燃气管网系统安全性及仿真的理论分析与应用研究
|
摘要
燃气管网系统危险性分析及系统仿真,是目前燃气领域研究的重点和难点,而我国在这两方面的研究,尤其是在燃气管道泄漏及扩散危险性的研究远远落后于国外。因此本课题是国内亟待深入开展的一项前沿应用型课题。本文的主要研究内容如下:
以故障树实统双析法对城市燃气管网系统危险源进行了辨识分析,建立了火灾爆炸事故故障树图,提出了基干枝叶链接法实现故障树的智能绘制和参数输入。提出了蒙特卡洛数值模拟方法,简化了传统故障树的复杂计算过程,且模拟结果与理论计算结果最大绝对误差不超过0.4%。在对相关参数进行讨论、分析的基础上,结合现有泄漏模型,建立了非等温条件下的稳态管道泄漏小孔、管道及大孔模型。依据动量和能量守恒方程,以大孔模型泄漏为研究对象,得出了高、低压管道泄漏均只可能有两种泄漏状态存在,而中压泄漏则可能有三种情况存在,从而完善了目前单纯的三状态和两状态模型。在稳态泄漏模型的基础上,以大孔模型为核心,建立了非等温非稳态泄漏的基本模型。通过应用分析,得到了各模型的大致适用范围。以燃气管网泄漏扩散的基础模型和湍流扩散微分方程为基础,结合其相应的初始及边界条件,利用格林函数对该微分方程组进行求解,从而建立了燃气管线动态泄漏扩散模型。以实例为基础,讨论分析了泄漏扩散所造成的各种危险范围。以三大守恒方程为基础,建立了等温和非等温条件下的燃气管网稳、动态仿真理论模型。并根据工程的精度要求,对模型进行了适当的简化。以有限差分法为基础,得到了上述模型的求解方法,通过加入耗散项,改进了求解结果的稳定性,并开发了燃气管网稳、动态仿真程序。通过对北京六环天然气管网进行了实际应用和分析,得到了出口压力和流量综合平均误差分别为1.21%和2.62%的仿真结果。
本文以理论分析和计算机仿真为手段对燃气管网系统危险性及系统仿真进行了较为全面的分析和应用研究,所采用的方法和得出的结论可供燃气管网安全性研究及管网优化设计时参考。
Hazards analysis and stimulation, are emphases and difficulties of the researchfield of gas network,but in China the research on these two fields, especially in theresearch of the danger of leakage and diffusion of gas pipeline, dropped far behind.So, it is a pressing problem to research on analysis of hazards and stimulation of gasnetwork in China. The main contents of this paper are as follows:
The hazard sources of city gas network have been discriminated by using fact-stat.-double-analysis (FSDA) method, and the fault tree of city gas fire and explosionaccident has been established, and intelligent draw and data input of the fault tree hasbeen realized by skeleton-branch-leaf interlinkage (SBLI) method. This simulationand calculation method, which utilizes Monte-carlo method, has predigested thecomplex calculating process of traditional fault tree. Comparing with the traditionaltheory calculation method, the maximal absolute error of this method, which has beenput forward in this paper, is proved to be 0.4%. Based on discussing and analyzing ofcorrelative parameters, and combining the existing models, the steady leakage models(small-hole model, big-hole model and pipe model) of non-isothermal have beenestablished. Through analyzing on the big-hole model by conservation functions ofmomentum and energy, two-state leakage model of high-pressure long pipeline andlow-pressure pipe, three-state leakage model of medium pressure long pipeline havebeen established in this paper. This will perfect the existing simplex three-state andtwo-state leakage model. Based on the steady big-hole leakage model, the unsteadyleakage basal model of non-isothermal has been got. The suitable scopesapproximately of small-hole model,big-hole model and pipe model have been got byanalyzing instance. According to the differential equation of overfall diffusion, andcombining the relevant original and boundary conditions, the diffusion model ofunsteady leakage of gas pipeline has been got by using Green function method tosolve above differential equations. Through application and analyzation on instance,the dangerous area of poisoning, burning and blasting has been discussed. Based onthe three conservation functions, the isothermal and non-isothermal stimulationmodels of gas network have been established. Supposing the data at certain running
conditions, according to the request of precision of engineering, this model has beensimplified in this paper. Based on infinite differential method, the resolving methodhas been got. The stability of this method has been ameliorateed by adding dissipationterms,and the gas network simulation program was developed accordingly. Throughpractical application in natural gas network of Sixth Ring Road in Beijin, thestimulation results, which validate the dependability of this model and its' resolvingmethod, have 1.21% and 2.62% error differentiating from actual data of pressureand quality separately.Based on theory analysis and computer simulation as main tools,this paperanalyzed and researched on the hazards and the stimulaiton of gas network roundly.The methods and conclusions may be useful to the problems of security and optiumdesign of gas network.
