’s compression ratioquantitatively, and the evolution of the fissure water and mechanism. The thesis adoptsmethods of theoretical modeling, mechanics analysis, laboratory testing, numericalsimulation, similar material simulation and industrial field tests after a brief introduction ofbackfill mining technics and overlying strata movement.
The thesis introduces the relations between the gangue filling mining technology andits strata control theory briefly. This thesis analyses the main influence factors of overlyingrock destruction, and studying one of the main factors that the compaction deformationcharacteristics of gangue filling material. Establishing a gangue backfilling coal rockelasticity to grassroots with beam mechanical model, and calculating studying the rockstrata destruction condition and height of gangue backfilling coal. This thesis physicalsimulates the gangue backfilling mining and equivalent mining height broken acrossmethod under the condition of the same backfill body compression ratio, and disclosing thedevelopmental characteristics and evolution rule of gangue filling mining overburden rockwater fractured zone along the longitudinal and transverse working face. This thesisnumerical simulates the gangue backfilling mining under the condition of different backfillbody compression ratio, and presenting the relations between water fractured zone heightand backfill body’s compression ratio quantitatively. The thesis designs the backfill bodycompression ratio index of gangue backfilling mining working face in the experimentalmining area, and conducting a project application. The main research results and innovativeachievements are as follows:
（1）Established a gangue backfilling coal rock elasticity to grassroots with beammechanical calculation model. Using the method of gangue filling material mechanical properties and the conversion of elastic foundation, derived the general solution and specialsolution of the mechanical model. After estimating the critical condition of rock stratadestruction, concluded the overburden’s layers and height under the condition of differentbackfill body’s compression ratio.
（2）Contrasting the experiment results of physical analog simulation experiment underthe condition of a certain backfill body compression ratio, we have concluded that theequivalent mining height broken across method of corresponding backfill bodycompression ratio is "sinking fast step by step", however,the gangue backfilling miningstrata movement can be characterized as "integral slowly sinks". In this condition, thegangue filling mining overburden rock damage and the height of water fractured zone arelower than that of broken across method which has the corresponding backfill bodycompression ratio equivalent mining height. The overburden rock fracture presents"generated-slow expansion" characteristic, however, broken across method mining presents"generated-rapid expansion-slowly closed" characteristics. In addition to, the overburdenrock fracture width is relatively small.
（3）Through summarizing and analyzing the numerical simulation results of ganguebackfilling mining under different backfill body compression ratio, having drawn thequantitative relationship between overburden strata water flowing fractured zone height ofgangue backfilling mining and backfill body compression ratio index. According to theresults of the study, dynamic designed the backfill body compression ratio index of ganguebackfilling mining working face in the experimental mining area and successfully exploitedthe coal resources under the roof aquifer, obtaining good economic and social benefits.
本文在简要介绍固体充填采煤技术及其岩层控制理论的基础上，采用理论分析、实验测试、数值模拟、物理模拟和工程实践等方法，系统研究了矸石充填采煤覆岩破坏程度和导水裂隙带发育范围与充实率之间的定量关系，给出了裂隙带形成过程中导水裂隙的演化规律。
论文首先分析了上覆岩层破坏的主要影响因素，研究了主要因素之一的固体充填材料压实变形特征；建立了矸石充填采煤采场基岩弹性地基叠合梁力学模型，对矸石充填采煤采场覆岩的破坏条件和破坏高度进行了计算研究；对相同充实率的矸石充填采煤和等价采高垮落法开采进行了物理相似模拟，揭露了矸石充填采煤覆岩导水裂隙沿工作面纵向和横向的发育特征和演化规律；对不同充实率下的矸石充填采煤采场进行了数值模拟，掌握了充实率与导水裂隙带高度的定量关系，设计了五沟煤矿试验区域采空区充实率指标并进行了工程应用。论文主要成果及创新点如下：
（1）建立了矸石充填采煤覆岩弹性地基叠层组合梁力学计算模型，利用弹性地基系数表现固体充填材料的密实度特性，推导出了上覆岩层的弯矩和挠度方程，确定出了基岩层破坏的临界条件，得出不同充实率条件下上覆岩层破坏的层数和高度。
（2）利用物理模拟的方法得出了：区别于对应等价采高垮落法覆岩“逐层快速下沉”，充填采煤覆岩的移动特征为“整体缓慢下沉”；充填采煤覆岩破坏程度和导水裂隙带高度均低于对应等价采高垮落法，其覆岩裂隙发育呈“产生-缓慢扩张”的特征，与等价采高垮落法开采“产生-迅速扩张-缓慢闭合”的发育特征截然不同，且覆岩裂隙宽度小。
（3）通过对不同充实率矸石充填采煤数值模拟结果的总结分析，得出矸石充填采煤覆岩导水裂隙带高度与充实率指标的定量关系，并根据上述研究结果动态设计了试验矿区矸石充填采煤工作面的充实率指标，成功开采了临近富含水层下的煤炭资源，取得良好的经济与社会效益。