以故障树实统双析法对城市燃气管网系统危险源进行了辨识分析,建立了火灾爆炸事故故障树图,提出了基干枝叶链接法实现故障树的智能绘制和参数输入。提出了蒙特卡洛数值模拟方法,简化了传统故障树的复杂计算过程,且模拟结果与理论计算结果最大绝对误差不超过0.4%。在对相关参数进行讨论、分析的基础上,结合现有泄漏模型,建立了非等温条件下的稳态管道泄漏小孔、管道及大孔模型。依据动量和能量守恒方程,以大孔模型泄漏为研究对象,得出了高、低压管道泄漏均只可能有两种泄漏状态存在,而中压泄漏则可能有三种情况存在,从而完善了目前单纯的三状态和两状态模型。在稳态泄漏模型的基础上,以大孔模型为核心,建立了非等温非稳态泄漏的基本模型。通过应用分析,得到了各模型的大致适用范围。以燃气管网泄漏扩散的基础模型和湍流扩散微分方程为基础,结合其相应的初始及边界条件,利用格林函数对该微分方程组进行求解,从而建立了燃气管线动态泄漏扩散模型。以实例为基础,讨论分析了泄漏扩散所造成的各种危险范围。以三大守恒方程为基础,建立了等温和非等温条件下的燃气管网稳、动态仿真理论模型。并根据工程的精度要求,对模型进行了适当的简化。以有限差分法为基础,得到了上述模型的求解方法,通过加入耗散项,改进了求解结果的稳定性,并开发了燃气管网稳、动态仿真程序。通过对北京六环天然气管网进行了实际应用和分析,得到了出口压力和流量综合平均误差分别为1.21%和2.62%的仿真结果。
本文以理论分析和计算机仿真为手段对燃气管网系统危险性及系统仿真进行了较为全面的分析和应用研究,所采用的方法和得出的结论可供燃气管网安全性研究及管网优化设计时参考。
Hazards analysis and stimulation, are emphases and difficulties of the researchfield of gas network,but in China the research on these two fields, especially in theresearch of the danger of leakage and diffusion of gas pipeline, dropped far behind.So, it is a pressing problem to research on analysis of hazards and stimulation of gasnetwork in China. The main contents of this paper are as follows:
The hazard sources of city gas network have been discriminated by using fact-stat.-double-analysis (FSDA) method, and the fault tree of city gas fire and explosionaccident has been established, and intelligent draw and data input of the fault tree hasbeen realized by skeleton-branch-leaf interlinkage (SBLI) method. This simulationand calculation method, which utilizes Monte-carlo method, has predigested thecomplex calculating process of traditional fault tree. Comparing with the traditionaltheory calculation method, the maximal absolute error of this method, which has beenput forward in this paper, is proved to be 0.4%. Based on discussing and analyzing ofcorrelative parameters, and combining the existing models, the steady leakage models(small-hole model, big-hole model and pipe model) of non-isothermal have beenestablished. Through analyzing on the big-hole model by conservation functions ofmomentum and energy, two-state leakage model of high-pressure long pipeline andlow-pressure pipe, three-state leakage model of medium pressure long pipeline havebeen established in this paper. This will perfect the existing simplex three-state andtwo-state leakage model. Based on the steady big-hole leakage model, the unsteadyleakage basal model of non-isothermal has been got. The suitable scopesapproximately of small-hole model,big-hole model and pipe model have been got byanalyzing instance. According to the differential equation of overfall diffusion, andcombining the relevant original and boundary conditions, the diffusion model ofunsteady leakage of gas pipeline has been got by using Green function method tosolve above differential equations. Through application and analyzation on instance,the dangerous area of poisoning, burning and blasting has been discussed. Based onthe three conservation functions, the isothermal and non-isothermal stimulationmodels of gas network have been established. Supposing the data at certain running
conditions, according to the request of precision of engineering, this model has beensimplified in this paper. Based on infinite differential method, the resolving methodhas been got. The stability of this method has been ameliorateed by adding dissipationterms,and the gas network simulation program was developed accordingly. Throughpractical application in natural gas network of Sixth Ring Road in Beijin, thestimulation results, which validate the dependability of this model and its' resolvingmethod, have 1.21% and 2.62% error differentiating from actual data of pressureand quality separately.Based on theory analysis and computer simulation as main tools,this paperanalyzed and researched on the hazards and the stimulaiton of gas network roundly.The methods and conclusions may be useful to the problems of security and optiumdesign of gas network.
引文
[1]Helena Montiel, Juan A.Vílchez,Joaquim Casal, etc. Mathematical modeling of accidental gas release[J], Journal of Hazardous Materials, 1998,59(2.3):211-233
[2]李连素 刘淑蓉,天然气事故的预防及紧急处置[J],天然气工业, 1996,16(6):75-77
[3]郭文军 江见鲸,城市燃气爆炸事故及其防治对策[J],煤气与热力,1998,18 (3):41-43
[4]Helena Montiel, Juan A.Vilchez, Josep Arnaldos etc.Historical analysis of accidents in the transportation of natural gas[J],Journal of Hazardous Materials,1996,51(1.3):77-92
[5]A.M.Bartenev,B.E.Gelfand, G.M.Makhviladze, J.P.Roberts.Statistical analysis of accidents on the Middle Asia-Centre gas pipelines[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,1996,46(1):57-69
[6]S.Bonvicini,P. Leonelli,G.Spadoni. Risk analysis of hazardous materials transportation:evaluating uncertainty by means of fuzzy logic[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,1998,62(1):59–74
[7] M.D. Pandey.Probabilistic models for condition assessment of oil and gas pipelines[J].NDR&E international,1998,31(5):349-358
[8]J.D.Young, Bum Jong Ahn. Dynamic management of human error to reduce total risk[J],Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2003,16(4):313-321
[9]J.L.Woodward, K.S.Mudan.Liquid and gas discharge rates through heles in process vessels[J],Loss Prev.in Process.Ind.,1991, 4(4): 161-165
[10] D.A.Crowl,J.F.Louvar.Chemical Process Safety:Fundamentals with Application[J],Prentice-Hall, NJ,1990
[11]CCPS.Use of vapor cloud dispersion models,2nd ed,AIChE,New York,1996
[12]J.D.Young, Bum Jong Ahn, A simple model for the release rate of hazardous gas from a hole on high-pressure pilelines[J], Journal of Hazardous materials 2003,A97(1.3):31-46
[13]J.D.Young,B.J.Ahn,Analysis of hazard areas associated with high-pressure natural-gas pipelines[J], Journal of Prevention in the process industires 2002,15(3):179-198
[14]O.Levenspiel,Engineering flow and heat exchange,Plenum,New York,1984
[15]J.Arnaldos,J.Casal,H.Montiel, etc.Design of a computer tool for the evaluation of the consequences of accidental natural gas releases in distribution pipes[J],Journal of loss prevention in the process industries,1998,11(2):135-148
[16]Z.W.Zhou. Thermal analysis of slow discharge form a pressurized natural gas storage tank[J]. Applied thermal engineering, 1997,17(11):1099-1110
[17]Z.W.Zhou,B.Smith and G.Yadigaroglu. A mathematical model and its analytical solution for slow depressurization of a gas-filled vessel[J].J.Engng Math,1997,31(1):43-52
[18]A.G.Venetsanos,Bartzis J.G.,Wurtz J., Papailiou D.D..Display-2:a two-dimensional shallwo layer model for dense gas dispersion includeing complex features.Journal of Hazardous Materials A99(2003) 111-144
[19]J.Würtz, J.Bartzis, A.Venetsanos,etc. A dense vapour dispersion code package for applications in the chemical and process industry[J], Journal of Hazardous Materials, Volume: 1996,46(2.3):273-284
[20]G.Ooms,A.P.Mahicu,F.Zelis,The plume path of vent gases heavier than air.First Int. Symp. On Loss Prev. and Safety Promotion in the Process Ind.PP:211-219.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
[21]D.P.Nolan.Handbook of fire and explosion protection engineering principles for oil,gas,chemical,and related factories,Noyes Publications[M],New Jersey,1996
[22]何淑静 周伟国 严铭卿,等.燃气输配管网可靠性的故障树分析[J].煤气与 热力,2003,(8):459-461
[23]廖柯憙,姚安林,张淮鑫.天然气管线失效故障树分析[J].天然气工业,2001,21(2):94-96
[24]闰凤霞 董玉华 高惠临,故障树分析方法在油气管线方面的应用[J],西安石油学院学报,2003,18(1):47-50
[25]聂廷哲 段常贵,天然气长输管道可靠性故障树模糊分析[J],油气储运,2003,22(6):44-46
[26]陈利琼 张鹏 马剑林 等.油气管道风险的模糊综合评价方法探讨.天然气工业,2003;23(2):117-119
[27]沈斐敏 伍良,管道燃气火灾爆炸事故树分析,工业安全与环保,2003,29(1):42-45
[28]田贯三,管道燃气泄漏过程动态模拟的研究[J],山东建筑工程学院学报,1999,14(4):56-60
[29]岑可法,樊建人,燃烧流体力学[M],水利电力出版社,1991.9
[30]Dong Yuhua,Gao Huilin,Zhou Jing'en etc,Mathematical modeling of gas release thorugh holes in pipelines[J], Chemical engineering journal 92(2003):237-241
[31]蔺跃武 刘典明,天然气输送管道破裂泄漏量计算[J],化工设备与管道,2003,40(5):44-47
[32]霍春勇 董玉华 余大涛,长输管线气体泄漏率的计算方法研究[J],石油学报,2004,25(1):101-105
[33]蔡凤英 谈宗山 孟赫等,化工安全工程[M],北京:科学出版社,2001.2
[34]刘明礼 向启贵 戴忠,管输系统天然气泄漏量计算模式及泄漏检测最佳条件的确定[J],石油与天然气化工,2002,31(1):47-51
[35]段卓平 吕武轩,易燃、易爆(有毒)重大危险源(罐区)泄漏物扩散模型及数值模拟[J],中国安全科学学报,1999,9(4):65-69
[36]丁信伟 王淑兰 徐国庆,可燃及毒性气体扩散研究[J],化学工程,2000,28(1):33-36
[37]张启平 吕武轩 麻德贤,突发性危险气体泄放过程智能仿真[J],中国安全科学学报,1998,8(6):35-39
[38]杜建科,毒气泄漏过程及其危险区域分析[J],中国安全科学学报,2002, 12(6):55-59
[39]Liang-biao Ouyang,Khalid Aziz.Steady-state gas flow in pipes[J], Journal of petroleum and engineering,1996,14(3.4):137-158
[40]J.J.Guy.Computation of unsteady gas flow in pipe networks[C],in: I.Chem.E.Symp.Ser.,1967
[41]G.Lappus,G.Schmidt.Supervision and control gas transportation and distribution systems[C],in:6th IFA/IFIP conference on ditital computer applications to process control,Dussldorf, Germany,1980
[42]S.L.Ke,H.C.Ti,Transient analysis of isothermal gas flow in pipeline netowrk[J],Chemical engineering journal.2000,76(2):169-177
[43]W.Q.Tao,H.C.Ti,Transient analysis of gas pipeline network[J], Chemical engineering journal.1998,69(3):47-52