Solid backfill coal mining technology can directly fill the solid backfill materials tothe goaf in mechanized way, Which realize backfilling and coal mining together.Under thecondition of guarantee the recovery rate of coal resources, it can mine the coal resource outsafely which could not be recovered using conventional mining methods, and also eliminatethe water inrush disaster risk of working face.This technology belongs to the green miningsystem and it provides a safe and effective way to the coal mining area which under thewater.
The thesis presents relations between the gangue filling mining overlying rockdestruction, water fractured zone height and backfill body’s compression ratioquantitatively, and the evolution of the fissure water and mechanism. The thesis adoptsmethods of theoretical modeling, mechanics analysis, laboratory testing, numericalsimulation, similar material simulation and industrial field tests after a brief introduction ofbackfill mining technics and overlying strata movement.
The thesis introduces the relations between the gangue filling mining technology andits strata control theory briefly. This thesis analyses the main influence factors of overlyingrock destruction, and studying one of the main factors that the compaction deformationcharacteristics of gangue filling material. Establishing a gangue backfilling coal rockelasticity to grassroots with beam mechanical model, and calculating studying the rockstrata destruction condition and height of gangue backfilling coal. This thesis physicalsimulates the gangue backfilling mining and equivalent mining height broken acrossmethod under the condition of the same backfill body compression ratio, and disclosing thedevelopmental characteristics and evolution rule of gangue filling mining overburden rockwater fractured zone along the longitudinal and transverse working face. This thesisnumerical simulates the gangue backfilling mining under the condition of different backfillbody compression ratio, and presenting the relations between water fractured zone heightand backfill body’s compression ratio quantitatively. The thesis designs the backfill bodycompression ratio index of gangue backfilling mining working face in the experimentalmining area, and conducting a project application. The main research results and innovativeachievements are as follows:
（1）Established a gangue backfilling coal rock elasticity to grassroots with beammechanical calculation model. Using the method of gangue filling material mechanical properties and the conversion of elastic foundation, derived the general solution and specialsolution of the mechanical model. After estimating the critical condition of rock stratadestruction, concluded the overburden’s layers and height under the condition of differentbackfill body’s compression ratio.
（2）Contrasting the experiment results of physical analog simulation experiment underthe condition of a certain backfill body compression ratio, we have concluded that theequivalent mining height broken across method of corresponding backfill bodycompression ratio is "sinking fast step by step", however,the gangue backfilling miningstrata movement can be characterized as "integral slowly sinks". In this condition, thegangue filling mining overburden rock damage and the height of water fractured zone arelower than that of broken across method which has the corresponding backfill bodycompression ratio equivalent mining height. The overburden rock fracture presents"generated-slow expansion" characteristic, however, broken across method mining presents"generated-rapid expansion-slowly closed" characteristics. In addition to, the overburdenrock fracture width is relatively small.
（3）Through summarizing and analyzing the numerical simulation results of ganguebackfilling mining under different backfill body compression ratio, having drawn thequantitative relationship between overburden strata water flowing fractured zone height ofgangue backfilling mining and backfill body compression ratio index. According to theresults of the study, dynamic designed the backfill body compression ratio index of ganguebackfilling mining working face in the experimental mining area and successfully exploitedthe coal resources under the roof aquifer, obtaining good economic and social benefits.
引文
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