[44]Andrzej J.Osiadacz,Maciej Chaczykowski,Comparsion of isothermal and non-isothermal pipeline gas flow models[J],Chemical engineering Journal.2001,81(1.3):41-51
[45]Yulia Dukhovnaya,Michael A.Adewumi,Simulation of non-isothermal transients in gas/condensate pipelines using TVD scheme[J],Powder technology.2000,112(1.2):163-171
[46]I.Faille, E.Heintzé.A rough finite volume scheme for modeling two-phase flow in a pipeline[J].Computers & Fluids,1999,28(2):213-241
[47]J.Osiadacz Andrzej,Hierarchicalcontrol of transient flow in natural gas pipeline systems[J],Int.Trans.Opl Res.1998,5(4),PP:285-302
[48]Guang-yan Zhu,Michael A.Henson,Lawrence Megan.Dynamic modeling and linear model predictive control of gas pipeline networks[J],Journal of process control.2001,11(2):129-148
[49]R.E.McDonald,K.F.Webb,Interactive tranining system for the pipeline dispatcher,Pipeline engineering symposium,1989
[50]E.M.Bednorz,Real time baech tracking[J],Pipeline & gas journal, 1986,12
[51]M.N.Mears,Major pipeline install system to pinpoint leak size, location,oil & gas journal.1993,4
[52]N.G.Nicolai,S.Selandari,Z.Renzi.A system for the control and operation of a transimission[C],Pipeline engineering symposium,1989
[53]孟伟,输气管道系统的静态仿真[J],煤气与热力,1999.19(6):16-18
[54]李长俊 江茂泽 谭小平,输气管道中的不稳定流动分析[J],石油学报,Vol(19),1998(4),99-103
[55]李长俊 江茂泽,复杂输气管道中不稳定流动的迦辽金解[J],天然气工业,Vol(18),1998(3):65-68
[56]李长俊 曾自强 江茂泽,天然气在管道系统中不稳定流动的分析[J],天然气工业, 1994,14(6),54-57,59
[57]袁宗明,天然气集输管网系统最优规划研究[D],西南石油学院博士学位论文,2002.5
[58]黎洪珍,天然气集输管网稳动态仿真模拟基本原理及应用探索[J],天然气与石油,2001,19(3):3-7
[59]孙建国 王寿喜,气体管网的动态仿真[J],油气储运,Vol(21)2001.8,18-21
[60]江茂泽 徐羽镗 王寿喜等,输配气管网的模拟与分析[M],北京:石油工业出版社,1995.1
[61]刘燕,燃气管网计算理论分析与应用的研究[D],天津大学博士学位论文,2004.1
[62]王寿喜 曾自强,天然气管网静动态仿真[J],天然气工业,1995,15(2):59-63
[63]张甫仁.瓦斯爆炸事故危险源辨识及评价研究[D],焦作工学院硕士学位论文,2002.4
[64]刘诗飞 詹予忠,重大危险源辨识及危害后果分析[M],北京:化学工业出版社,2004.5
[65]吴宗之,工业危险源辨识与评价, 北京:气象出版社, 2000.4
[66]吴宗之 高近东等,危险源评价方法及其应用,北京:冶金工业出版社,2001.6
[67]Georgios A. Papadakis,Sam Porter,Jürgen Wettig.EU initiative on the control of major accident hazards arising from pipelines ,Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries Volume: 12, Issue: 1, January, 1999, pp. 85-90
[68]Papadakis, G.A., & Porter, S. Lessons learned on pipeline accidents. In Proceedings of OECD Workshop on Pipelines. Oslo.Paris: OECD. 1996
[69]Claus, P.G.. (Marcogaz) Natural gas pipelines: a scene ofsafety. In Proceedings of OECD Workshop on Pipelines. Oslo.Paris: OECD. 1996
[70]Juan A.Vilchez,Sergi Sevilla,Helena Montiel, etc.Historical analysis of accidents in chemical plants and in the transportation of hazardous materials[J],J.Loss Prev.Process Ind.1995,8(2),87-96
[71]郑津洋 马夏康 尹谢平,长输管道安全风险辨识、评价、控制[M],北京:化学工业出版社,2004.5
[72]Yanjun Wang, William J. Rogers, Harry H. West etc.Algorithmic fault tree synthesis for control loops[J],Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 16 (2003) :427–441
[73]陈兰祥、蒋凤瑛,应用概率论[M],上海:同济大学出版社,1999.12
[74]王松桂主编,概率论与数理统计[M],北京:科学出版社,2000.7
[75]A.Carpignano,A.Poucet,Computer assisted fault tree constrction:A review of methods and concerns,Reliablity engineering and system safety,1994,44(3):265-278
[76]杨伦标 高英仪, 模糊数学原理及应用[M], 华南理工大学出版社, 1993.8
[77]张甫仁 景国勋等,瓦斯爆炸事故树模糊数学分析法研究,煤炭技术,2001,20(11):36-38
[78]吴世伟,结构可靠度分析[M],北京:人民交通出版社,1990.8
[79]刘明维 何光春,基于蒙特卡罗法的土坡稳定可靠度分析[J],重庆建筑大学学报,2001.23(5):96-99
[80] M. Jaeschke, S. Audibert, P. van Caneghem, etc. High accuracy compressibility factor calculation for natural gases and similar mixtures by use of a truncated virial equation, GERG Technical Monograph TM 2, 1989.
[81]Richard Okambawa, St-Arnaud, Jean-Marie, etc.Virial coefficients and compression factors of nine ternary gaseous mixtures obtained by the dielectric constant method[J],Fluid Phase Equilibria.1997,134(1-2): 225-237
[82] J.F. Estela-Uribe, J. Jaramillo, M.A. Salazar, etc. Virial equation of state for natural gas systems[J],Fluid Phase Equilibria 2003,204 (2): 169–182
[83] K.E. Starling, J.L. Savidge. Compressibility factors of natural gas and other related hydrocarbon gases, AGA Transmission Measurement Committee Report 8, American Gas Association, 1992.
[84]ISO/DIS 12213 1994,Natural gas-Calculation of compression factors[S]
[85]International standard ISO12213-1997,Natural gas:Calculation of compression factors[S]
[86] 陈 赓 良 , 天 然 气 压 缩 因 子 计 算 方 法 的 标 准 化 [J], 天 然 气 与 石油.1997,15(2):-66-70
[87] 秦朝葵 高顶云,天然气体积修正系数的计算方法[J],同济大学学报,2004,32(1):27-30
[88]张福元,一个计算天然压缩因子的新方程 SGERG88 方程[J],油气储运,1994,13(3):42-46
[89]ISO document,Natural gas-calculation of compression factor,ISO/CD 12213 1993-06-01,Part Three:Calculation using measured physical properties
[90]M. Jaeschke, A.E.Humphreys,Standard GERG virial equation for field use GERG TM-5,1991
[91]郑永刚 王明皓 毛洪光,输气管道摩阻系数研究进展[J],油气储运,1998,17(10):1—6
[92]Brill.J.P. and Beggs,D.P.,Two-phase flow in pipes.Course note,University of Tulsa,Tex,1991
[93]Serghides,T.K.,Estimate friction factor accurately[J].Chemical Engineering,1984,91(5): 63-64
[94]Schlichting,H.Boundary-Layer Theory,7th Edition,McGraw-Hill Book Company,1979
[95]Hopper,W.B.Calculate head loss caused by change in pipe size, Chemical Engineering.,1988.7: 88-92
[96]T.W.Cochran,P.E.Basf Corp.Calculate pipeline folw of compressible fluids[J],Chemical Engineering.1996,103(2):115-118
[97]范爱武 刘伟 王崇琦,不同环境条件下土壤温度日变化的计算模拟[J],太阳能学报,2002.24(2):167-171
[98]严大凡.输油管道设计与管理[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1986;55—70
[99]吴明 安丙威,用数值方法计算管道总传热系数的数学模型及程序系统[J],管道技术与设备,1999.1:4,9
[100]曲慎阳.原油管道工程[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1991:101-110
[101]The American Gas Association, Distribution-system Design,AGA, Arlington,1990
[102]L.Octave,Engineering flow and heat exchange,Pleum press[M],New York,1986,41-51
[103]Italo H.Fraina,Compressible-flow problems require solving non-linear equations — Critical length helps calculate compressible flow[J], Chemical engineering,1997,104(2):88-92
[104]杨绪壮 田福利,流量系数数学模型的建立及计算机过程模拟[J],内蒙古石油化工, 2002,28(4):5-6
[105]姜正侯,燃气工程技术手册[M],上海:同济大学出版社,1993.5:640-643
[106]谷清 李云生,大气环境模式计算方法[M],北京:气象出版社,2002.3
[107]D.B.Turner,Workbook of atmospheric dispersion estimates.Office of air program pub.No.AP-26,Environmental protection agency,USA,1970
[108]D.Golder. Relations among stability parameters in the surface layer,Boundary layer meteor,1972,3,47-58
[109]F.Pasquill.Atmospheric dispersion parameters in Gaussian plume modeling,part Ⅱ.Possible requirements to hange in the turner workbook values.Contract no EPA-600/4-76-0306,1976
[110]GB/T13201-91 制定地方大气污染物排放标准的技术方法
[111]Takashi Watanab.Prediction of pesticide concentrations in the atmosphere using an atmospheric diffusion model (linear source plume model)[J],Chemosphere,2000,40(1):79-90
[112]A.Venkatram. An examination of the Pasquill-Gifford-Turner dispersion scheme[J].Atmospheric environment,1996,30:1283-1290
[113]Manju Mohan,T.Siddiqui, A.Analysis of various schemes for the estimation of atmospheric stability classification[J].Atmospheric Environment Volume,1998,32(21):3775-3781
[114]谷清 杨新兴,面源模式数值模拟计算分析[J],安全与环境学报,2002,2(2):10-13
[115]刘诗飞 詹予忠,重大危险源辨识及危害后果分析[M],北京:化学工业出版社,2004.5
[116]F.Pasquill.Atmospheric diffusion[M].Ellis Horwood Publisher, London,1974
[117]S.L.Kalla,A.AI-Zamil. Solution of a diffusion of dust problem in terms of hypergeometric functions,1997,26(3):87-93
[118]I.Ali,S. L.Kalla,H. G.Khajah.A Partial Differential Equation Related to a Problem in Atmospheric Pollution[J],Mathematical and Computer Modelling,1998,28(12):1-6
[119]汪元辉,安全系统工程[M],天津:天津大学出版社,1999.10
[120]W.P.M.Mercx,J.Weerheijm. Some consideration s on the damage criteria:lethal effects of a condensedd phase explosion in a built-up area.Hazards Ⅺ:New directions in process safety.Hemispher,1991
[121]R.M.J.Withers, F.P.Lees. The assessment of major hazards: The lethal effects of a condensed phase explosions in a built up area.Hazards Ⅺ:New directions in process safety.Hemispher,1991
[122]P.A.Davies. A guide to the evaluation of condensed phase explosion.Journal of hazardous material.1993,38(1):53-62
[123]张甫仁 景国勋等,矿山重大危险源评价及瓦斯爆炸事故伤害模型建立的若干研究[J],工业安全与环保,2002,28(1):42-45
[124]杨志焕 王正国等,弱冲击波对人员内脏损伤的危险性的估计[J],爆炸与冲击,1992,12(1):83-88
[125]宇德明, 重大危险源评价及火灾爆炸事故严重度的若干研究[D], 北京:北京理工大学博士学位论文,1996
[126]Methods for the determination of possible damage to people and objets from releases of hazardous materials CPR 16E(Green Book),1st edition,Netherlands,1992
[127]惠君明 陈天云,炸药爆炸理论[M],南京:江苏科学技术出版社,1995.1
[128]沈维道 蒋智敏 童钧耕,工程热力学[M],北京:高等教育出版社,2001
[129]陆金甫 关治,偏微分方程数值解法[M],北京:清华大学出版社,1990
[130]盛敬超,工程流体力学[M],北京:机械工业出版社,1983
[131]张君禄 陈胜宏,瞬态场有限元计算中的时步自适应研究[J],武汉水利电力大学学报,1996.1,79-84
[132]张涵信 沈孟育 著,计算流体力学——差分方法的原理和应用[M],国防工业出版社,2003.1
[133]李文绚 金保侠,气体动力学计算方法[M],北京:机械工业出版社,1990.7
[134]Evangelos Tentis,Dionissios Margaris, Dimitrios Papanikas, Transient gas flow simulation using an Adaptive Method of Lines[J], Comptes Rendus Mecanique. 2003,331(7):481-487
[135]郑咸义,计算方法[M],广州:华南理工大学出版社,2002.9
[136]丁丽娟,数值计算方法[M],北京:北京理工大学出版社,2000.5
[137]宋国乡 冯有前 王世儒等,数值分析[M],西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2002.8
[138]同济大学计算数学教研室,现代数值数学和计算[M],上海:同济大学出版社,2004.7
[139]林成森,数值计算方法(下)[M],北京:科学出版社,1998.3
[140]李庆扬 王能超 易大义,数值分析[M],武汉:华中理工大学出版社,1999.9
[2]李连素 刘淑蓉,天然气事故的预防及紧急处置[J],天然气工业, 1996,16(6):75-77
[3]郭文军 江见鲸,城市燃气爆炸事故及其防治对策[J],煤气与热力,1998,18 (3):41-43
[4]Helena Montiel, Juan A.Vilchez, Josep Arnaldos etc.Historical analysis of accidents in the transportation of natural gas[J],Journal of Hazardous Materials,1996,51(1.3):77-92
[5]A.M.Bartenev,B.E.Gelfand, G.M.Makhviladze, J.P.Roberts.Statistical analysis of accidents on the Middle Asia-Centre gas pipelines[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,1996,46(1):57-69
[6]S.Bonvicini,P. Leonelli,G.Spadoni. Risk analysis of hazardous materials transportation:evaluating uncertainty by means of fuzzy logic[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,1998,62(1):59–74
[7] M.D. Pandey.Probabilistic models for condition assessment of oil and gas pipelines[J].NDR&E international,1998,31(5):349-358
[8]J.D.Young, Bum Jong Ahn. Dynamic management of human error to reduce total risk[J],Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2003,16(4):313-321
[9]J.L.Woodward, K.S.Mudan.Liquid and gas discharge rates through heles in process vessels[J],Loss Prev.in Process.Ind.,1991, 4(4): 161-165
[10] D.A.Crowl,J.F.Louvar.Chemical Process Safety:Fundamentals with Application[J],Prentice-Hall, NJ,1990
[11]CCPS.Use of vapor cloud dispersion models,2nd ed,AIChE,New York,1996
[12]J.D.Young, Bum Jong Ahn, A simple model for the release rate of hazardous gas from a hole on high-pressure pilelines[J], Journal of Hazardous materials 2003,A97(1.3):31-46
[13]J.D.Young,B.J.Ahn,Analysis of hazard areas associated with high-pressure natural-gas pipelines[J], Journal of Prevention in the process industires 2002,15(3):179-198
[14]O.Levenspiel,Engineering flow and heat exchange,Plenum,New York,1984
[15]J.Arnaldos,J.Casal,H.Montiel, etc.Design of a computer tool for the evaluation of the consequences of accidental natural gas releases in distribution pipes[J],Journal of loss prevention in the process industries,1998,11(2):135-148
[16]Z.W.Zhou. Thermal analysis of slow discharge form a pressurized natural gas storage tank[J]. Applied thermal engineering, 1997,17(11):1099-1110
[17]Z.W.Zhou,B.Smith and G.Yadigaroglu. A mathematical model and its analytical solution for slow depressurization of a gas-filled vessel[J].J.Engng Math,1997,31(1):43-52
[18]A.G.Venetsanos,Bartzis J.G.,Wurtz J., Papailiou D.D..Display-2:a two-dimensional shallwo layer model for dense gas dispersion includeing complex features.Journal of Hazardous Materials A99(2003) 111-144
[19]J.Würtz, J.Bartzis, A.Venetsanos,etc. A dense vapour dispersion code package for applications in the chemical and process industry[J], Journal of Hazardous Materials, Volume: 1996,46(2.3):273-284
[20]G.Ooms,A.P.Mahicu,F.Zelis,The plume path of vent gases heavier than air.First Int. Symp. On Loss Prev. and Safety Promotion in the Process Ind.PP:211-219.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
[21]D.P.Nolan.Handbook of fire and explosion protection engineering principles for oil,gas,chemical,and related factories,Noyes Publications[M],New Jersey,1996
[22]何淑静 周伟国 严铭卿,等.燃气输配管网可靠性的故障树分析[J].煤气与 热力,2003,(8):459-461
[23]廖柯憙,姚安林,张淮鑫.天然气管线失效故障树分析[J].天然气工业,2001,21(2):94-96
[24]闰凤霞 董玉华 高惠临,故障树分析方法在油气管线方面的应用[J],西安石油学院学报,2003,18(1):47-50
[25]聂廷哲 段常贵,天然气长输管道可靠性故障树模糊分析[J],油气储运,2003,22(6):44-46
[26]陈利琼 张鹏 马剑林 等.油气管道风险的模糊综合评价方法探讨.天然气工业,2003;23(2):117-119
[27]沈斐敏 伍良,管道燃气火灾爆炸事故树分析,工业安全与环保,2003,29(1):42-45
[28]田贯三,管道燃气泄漏过程动态模拟的研究[J],山东建筑工程学院学报,1999,14(4):56-60
[29]岑可法,樊建人,燃烧流体力学[M],水利电力出版社,1991.9
[30]Dong Yuhua,Gao Huilin,Zhou Jing'en etc,Mathematical modeling of gas release thorugh holes in pipelines[J], Chemical engineering journal 92(2003):237-241
[31]蔺跃武 刘典明,天然气输送管道破裂泄漏量计算[J],化工设备与管道,2003,40(5):44-47
[32]霍春勇 董玉华 余大涛,长输管线气体泄漏率的计算方法研究[J],石油学报,2004,25(1):101-105
[33]蔡凤英 谈宗山 孟赫等,化工安全工程[M],北京:科学出版社,2001.2
[34]刘明礼 向启贵 戴忠,管输系统天然气泄漏量计算模式及泄漏检测最佳条件的确定[J],石油与天然气化工,2002,31(1):47-51
[35]段卓平 吕武轩,易燃、易爆(有毒)重大危险源(罐区)泄漏物扩散模型及数值模拟[J],中国安全科学学报,1999,9(4):65-69
[36]丁信伟 王淑兰 徐国庆,可燃及毒性气体扩散研究[J],化学工程,2000,28(1):33-36
[37]张启平 吕武轩 麻德贤,突发性危险气体泄放过程智能仿真[J],中国安全科学学报,1998,8(6):35-39
[38]杜建科,毒气泄漏过程及其危险区域分析[J],中国安全科学学报,2002, 12(6):55-59
[39]Liang-biao Ouyang,Khalid Aziz.Steady-state gas flow in pipes[J], Journal of petroleum and engineering,1996,14(3.4):137-158
[40]J.J.Guy.Computation of unsteady gas flow in pipe networks[C],in: I.Chem.E.Symp.Ser.,1967
[41]G.Lappus,G.Schmidt.Supervision and control gas transportation and distribution systems[C],in:6th IFA/IFIP conference on ditital computer applications to process control,Dussldorf, Germany,1980
[42]S.L.Ke,H.C.Ti,Transient analysis of isothermal gas flow in pipeline netowrk[J],Chemical engineering journal.2000,76(2):169-177
[43]W.Q.Tao,H.C.Ti,Transient analysis of gas pipeline network[J], Chemical engineering journal.1998,69(3):47-52
[44]Andrzej J.Osiadacz,Maciej Chaczykowski,Comparsion of isothermal and non-isothermal pipeline gas flow models[J],Chemical engineering Journal.2001,81(1.3):41-51
[45]Yulia Dukhovnaya,Michael A.Adewumi,Simulation of non-isothermal transients in gas/condensate pipelines using TVD scheme[J],Powder technology.2000,112(1.2):163-171
[46]I.Faille, E.Heintzé.A rough finite volume scheme for modeling two-phase flow in a pipeline[J].Computers & Fluids,1999,28(2):213-241
[47]J.Osiadacz Andrzej,Hierarchicalcontrol of transient flow in natural gas pipeline systems[J],Int.Trans.Opl Res.1998,5(4),PP:285-302
[48]Guang-yan Zhu,Michael A.Henson,Lawrence Megan.Dynamic modeling and linear model predictive control of gas pipeline networks[J],Journal of process control.2001,11(2):129-148
[49]R.E.McDonald,K.F.Webb,Interactive tranining system for the pipeline dispatcher,Pipeline engineering symposium,1989
[50]E.M.Bednorz,Real time baech tracking[J],Pipeline & gas journal, 1986,12
[51]M.N.Mears,Major pipeline install system to pinpoint leak size, location,oil & gas journal.1993,4
[52]N.G.Nicolai,S.Selandari,Z.Renzi.A system for the control and operation of a transimission[C],Pipeline engineering symposium,1989
[53]孟伟,输气管道系统的静态仿真[J],煤气与热力,1999.19(6):16-18
[54]李长俊 江茂泽 谭小平,输气管道中的不稳定流动分析[J],石油学报,Vol(19),1998(4),99-103
[55]李长俊 江茂泽,复杂输气管道中不稳定流动的迦辽金解[J],天然气工业,Vol(18),1998(3):65-68
[56]李长俊 曾自强 江茂泽,天然气在管道系统中不稳定流动的分析[J],天然气工业, 1994,14(6),54-57,59
[57]袁宗明,天然气集输管网系统最优规划研究[D],西南石油学院博士学位论文,2002.5
[58]黎洪珍,天然气集输管网稳动态仿真模拟基本原理及应用探索[J],天然气与石油,2001,19(3):3-7
[59]孙建国 王寿喜,气体管网的动态仿真[J],油气储运,Vol(21)2001.8,18-21
[60]江茂泽 徐羽镗 王寿喜等,输配气管网的模拟与分析[M],北京:石油工业出版社,1995.1
[61]刘燕,燃气管网计算理论分析与应用的研究[D],天津大学博士学位论文,2004.1
[62]王寿喜 曾自强,天然气管网静动态仿真[J],天然气工业,1995,15(2):59-63
[63]张甫仁.瓦斯爆炸事故危险源辨识及评价研究[D],焦作工学院硕士学位论文,2002.4
[64]刘诗飞 詹予忠,重大危险源辨识及危害后果分析[M],北京:化学工业出版社,2004.5
[65]吴宗之,工业危险源辨识与评价, 北京:气象出版社, 2000.4
[66]吴宗之 高近东等,危险源评价方法及其应用,北京:冶金工业出版社,2001.6
[67]Georgios A. Papadakis,Sam Porter,Jürgen Wettig.EU initiative on the control of major accident hazards arising from pipelines ,Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries Volume: 12, Issue: 1, January, 1999, pp. 85-90
[68]Papadakis, G.A., & Porter, S. Lessons learned on pipeline accidents. In Proceedings of OECD Workshop on Pipelines. Oslo.Paris: OECD. 1996
[69]Claus, P.G.. (Marcogaz) Natural gas pipelines: a scene ofsafety. In Proceedings of OECD Workshop on Pipelines. Oslo.Paris: OECD. 1996
[70]Juan A.Vilchez,Sergi Sevilla,Helena Montiel, etc.Historical analysis of accidents in chemical plants and in the transportation of hazardous materials[J],J.Loss Prev.Process Ind.1995,8(2),87-96
[71]郑津洋 马夏康 尹谢平,长输管道安全风险辨识、评价、控制[M],北京:化学工业出版社,2004.5
[72]Yanjun Wang, William J. Rogers, Harry H. West etc.Algorithmic fault tree synthesis for control loops[J],Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 16 (2003) :427–441
[73]陈兰祥、蒋凤瑛,应用概率论[M],上海:同济大学出版社,1999.12
[74]王松桂主编,概率论与数理统计[M],北京:科学出版社,2000.7
[75]A.Carpignano,A.Poucet,Computer assisted fault tree constrction:A review of methods and concerns,Reliablity engineering and system safety,1994,44(3):265-278
[76]杨伦标 高英仪, 模糊数学原理及应用[M], 华南理工大学出版社, 1993.8
[77]张甫仁 景国勋等,瓦斯爆炸事故树模糊数学分析法研究,煤炭技术,2001,20(11):36-38
[78]吴世伟,结构可靠度分析[M],北京:人民交通出版社,1990.8
[79]刘明维 何光春,基于蒙特卡罗法的土坡稳定可靠度分析[J],重庆建筑大学学报,2001.23(5):96-99
[80] M. Jaeschke, S. Audibert, P. van Caneghem, etc. High accuracy compressibility factor calculation for natural gases and similar mixtures by use of a truncated virial equation, GERG Technical Monograph TM 2, 1989.
[81]Richard Okambawa, St-Arnaud, Jean-Marie, etc.Virial coefficients and compression factors of nine ternary gaseous mixtures obtained by the dielectric constant method[J],Fluid Phase Equilibria.1997,134(1-2): 225-237
[82] J.F. Estela-Uribe, J. Jaramillo, M.A. Salazar, etc. Virial equation of state for natural gas systems[J],Fluid Phase Equilibria 2003,204 (2): 169–182
[83] K.E. Starling, J.L. Savidge. Compressibility factors of natural gas and other related hydrocarbon gases, AGA Transmission Measurement Committee Report 8, American Gas Association, 1992.
[84]ISO/DIS 12213 1994,Natural gas-Calculation of compression factors[S]
[85]International standard ISO12213-1997,Natural gas:Calculation of compression factors[S]
[86] 陈 赓 良 , 天 然 气 压 缩 因 子 计 算 方 法 的 标 准 化 [J], 天 然 气 与 石油.1997,15(2):-66-70
[87] 秦朝葵 高顶云,天然气体积修正系数的计算方法[J],同济大学学报,2004,32(1):27-30
[88]张福元,一个计算天然压缩因子的新方程 SGERG88 方程[J],油气储运,1994,13(3):42-46
[89]ISO document,Natural gas-calculation of compression factor,ISO/CD 12213 1993-06-01,Part Three:Calculation using measured physical properties
[90]M. Jaeschke, A.E.Humphreys,Standard GERG virial equation for field use GERG TM-5,1991
[91]郑永刚 王明皓 毛洪光,输气管道摩阻系数研究进展[J],油气储运,1998,17(10):1—6
[92]Brill.J.P. and Beggs,D.P.,Two-phase flow in pipes.Course note,University of Tulsa,Tex,1991
[93]Serghides,T.K.,Estimate friction factor accurately[J].Chemical Engineering,1984,91(5): 63-64
[94]Schlichting,H.Boundary-Layer Theory,7th Edition,McGraw-Hill Book Company,1979
[95]Hopper,W.B.Calculate head loss caused by change in pipe size, Chemical Engineering.,1988.7: 88-92
[96]T.W.Cochran,P.E.Basf Corp.Calculate pipeline folw of compressible fluids[J],Chemical Engineering.1996,103(2):115-118
[97]范爱武 刘伟 王崇琦,不同环境条件下土壤温度日变化的计算模拟[J],太阳能学报,2002.24(2):167-171
[98]严大凡.输油管道设计与管理[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1986;55—70
[99]吴明 安丙威,用数值方法计算管道总传热系数的数学模型及程序系统[J],管道技术与设备,1999.1:4,9
[100]曲慎阳.原油管道工程[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1991:101-110
[101]The American Gas Association, Distribution-system Design,AGA, Arlington,1990
[102]L.Octave,Engineering flow and heat exchange,Pleum press[M],New York,1986,41-51
[103]Italo H.Fraina,Compressible-flow problems require solving non-linear equations — Critical length helps calculate compressible flow[J], Chemical engineering,1997,104(2):88-92
[104]杨绪壮 田福利,流量系数数学模型的建立及计算机过程模拟[J],内蒙古石油化工, 2002,28(4):5-6
[105]姜正侯,燃气工程技术手册[M],上海:同济大学出版社,1993.5:640-643
[106]谷清 李云生,大气环境模式计算方法[M],北京:气象出版社,2002.3
[107]D.B.Turner,Workbook of atmospheric dispersion estimates.Office of air program pub.No.AP-26,Environmental protection agency,USA,1970
[108]D.Golder. Relations among stability parameters in the surface layer,Boundary layer meteor,1972,3,47-58
[109]F.Pasquill.Atmospheric dispersion parameters in Gaussian plume modeling,part Ⅱ.Possible requirements to hange in the turner workbook values.Contract no EPA-600/4-76-0306,1976
[110]GB/T13201-91 制定地方大气污染物排放标准的技术方法
[111]Takashi Watanab.Prediction of pesticide concentrations in the atmosphere using an atmospheric diffusion model (linear source plume model)[J],Chemosphere,2000,40(1):79-90
[112]A.Venkatram. An examination of the Pasquill-Gifford-Turner dispersion scheme[J].Atmospheric environment,1996,30:1283-1290
[113]Manju Mohan,T.Siddiqui, A.Analysis of various schemes for the estimation of atmospheric stability classification[J].Atmospheric Environment Volume,1998,32(21):3775-3781
[114]谷清 杨新兴,面源模式数值模拟计算分析[J],安全与环境学报,2002,2(2):10-13
[115]刘诗飞 詹予忠,重大危险源辨识及危害后果分析[M],北京:化学工业出版社,2004.5
[116]F.Pasquill.Atmospheric diffusion[M].Ellis Horwood Publisher, London,1974
[117]S.L.Kalla,A.AI-Zamil. Solution of a diffusion of dust problem in terms of hypergeometric functions,1997,26(3):87-93
[118]I.Ali,S. L.Kalla,H. G.Khajah.A Partial Differential Equation Related to a Problem in Atmospheric Pollution[J],Mathematical and Computer Modelling,1998,28(12):1-6
[119]汪元辉,安全系统工程[M],天津:天津大学出版社,1999.10
[120]W.P.M.Mercx,J.Weerheijm. Some consideration s on the damage criteria:lethal effects of a condensedd phase explosion in a built-up area.Hazards Ⅺ:New directions in process safety.Hemispher,1991
[121]R.M.J.Withers, F.P.Lees. The assessment of major hazards: The lethal effects of a condensed phase explosions in a built up area.Hazards Ⅺ:New directions in process safety.Hemispher,1991
[122]P.A.Davies. A guide to the evaluation of condensed phase explosion.Journal of hazardous material.1993,38(1):53-62
[123]张甫仁 景国勋等,矿山重大危险源评价及瓦斯爆炸事故伤害模型建立的若干研究[J],工业安全与环保,2002,28(1):42-45
[124]杨志焕 王正国等,弱冲击波对人员内脏损伤的危险性的估计[J],爆炸与冲击,1992,12(1):83-88
[125]宇德明, 重大危险源评价及火灾爆炸事故严重度的若干研究[D], 北京:北京理工大学博士学位论文,1996
[126]Methods for the determination of possible damage to people and objets from releases of hazardous materials CPR 16E(Green Book),1st edition,Netherlands,1992
[127]惠君明 陈天云,炸药爆炸理论[M],南京:江苏科学技术出版社,1995.1
[128]沈维道 蒋智敏 童钧耕,工程热力学[M],北京:高等教育出版社,2001
[129]陆金甫 关治,偏微分方程数值解法[M],北京:清华大学出版社,1990
[130]盛敬超,工程流体力学[M],北京:机械工业出版社,1983
[131]张君禄 陈胜宏,瞬态场有限元计算中的时步自适应研究[J],武汉水利电力大学学报,1996.1,79-84
[132]张涵信 沈孟育 著,计算流体力学——差分方法的原理和应用[M],国防工业出版社,2003.1
[133]李文绚 金保侠,气体动力学计算方法[M],北京:机械工业出版社,1990.7
[134]Evangelos Tentis,Dionissios Margaris, Dimitrios Papanikas, Transient gas flow simulation using an Adaptive Method of Lines[J], Comptes Rendus Mecanique. 2003,331(7):481-487
[135]郑咸义,计算方法[M],广州:华南理工大学出版社,2002.9
[136]丁丽娟,数值计算方法[M],北京:北京理工大学出版社,2000.5
[137]宋国乡 冯有前 王世儒等,数值分析[M],西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2002.8
[138]同济大学计算数学教研室,现代数值数学和计算[M],上海:同济大学出版社,2004.7
[139]林成森,数值计算方法(下)[M],北京:科学出版社,1998.3
[140]李庆扬 王能超 易大义,数值分析[M],武汉:华中理工大学出版社,1999.9